Davy Crockett

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For other uses, see Davy Crockett (disambiguation).
David "Davy" Crockett
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 12th district
In office
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1835
Preceded byDistrict created
Succeeded byAdam Huntsman
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 9th district
In office
March 4, 1827 – March 4, 1831
Preceded byAdam Rankin Alexander
Succeeded byWilliam Fitzgerald
Personal details
Born
David Crockett

(1786-08-17)August 17, 1786
Greene County, Tennessee (then in the State of Franklin)
DiedMarch 6, 1836(1836-03-06) (aged 49)
Alamo Mission, San Antonio, Republic of Texas
Political partyNational Republican (a/k/a: Anti-Jacksonian)
Spouse(s)Polly Finley (1806–1815; her death)
Elizabeth Patton (1815–1836; his death)
OccupationPioneer, soldier, trapper, explorer, politician
Signature

David "Davy" Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician. He is commonly referred to in popular culture by the epithet "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the Texas Revolution, and died at the Battle of the Alamo.

Crockett grew up in East Tennessee, where he gained a reputation for hunting and storytelling. After being made a colonel in the militia of Lawrence County, Tennessee, he was elected to the Tennessee state legislature in 1821. In 1826, Crockett was elected to the U.S. Congress, where he vehemently opposed many of the policies of President Andrew Jackson, most notably the Indian Removal Act. Crockett's opposition to Jackson's policies led to his defeat in the 1830 elections. He won again in 1832, then narrowly lost in 1834, prompting his angry departure to Texas (then the Mexican state of Tejas) shortly thereafter. In early 1836, Crockett took part in the Texas Revolution and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo in March.

Crockett became famous in his own lifetime for larger-than-life exploits popularized by stage plays and almanacs. After his death, he continued to be credited with acts of mythical proportion. These led in the 20th century to television and movie portrayals, and he became one of the best-known American folk heroes.[1][2]

Ancestry and birth

Commemorative stone

David Crockett was born in what is now Greene County, Tennessee, close to the Nolichucky River and near the community of Limestone. At the time of his birth, however, the surrounding area was part of an autonomous territory known as the State of Franklin. A replica of his birthplace cabin stands near the site, now situated in the Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park.[3]

Crockett was of Irish, English, Scottish, and French-Huguenot ancestry,[4] the family name being derived from Monsieur de la Croquetagne, a captain in the Royal Guard of French King Louis XIV.[5] The family converted to Protestantism and, as Huguenots, fled persecution in 17th-century France to settle in Ireland. His great-grandparents Joseph Louis Crockett and Sarah Stewart Crockett immigrated to New York from Ireland c1708. Their son David and his wife, killed by Native Americans in North Carolina, had three sons named James, Joseph and John.[6]

David Crockett was the fifth of nine children of John Crockett and Rebecca Hawkins. He was named after his paternal grandfather, who was killed in 1777 at his home near today's Rogersville, Tennessee, by Cherokee Indians led by Dragging Canoe.[7] Crockett's father was one of the Overmountain Men who fought in the Battle of Kings Mountain during the American Revolutionary War. In the early 1790s, the Crocketts moved to Morristown, in the Southwest Territory and built a tavern there. A museum stands on the site and is housed in a reconstruction of the tavern.[8]

Early years and family

Replica cabin at Crockett birthsite

In his autobiography, Crockett told that his early years were filled with adventure, hardship, and travel. When he was eight years old, he told his father he wanted to hunt with a rifle. Crockett promised to make every shot count, and began hunting with his older brothers. After being sent to school when he was thirteen, he dropped out to run away from home to avoid a beating at the hands of his father. Crockett said he had "whupped the tar" out of a school bully who had embarrassed him on his fourth day in school. Crockett decided not to return to school for the next few days, fearing the bully would return with some friends backing him up, as well as the teacher's punishments. The teacher eventually wrote to Crockett's father to ask why his son did not attend school. Crockett told his father the truth. Angry that family trade goods exchanged for his son's education had gone to waste, he refused to listen. Crockett ran away from home and spent three years roaming from town to town. He claimed he visited most of the towns and villages in Tennessee and learned his skills as an outdoors-man, hunter and trapper.[9]

Contract of marriage for October 21, 1805

Near his sixteenth birthday, David Crockett returned home. Before Crockett had left, his father had opened a tavern on the road between Knoxville, Tennessee, and Abingdon, Virginia. Crockett stopped in for a meal unannounced. The first to finally recognize him, his older sister, Betsy, cried, "Here is my lost brother! Look! He is home!" The family was delighted and he was welcomed back. His father was in debt, so he hired Davy out to Abraham Wilson to settle a debt of $36. Later, Crockett generously worked off a $40 debt to John Kennedy. In return, John Crockett told his son he was free to leave. Davy went to work again for Kennedy, this time working for himself.[10]

Shortly afterwards, Crockett became engaged to Margaret Elder and, although the marriage never took place, the contract of marriage (dated October 21, 1805) has been preserved by the Dandridge, Tennessee, courthouse. It is well documented that Crockett's bride-to-be changed her mind and married someone else. Heartbroken at age 19, Crockett decided he was "only born for hardships, misery, and disappointment".[11][12][13]

On August 14, 1806, shortly before his 20th birthday, Crockett married Mary (Polly) Finley in Jefferson County, Tennessee. They had two sons: John Wesley Crockett was born July 10, 1807; followed by William Finley Crockett (born 1809). They also had a daughter, Margaret Finley (Polly) Crockett, in 1812. As wild game ran scarce, the Crocketts then moved to Franklin County, Tennessee in 1813. He named the new settlement on Beans Creek "Kentuck." [14] After his wife Polly's death, Crockett married a widow named Elizabeth Patton in 1815; they had three children: Robert, Rebecca and Matilda.

In 1838, Robert Patton Crockett went to Texas to administer his father's land claim. In 1854, Elizabeth Crockett finally came to Texas to live, dying in 1860. Crockett's son John Wesley Crockett was a U.S. Congressman from Tennessee, serving two terms between 1837 and 1841.[15]

Tennessee Militia

US Postage, issue of 1967

On September 24, 1813, Crockett enlisted in the Second Regiment of Tennessee Volunteer Mounted Riflemen as a scout for an initial term of 90 days and served under Colonel John Coffee in the Creek War, marching south into present day Alabama and taking an active part in the fighting. He re-enlisted under Captain John Cowan on September 28, 1814.[13] Crockett was made lieutenant colonel of the Fifty-seventh Regiment of Tennessee Militia on March 27, 1818.[16]

Political Years

Davy Crockett by William Henry Huddle, 1889

On September 17, 1821, Crockett was elected to the Committee of Propositions and Grievances. He lost his first run for Congress in 1824, but running again in the next election, he was elected to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1826 as a Jacksonian, and again in 1828 as an Anti-Jacksonian.[17]

As a Congressman, Crockett supported the rights of squatters, who were barred from buying land in the West without already owning property. He also joined the Anti-Jacksonians in opposing President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, and this opposition to Jackson caused his defeat when he ran for re-election in 1830; however, he won when he ran again in 1832. As he explained, "I bark at no man's bid. I will never come and go, and fetch and carry, at the whistle of the great man in the White House no matter who he is."[18]

Under the date of November 26, 1833, John Quincy Adams records in his diary an encounter with Crockett, whom he quotes as saying that he (Crockett) "had taken for lodgings two rooms on the first floor of a boarding-house, where he expected to pass the winter and to have for a fellow-lodger Major Jack Downing, the only person in whom he had any confidence for information of what the Government was doing."[19]

In an 1884 book written by dime novelist[20] and non-fiction author[21] Edward S. Ellis, Crockett is recorded as giving a speech (the "Not Yours to Give" speech) critical of his Congressional colleagues who were willing to spend taxpayer dollars to help a widow of a US Navy man who had lived beyond his naval service, but would not contribute their own salary for a week to the cause.[22] Ellis describes how the once popular proposal died in the Congress largely as a result of the speech. It was said that a man from Crockett's district, Horatio Bunce, converted Crockett to such a course of action by explaining that the Constitution did not allow Congress to give charity.[22]

The authenticity of this speech is questioned, however, since the Register of Debates and the Congressional Globe do not contain transcripts of speeches made on the House floor. Crockett is on record opposing a similar bill and offering personal support to the family of a General Brown in April 1828,[23] but Crockett considered applications for relief on a case by case basis and sometimes voted in favor of the applicant.[24] An article by Crockett biographer James R. Boylston debunking the "Not Yours to Give" speech was published in the November 2004 issue of The Crockett Chronicle. [25]

In 1834, his autobiography titled A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett. Written by Himself was published.[26] Crockett went east to promote the book and was narrowly defeated for re-election. In 1836, newspapers published the now-famous quote attributed to Crockett upon his return to his home state. He said, "I told the people of my district that I would serve them as faithfully as I had done; but if not, they might go to hell, and I would go to Texas."[27]

While in Washington politics, Crockett became a Freemason. He entrusted his masonic apron, sewn for him while in congress, to the Weakly Lodge in Tennessee before leaving for Texas, and it still survives today.[28]

Texas Revolution

Portrait of Davy Crockett by John Gadsby Chapman

By December 1834, Crockett was writing to friends about moving to Texas if Van Buren were elected President. The next year he discussed with his friend Benjamin McCulloch raising a company of volunteers to take to Texas in the expectation that a revolution was imminent.[29] After the election results became known in August, his departure to Texas was delayed by a court appearance in the last week of October as co-executor of his deceased father-in-law's estate, and he finally left his home near Rutherford in West Tennessee on Nov. 1, 1835, with three other men to explore Texas.[30] His youngest child, Matilda, later wrote that she distinctly remembered the last time she saw her father: "He was dressed in his hunting suit, wearing a coonskin cap, and carried a fine rifle presented to him by friends in Philadelphia ... He seemed very confident the morning he went away that he would soon have us all to join him in Texas."[31]

From his home he traveled to Jackson, arriving there with 30 well-armed men, where he gave a speech from the steps of the Madison County courthouse, and then rode southwest to Bolivar, where he spent the night at residence of Dr. Calvin Jones, once again drawing crowds who sent him off the next morning.[32] He arrived in Memphis in the second week of November with a much-diminished company, and ferried over the Mississippi River the next day and continued his journey on horseback through Arkansas.[33]

On November 12, 1835, Crockett and his entourage arrived in Little Rock, Arkansas. The local newspapers reported that hundreds of people swarmed into town to get a look at Crockett, and a group of leading citizens put on a dinner in his honor that night at the Jeffries Hotel. Crockett spoke "mainly to the subject of Texan independence," as well as Washington politics.[34]

He arrived in Nacogdoches, Texas, in early January 1836. On January 14, 1836, Crockett and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months: "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the Rio Grande in a few days with the volunteers from the United States." Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (19 km2) of land as payment. He also sold two rifles to Colonel O'Neal for $60. (After his death there was a claim for his heirs for $57.50. In 1854 his widow received a payment certificate for $24.00 from Texas.) On February 6, Crockett and about five other men rode into San Antonio de Bexar and camped just outside the town. They were later greeted by James Bowie and Antonio Menchaca, and taken to the home of Don Erasmo Seguin.

Crockett arrived at the Alamo on February 8.[35] On February 23, to the surprise of the men garrisoned in the Alamo, a Mexican army led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna arrived. The Mexican soldiers immediately initiated a siege.[36][37] Santa Anna ordered his artillery to keep up a near-constant bombardment. The guns were moved closer to the Alamo each day, increasing their effectiveness. On February 25, 200–300 Mexican soldiers crossed the San Antonio River and took cover in abandoned shacks approximately 90 yards (82 m) to 100 yards (91 m) from the Alamo walls.[38][39] The soldiers intended to use the huts as cover to establish another artillery position, although many Texians assumed that they actually were launching an assault on the fort.[40] Several men volunteered to burn the huts.[41] To provide cover, the Alamo cannons fired grapeshot at the Mexican soldiers, and Crockett and his men fired rifles, while other defenders reloaded extra weapons for them to use in maintaining a steady fire. Within 90 minutes, the battle was over,[40] and the Mexican soldiers retreated.[42] Inside the Alamo, the stores of powder and shot were limited. On February 26, Travis ordered the artillery to stop returning fire so as to conserve precious ammunition. Crockett and his men were encouraged to keep shooting, as they were unusually effective.[43]

The Fall of the Alamo by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk depicts Davy Crockett swinging his rifle at Mexican troops who have breached the south gate of the mission.

As the siege progressed, Alamo commander William Barret Travis sent many messages asking for reinforcements. Several messengers were sent to James Fannin, who commanded the only other official group of Texian soldiers. Fannin and several hundred Texians occupied Presidio La Bahia at Goliad. Although Fannin ultimately decided it was too risky to attempt to reinforce the Alamo, historian Thomas Ricks Lindley concludes that up to 50 of Fannin's men left his command to go to Bexar.[44] These men would have reached Cibolo Creek, 35 miles (56 km) from the Alamo, on the afternoon of March 3. There they joined another group of men who also planned to join the garrison.[45]

That same night, outside the Alamo, there was a skirmish between Mexican and Texian troops.[46] Several historians, including Walter Lord, speculated that the Texians were creating a diversion to allow their last courier, John Smith, to evade Mexican pickets.[47] However, in 1876, Alamo survivor Susannah Dickinson said that Travis sent three men out shortly after dark on March 3, probably a response to the arrival of Mexican reinforcements. The three men, who included Crockett, were sent to find Fannin.[48] Lindley stated that just before midnight, Crockett and one of the other men found the force of Texians waiting along Cibolo Creek, who had advanced to within 20 miles (32 km) of the Alamo. Just before daylight on March 4, part of the Texian force managed to break through the Mexican lines and enter the Alamo. A second group was driven across the prairie by Mexican cavalry.[49]

The siege ended on March 6, when the Mexican army attacked just before dawn while the defenders were sleeping. The daily bombardment by artillery had been suspended, perhaps a ploy to encourage the natural human reaction to a cessation of constant strain. But the garrison awakened and the final fight began. Most of the noncombatants gathered in the church sacristy for safety. According to Dickinson, before running to his post, Crockett paused briefly in the chapel to say a prayer.[50] When the Mexican soldiers breached the north outer walls of the Alamo complex, most of the Texians fell back to the barracks and the chapel, as previously planned.[51] Crockett and his men were too far from the barracks to take shelter.[52] and were the last remaining group in the mission to be in the open. The men defended the low wall in front of the church, using their rifles as clubs and relying on knives, as the action was too furious to allow reloading. After a volley and a charge with bayonets, Mexican soldiers pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church.[53] The Battle of the Alamo lasted almost 90 minutes.[54]

A coffin in the San Fernando Cathedral purports to hold the ashes of the Alamo defenders. However, historians believe it more probable that the ashes were buried near the Alamo.

Once all of the defenders had been killed, Santa Anna ordered his men to take the bodies to a nearby stand of trees where they were stacked together and wood piled on top.[55] That evening, a fire was lit and the bodies of the defenders were burned to ashes.[56]

The ashes were left undisturbed until February 1837, when Juan Seguin and his cavalry returned to Bexar to examine the remains. A local carpenter created a simple coffin, and ashes from the funeral pyres were placed inside. The names of Travis, Crockett, and Bowie were inscribed on the lid.[57] The coffin is thought to have been buried in a peach tree grove, but the spot was not marked and can no longer be identified.[58]

Death

The David Crockett Spring in Crockett in Houston County in east Texas

All that is certain about the fate of David Crockett is that he died fighting at the Alamo on the morning of March 6, 1836, at age 49. According to many accounts of the battle, between five and seven Texans surrendered during the battle, possibly to General Castrillon.[59][60] Incensed that his orders to take no prisoners had been ignored, Santa Anna demanded the immediate execution of the survivors. Although Castrillon and several other officers refused to do so, staff officers who had not participated in the fighting drew their swords and killed the unarmed Texians.[61]

Controversy

Weeks after the battle, stories began to circulate that Crockett was among those who surrendered and were executed.[60] However, Ben, a former American slave who acted as cook for one of Santa Anna's officers, maintained that Crockett's body was found in the barracks surrounded by "no less than sixteen Mexican corpses", with Crockett's knife buried in one of them.[62] Historians disagree on which story is accurate. According to Petite, "every account of the Crockett surrender-execution story comes from an avowed antagonist (either on political or military grounds) of Santa Anna's. It is believed that many stories, such as the surrender and execution of Crockett, were created and spread in order to discredit Santa Anna and add to his role as villain."[63]

In 1955, Jesús Sánchez Garza self-published a book called La Rebelión de Texas—Manuscrito Inédito de 1836 por un Ofical de Santa Anna purporting to be memoirs of José Enrique de la Peña, a Mexican officer present at the Battle of the Alamo. In 1975, the Texas A&M University Press published an English translation of the book, called With Santa Anna in Texas: A Personal Narrative of the Revolution. The English publication caused a scandal within the United States, as it asserted that Crockett did not die in battle.[64] Historians disagree on whether any or all of the book has been falsified.[64][65] Because the original book was self-published, no editor or publisher ever vetted its authenticity.[66] Garza never explained how he gained custody of the documents or where they were stored after de la Peña's death.[67]

Some historians, including Bill Groneman, found it suspicious that Garza's compilation was published in 1955, at the height of interest in Crockett and the Alamo caused by Walt Disney's television miniseries about Crockett's life, Davy Crockett. Groneman also points out that the journals are made up of several different types of paper from several different paper manufacturers, all cut down to fit.[67] Historian Joseph Musso also questions the validity, likewise basing his suspicions on the timing of the diaries' release.

In de la Peña's narrative, he adds a footnote which may align both versions. He states that "All of the enemy perished, there remaining alive only an elderly lady and a Negro slave, whom the soldiers spared out of mercy and because we had established that only force had kept them in danger." (Perry 1975) This implies that the summary execution of the survivors may have occurred prior to the releasing of Dickinson and Joe, so that they observed Crockett as dead, lending credence to their testimony. De la Peña describes the disposal of the dead and wounded as an ongoing process that took some time.

First, no other accounts of Crockett's surviving the Alamo have surfaced besides de la Peña's diary. No documentation in the archives of the Mexican government, nor any of the personal records of others present at the Battle of the Alamo, give any hint of survivors amongst the defenders, much less any claiming Crockett as a survivor. Secondly, there is some speculation that de la Peña's account may have been a deliberate fabrication, with the intention of presenting Santa Anna in a far more diabolical light than American (and especially Texan) historians have given him since the fall of the Alamo.

File:Davidcrockettclipper.jpg
David Crockett clipper ship card

The written account by de la Peña, even if a legitimate writing, has also been questioned in that many doubt his abilities to identify any of the Alamo defenders by name. It is a popular belief by many historians that de la Peña may have witnessed or been told about executions of some Alamo survivors, but in fact neither he nor his comrades would have known who these men were. Part of the reason that de la Peña's memoirs are questioned comes from his detailed account of Col. William Travis' death in "With Santa Anna in Texas". In that account, he describes with detail how Travis was heroic in his final moments, turning straight into the Mexican soldiers and facing his death with honor. The problem with this: how would de la Peña have been able to distinguish Travis from any of the other defenders of the Alamo? The freed former slave to Travis, Joe, claimed Travis died early on in the battle, on the north wall. In addition to this, the Mexican Army had not breached the walls of the Alamo when Travis was killed, therefore they would have been seeing him from an area below the walls, while being fired down upon by the defenders. To add to this, Travis was killed before daybreak, meaning it was still dark. Therefore, it is believed that de la Peña either created the scenario of Travis' death, or he saw another of the defenders after breaching the walls, and took him to be Travis.[68]

Legacy

One of Crockett's sayings, which were published in almanacs between 1835 and 1856 (along with those of Daniel Boone and Kit Carson), was: Always be sure you are right, then go ahead.[69]

Namesakes

Col. Crockett statue, Lawrenceburg Public Square

Tennessee

Texas

Alamo Cenotaph

Miscellaneous

  • M28 Davy Crockett Weapon System: a small Nuclear weapons system, the smallest developed by the U.S. which could be fired from a light vehicle, or even from a Shoulder-mounted launcher.[80]

Monuments

In popular culture

Fess Parker as Crockett addresses the city of Philadelphia in the Walt Disney television miniseries

In television

Disney

Further information: Davy Crockett (TV miniseries)

Crockett's legend was reborn in a 1950s TV show by Walt Disney, which also introduced his legendary coonskin cap. In 1948, Disney told columnist Hedda Hopper that it was "time to get acquainted, or renew acquaintance with, the robust, cheerful, energetic and representative folk heroes".[86]

Discovery Channel

A seventh-season episode of the Discovery Channel series MythBusters explored a story of Crockett's backwoods exploits: that he could stick an axe into a tree trunk, fire his long rifle from 40 yards away, and hit the edge so precisely that the bullet would split in two. After some practice, Tory Belleci was able to duplicate the feat from 20 yards with the gun resting on sandbags and declared the myth "Confirmed," reasoning that Crockett could have consistently made the 40-yard shot with enough experience.

Music

"The Ballad of Davy Crockett" from the Disney TV show had four different versions of the song hit the Billboard Best Sellers pop chart in 1955. The versions by Bill Hayes, TV series star Fess Parker, and Tennessee Ernie Ford charted in the Top 10 simultaneously,[87] with Hayes' version hitting #1.[88]

In films

In films, Crockett has been played by:

Plays

  • Davy Crockett, musical play (unfinished), January, 1938-April, 1938, Kurt Weill[101]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Michael Lofaro, "David Crockett." The Encyclopedia of Appalachia (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 300–301.
  2. ^ Lofaro, Michael A (December 2010). "David "Davy" Crockett". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  3. ^ Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park
  4. ^ Crockett (1834), 17.
  5. ^ Jean-Baptiste Nadeau, Julie Barlow, The Story of French, p.106, ISBN 0-312-34183-0.
  6. ^ Winders (2001) pp.9,11,12
  7. ^ Pat Alderman, The Overmountain Men, 1970:38.
  8. ^ "Crockett Tavern Museum - Historical Places in Morristown, Tenn". Citizen Tribune Online. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  9. ^ Woodburn, Moran (1922) p.238
  10. ^ Groneman (2005) p.34
  11. ^ Program #1001. Antiques Roadshow. PBS. Tampa Convention Center. Original broadcast 2006-01-09
  12. ^ TN Secretary of State announces 2010 return of document to Dandridge courthouse
  13. ^ a b David Crockett from the Handbook of Texas Online
  14. ^ "Davy Crockett". Florence, Oregon: Online Highways. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  15. ^ "Davy Crockett's Family". Granbury, Texas. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  16. ^ Wallis (2011) p.156
  17. ^ "Crockett, David, (1786–1836)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  18. ^ Pioneers, Passionate Ladies, and Private Eyes: Dime Novels, Series Books.
  19. ^ Diary (New York: Longmans, Green, 1929), p. 445.
  20. ^ "Ellis, Edward Sylvester." Beadle and Adams Dime Novel Digitization Project. Northern Illinois University. By Larry E. Sullivan, Lydia Cushman. pg 73. 1996 Haworth Press. ISBN 0-7890-0016-4
  21. ^ Special Collections in Children's Literature: An International Directory, By Dolores Blythe Jones, pg 50.
  22. ^ a b Ellis, Edward S., The Life of Colonel David Crockett; Porter & Coates, 1884
  23. ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. The Library of Congress, URL accessed 2007-08-01.
  24. ^ James R. Boylston and Allen J. Wiener, David Crockett in Congress: The Rise and Fall of the Poor Man's Friend, pg. 87, note 18, 2009 Bright Sky Press, ISBN 1-933979-51-8
  25. ^ ""Not Yours to Give": A Fable Re-Examined". Crockett in Congress. October 20, 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  26. ^ Hubbell, Jay B. The South in American Literature: 1607–1900. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 664.
  27. ^ *Crockett quote from the Niles Weekly Register newspaper, April 9, 1836
  28. ^ Crockett, Davy. "Grand Lodge of Texas". Masonic Research. Grand Lodge of Texas. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  29. ^ Cobias, 21–22.
  30. ^ Derr, 225-26.
  31. ^ Cobias, 25
  32. ^ Cobias, 28–29
  33. ^ Cobias, 29, 36
  34. ^ Cobias, 40–44
  35. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 117.
  36. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 299.
  37. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 40.
  38. ^ <Todish et al. (1998), pp. 42–3.
  39. ^ Tinkle (1985), p. 118.
  40. ^ a b Tinkle (1985), p. 119.
  41. ^ Lord (1961), p. 109.
  42. ^ Nofi (1992), p. 83.
  43. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 132.
  44. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 137.
  45. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 138.
  46. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143.
  47. ^ Lord (1960), p. 143.
  48. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 140.
  49. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 142.
  50. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 363.
  51. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 53.
  52. ^ Lord (1961), p. 162.
  53. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 368.
  54. ^ Petite (1998), p. 114.
  55. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 374.
  56. ^ Petite (1998), p. 139.
  57. ^ Petite (1998), p. 131.
  58. ^ Petite (1998), p. 132.
  59. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 373.
  60. ^ a b Petite (1998), p. 123.
  61. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 148.
  62. ^ Tikle (1985), p. 214.
  63. ^ Petite (1998), p. 124.
  64. ^ a b Todish et al. (1998), p. 120.
  65. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 133.
  66. ^ Groneman (1999), p. 128.
  67. ^ a b Groneman (1999), p. 136.
  68. ^ Michael Lind's, The Death of David Crockett
  69. ^ Groneman (2005) p.201
  70. ^ "David Crockett State Park". Tennessee Dept of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  71. ^ "Crockett County, Tennessee". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  72. ^ Smith, Julia Cauble. "Crockett County". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  73. ^ Long, Christopher. "Crockett, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 24 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  74. ^ "David Crockett High School". Austin ISD. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  75. ^ "Davy Crockett Lake". Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  76. ^ "Davy Crockett Loop". Great Texas Wildlife Trails. Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  77. ^ "Davy Crockett National Forest". U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  78. ^ "Davy Crockett School". Dallas City Hall. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  79. ^ Darst, Maury. "Fort Crockett". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  80. ^ "The Davy Crockett". The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  81. ^ "Alamo Cenotaph". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  82. ^ "David Crockett Statue, Ozona, Tx". Crockett County Museum. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  83. ^ Little, Carol Morris (1996). A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas. University of Texas Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-292-76036-3.
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  91. ^ Cozad, W. Lee (2002). Those Magnificent Mountain Movies: The Golden Years 1911–1939. Rim of the World Historic Society. pp. 229, 30. ISBN 978-0-9723372-1-2.
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  93. ^ Reid, John Howard (2005). Movie Westerns: Hollywood Films the Wild, Wild West. Lulu.com. pp. 109–112. ISBN 978-1-4116-6610-8.
  94. ^ Langman, Larry (2001). Hollywood's Image of the South: A Century of Southern Films. Greenwood. pp. 52, 53. ISBN 978-0-313-31886-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  95. ^ a b Williamson, Jerry Wayne (1995). Hillbillyland: What the Movies Did to the Mountains and What the Mountains Did to the Movies. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 278, 279. ISBN 978-0-8078-4503-5.
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  98. ^ a b Terrace, Vincent (2011). Terrace 6477-7. ebook.
  99. ^ New York Media, LLC (April 17, 1995). "John Leonard's TV Notes". New York Magazine: 157.
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  101. ^ "Davy Crockett musical play". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

References

Further reading

  • Boylston, James R. and Allen J. Weiner, David Crockett in Congress: The Rise and Fall of the Poor Man's Friend; Bright Sky Press; ISBN 1-933979-51-8
  • Crockett, David, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee; University of Nebraska Press; ISBN 0-8032-6325-2
  • Derr, Mark The Frontiersman. Davy Crockett William Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-09656-5
  • Davis, William C., Lone Star Rising-The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic; Free Press; ISBN 0-684-86510-6
  • Davis, William C., Three Roads to the Alamo; Harper Collins; ISBN 0-06-017334-3
  • Levy, Buddy, The Real Life Adventures of David Crockett; Putnam Press; ISBN 0-399-15278-4
  • David Crockett at Project Gutenberg; written by John S. C. Abbott

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U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 9th congressional district
1827–1831 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
District created
 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 12th congressional district
1833–1835 		Succeeded by

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