Isotopes of chromium

Naturally occurring chromium (Cr) is composed of four stable isotopes; ⁵⁰Cr, ⁵²Cr, ⁵³Cr, and ⁵⁴Cr with ⁵²Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). ⁵⁰Cr is suspected of decaying by β⁺β⁺ to ⁵⁰Ti with a half-life of (more than) 1.8x10¹⁷ years. Twenty-two radioisotopes, all which are entirely synthetic, have been characterized with the most stable being ⁵¹Cr with a half-life of 27.7 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute, the least stable being ⁶⁶Cr with a half-life of 10 milliseconds. This element also has 2 meta states, ⁴⁵Cr_m, the more stable one, and ⁵⁹Cr_m, the least stable isotope or isomer.

⁵³Cr is the radiogenic decay product of ⁵³Mn. Chromium isotopic contents are typically combined with manganese isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology. Mn-Cr isotope ratios reinforce the evidence from ²⁶Al and ¹⁰⁷Pd for the early history of the solar system. Variations in ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial ⁵³Mn/⁵⁵Mn ratio that suggests Mn-Cr isotope systematics must result from in-situ decay of ⁵³Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence ⁵³Cr provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the solar system. The same isotope is preferentially involved in certain leaching reactions, thereby allowing its abundance in seawater sediments to be used as a proxy for atmospheric oxygen concentrations.

The isotopes of chromium range from ⁴²Cr to ⁶⁷Cr. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ⁵²Cr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.

Standard atomic mass: 51.9961(6) u

Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
	excitation energy
42Cr	24	18	42.00643(32)#	14(3) ms [13(+4-2) ms]	β+ (>99.9%)	42V	0+
					2p (<.1%)	40Ti
43Cr	24	19	42.99771(24)#	21.6(7) ms	β+ (71%)	43V	(3/2+)
					β+, p (23%)	42Ti
					β+, 2p (6%)	41Sc
					β+, α (<.1%)	39Sc
44Cr	24	20	43.98555(5)#	54(4) ms [53(+4-3) ms]	β+ (93%)	44V	0+
					β+, p (7%)	43Ti
45Cr	24	21	44.97964(54)	50(6) ms	β+ (73%)	45V	7/2-#
					β+, p (27%)	44Ti
45mCr	50(100)# keV			1# ms	IT	45Cr	3/2+#
					β+	45V
46Cr	24	22	45.968359(21)	0.26(6) s	β+	46V	0+
47Cr	24	23	46.962900(15)	500(15) ms	β+	47V	3/2-
48Cr	24	24	47.954032(8)	21.56(3) h	β+	48V	0+
49Cr	24	25	48.9513357(26)	42.3(1) min	β+	49V	5/2-
50Cr	24	26	49.9460442(11)	Observationally Stable			0+	0.04345(13)	0.04294-0.04345
51Cr	24	27	50.9447674(11)	27.7025(24) d	EC	51V	7/2-
52Cr	24	28	51.9405075(8)	Stable			0+	0.83789(18)	0.83762-0.83790
53Cr	24	29	52.9406494(8)	Stable			3/2-	0.09501(17)	0.09501-0.09553
54Cr	24	30	53.9388804(8)	Stable			0+	0.02365(7)	0.02365-0.02391
55Cr	24	31	54.9408397(8)	3.497(3) min	β-	55Mn	3/2-
56Cr	24	32	55.9406531(20)	5.94(10) min	β-	56Mn	0+
57Cr	24	33	56.943613(2)	21.1(10) s	β-	57Mn	(3/2-)
58Cr	24	34	57.94435(22)	7.0(3) s	β-	58Mn	0+
59Cr	24	35	58.94859(26)	460(50) ms	β-	59Mn	5/2-#
59mCr	503.0(17) keV			96(20) µs			(9/2+)
60Cr	24	36	59.95008(23)	560(60) ms	β-	60Mn	0+
61Cr	24	37	60.95472(27)	261(15) ms	β- (>99.9%)	61Mn	5/2-#
					β-, n (<.1%)	60Mn
62Cr	24	38	61.95661(36)	199(9) ms	β- (>99.9%)	62Mn	0+
					β-, n	61Mn
63Cr	24	39	62.96186(32)#	129(2) ms	β-	63Mn	(1/2-)#
					β-, n	62Mn
64Cr	24	40	63.96441(43)#	43(1) ms	β-	64Mn	0+
65Cr	24	41	64.97016(54)#	27(3) ms	β-	65Mn	(1/2-)#
66Cr	24	42	65.97338(64)#	10(6) ms	β-	66Mn	0+
67Cr	24	43	66.97955(75)#	10# ms [>300 ns]	β-	67Mn	1/2-#

Notes

• Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
• Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

References

• Isotope masses from:
  • G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
  • G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)

External links

• Chromium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's