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PC Card

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PC Card
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
A PC Card network adapter
Year created1991
Superseded byExpressCard (2003)
Width in bits32
No. of devices1 per slot
Speed133 MB/s
StyleParallel
Hotplugging interfaceYes
External interfaceYes

In computing, PC Card is a form factor peripheral interface designed for laptop computers, superseded by CardBus in 1995 and then ExpressCard in 2003. Originally known as PCMCIA Card, short for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, the PC Card standard as well as its successors were defined and developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), which itself was created by a number of computer industry companies in 1986 by Jacob D. Holm[citation needed]. It was originally designed as a standard for memory-expansion cards to compete with the JEIDA memory card standard developed in Japan. In 1991 the two standards merged as JEIDA 4.1 or PCMCIA 2.0 (PC Card).

PC Card was originally designed for computer storage expansion, but the existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many kinds of devices being made available based on the form factor, including network cards, modems, and hard disks. The cards were also used in early digital SLR cameras, such as the Kodak DCS 300 series. However, their original use as storage expansion is no longer common.

Many notebooks in the 1990s had two adjacent type-II slots, which allowed installation of two type-II cards or one, double-thickness, type-III card. The PC card port has been superseded by the ExpressCard interface, though some manufacturers such as Dell continued to offer them into 2012 on their ruggedized XFR notebooks [1].

Two PC Card devices: Xircom RealPort (top) type III and 3Com (bottom) type II.


Summary

  • Pc Card = PCMCIA Card (older name) = 16bit or 32bit.
  • Pc Card 32bit version = Cardbus (alternative name).
  • 16bit vs 32bit: 32bit includes DMA or Bus Mastering, 16bit does not.
  • Type I-III:
Type I: 16bit. Formfactor thickness 3.3 mm.
Type II: 16bit or 32bit. Formfactor thickness 5.0 mm.
Type III: 16bit or 32bit. Formfactor thickness 10.5 mm.

Name

PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, the group of companies that defined the standard. This acronym was difficult to say and remember, and was sometimes jokingly referred to as "People Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms".[2] To recognize increased scope beyond memory, and to aid in marketing, the association acquired the rights to the simpler term "PC Card" from IBM. This was the name of the standard from version 2 of the specification onwards. These cards are used for wireless networks, modems, and other functions in notebook PCs.

The PCMCIA association was dissolved in 2009 and all of its activities are now managed by the USB Implementer's Forum, according to the PCMCIA website.[3]

Card types

All PC Card devices use a similar sized package which is 85.6 mm long and 54.0 mm wide, the same size as a credit card.[4] The form factor is also used by the Common Interface form of Conditional Access Modules for DVB broadcasts, and by Panasonic for their professional "P2" video acquisition memory cards.

The original standard was defined for both 5 volt and 3.3 volt cards, with 3.3 V cards having a key on the side to prevent them from being inserted fully into a 5 V-only slot. Some cards and some slots operate at both voltages as needed. The original standard was built around an 'enhanced' 16-bit ISA bus platform. A newer version of the PCMCIA standard is CardBus (see below), a 32-bit version of the original standard. In addition to supporting a wider bus of 32 bits (instead of the original 16), CardBus also supports bus mastering and operation speeds up to 33 MHz.

Type I

Cards designed to the original specification (version 1.x) are type I and feature a 16-bit interface. They are 3.3 mm thick and feature a dual row of 34 holes (68 in total) along a short edge as a connecting interface. Type-I PC Card devices are typically used for memory devices such as RAM, flash memory, OTP (One-Time Programmable), and SRAM cards.

Type II

Type-II and above PC Card devices use two rows of 34 sockets, and feature a 16- or 32-bit interface. They are 5.0 mm thick. Type-II cards introduced I/O support, allowing devices to attach an array of peripherals or to provide connectors/slots to interfaces for which the host computer had no built-in support. For example, many modem, network, and TV cards use this form factor. Due to their thinness, most Type II interface cards feature miniature interface connectors on the card connect to a dongle, a short cable that adapts from the card's miniature connector to an external full-size connector. Some cards instead have a lump on the end with the connectors. This is more robust and convenient than a separate adapter but can block the other slot where slots are present in a pair. Some Type II cards, most notably network interface and modem cards have a retractable jack, which can be pushed into the card and will pop out when needed, allowing insertion of a cable from above. When use of the card is no longer needed, the jack can be pushed back into the card and lock in place, protecting it from damage. Most network cards have their jack on one side, while most modems have their jack on the other side, allowing the use of both at the same time as they do not interfere with each other. Wireless Type II cards often had a plastic shroud that jutted out from the end of the card to house the antenna.

Type III

Type-III PC Card devices are 16-bit or 32-bit. These cards are 10.5 mm thick, allowing them to accommodate devices with components that would not fit type I or type II height. Examples are hard disk drive cards,[4] and interface cards with full-size connectors that do not require dongles (as is commonly required with type II interface cards).

Type IV

Type-IV cards, introduced by Toshiba, have not been officially standardized or sanctioned by the PCMCIA. These cards are 16 mm thick.

CompactFlash

CompactFlash is a smaller dimensioned 50 pin subset of the 68 pin PC Card interface. It requires a setting for the interface mode of either "memory" or "ATA storage".

Card information structure

The card information structure (CIS) is information stored on a PC card that contains information about the formatting and organization of the data on the card.[5] The CIS also contains information about:

  • The type of card
  • Supported power supply options
  • Supported power saving features
  • The manufacturer
  • Model number
  • and so on.

When a card is unrecognized it is frequently because the CIS information is either lost or damaged.

CardBus

Two Xircom RealPort Ethernet/56k modem cards. Top one is CardBus, and the bottom is the 5 volt PCMCIA version. Note the slightly different notch.

CardBus are PCMCIA 5.0 or later (JEIDA 4.2 or later) 32-bit PCMCIA devices, introduced in 1995 and present in laptops from late 1997 onward. CardBus is effectively a 32-bit, 33 MHz PCI bus in the PC Card form factor. CardBus supports bus mastering, which allows a controller on the bus to talk to other devices or memory without going through the CPU. Many chipsets, such as those that support Wi-Fi, are available for both PCI and CardBus.

The notch on the left hand front of the device is slightly shallower on a CardBus device so, by design, a 32-bit device cannot be plugged into earlier equipment supporting only 16-bit devices. Most new slots accept both CardBus and the original 16-bit PC Card devices. CardBus cards can be distinguished from older cards by the presence of a gold band with eight small studs on the top of the card next to the pin sockets.

The speed of CardBus interfaces in 32-bit burst mode depends on the transfer type: in byte mode, transfer is 33 MB/s; in word mode it is 66 MB/s; and in dword (double-word) mode 132 MB/s.

CardBay

CardBay is a variant added to the PCMCIA specification introduced in 2001. It was intended to add some forward compatibility with USB and IEEE 1394, but was not universally adopted and only some notebooks have PC Card controllers with CardBay features. This is an implementation of Microsoft and Intel's joint Drive Bay initiative.

Descendants and variants

The interface has spawned a generation of flash memory cards that set out to improve on the size and features of Type I cards: CompactFlash, MiniCard (MiniCard), P2 Card and SmartMedia. For example, the PC Card electrical specification is also used for CompactFlash, so a PC Card CompactFlash adapter need only be a socket adapter.

ExpressCard is a later specification from the PCMCIA, intended as a replacement for PC Card, built around the PCI Express and USB 2.0 standards. The PC Card standard is closed to further development and PCMCIA strongly encourages future product designs to utilize the ExpressCard interface. From about 2006 ExpressCard slots replaced PCMCIA slots in laptop computers, with a few laptops having both in the transition period. Much expansion that formerly required a PCMCIA card is catered for by USB, reducing the requirement for internal expansion slots; by 2011 many laptops had none.

ExpressCard and CardBus sockets are physically and electrically incompatible.[6] ExpressCard-to-CardBus and Cardbus-to-ExpressCard adapters are available that connect a Cardbus card to an Expresscard slot, or vice versa, and carry out the required electrical interfacing.[7] These adapters do not handle older non-Cardbus PCMCIA cards.

Adapters for PC Cards to Personal Computer ISA slots were available when these technologies were current. Cardbus adapters for PCI slots have been made. These adapters were sometimes used to fit Wireless (802.11) PCMCIA cards into desktop computers with PCI slots.[8]

Technological obsolescence

USB devices are available for almost all functions the PC Card originally provided. The ExpressCard, which replaced the PC Card, contains a PCIe 1x and a USB 2.0 interface. Cardbus devices can be plugged into an ExpressCard adaptor having a PCI-to-PCIe Bridge.

See also

References

  • Dell Latitude e6400 XFR
Wikimedia Commons has media related to PC cards.
  1. ^ Dell e6400 XFR
  2. ^ Clark, Scott H.; Norton, Peter (2002). Peter Norton's new inside the PC. Indianapolis: SAMS. p. 33. ISBN 0-672-32289-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ http://www.expresscard.org/web/site/developer.jsp
  4. ^ a b Mueller, Scott (1999). Upgrading and repairing PCs (11th ed. ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. pp. 1236–1241. ISBN 0-7897-1903-7. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide
  6. ^ "PCMCIA Frequently Asked Questions".
  7. ^ "Newegg.com product search results for CardBus ExpressCard".
  8. ^ http://homecommunity.cisco.com/t5/Wireless-Adapters/PCI-SLOT/m-p/58789
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