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2013 Shahbag protests

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2013 Shahbag protests
Demonstrators in Shahbag in February 2013
DateFebruary 2013
Location
Bangladesh (began at Shahbagh Square, Dhaka)

23°44′18″N 90°23′45″E / 23.73833°N 90.39583°E / 23.73833; 90.39583
Caused by
Methods

The 2013 Shahbag protests, associated with a central neighbourhood of Dhaka, Bangladesh, began on February 5, 2013 and later spread to other parts of Bangladesh, as people demanded capital punishment for Abdul Quader Mollah, who had been sentenced to life imprisonment, and for others convicted of war crimes by the International Crimes Tribunal.[5][6] On that day, the International Crimes Tribunal had sentenced Abdul Quader Mollah to life in prison after he was convicted on five of six counts of war crimes.[7][8] Later demands included banning the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami party from politics and a boycott of institutions supporting (or affiliated with) the party.[9]

Protesters considered Mollah's sentence too lenient, given his crimes.[10][11] Bloggers and online activists called for additional protests at Shahbag.[12][13] Tens of thousands of people joined the demonstration, which gave rise to protests across the country.[14] During the protests, Ahmed Rajib Haider, a pro-Shahbag blogger, was murdered outside his house by machete-wielding youth.[15] On March 2, five Jamaat-Shibir activists were arrested; they 'confessed' involvement in Rajib's killing, though independent verification and investigation is not possible at this stage.[16][17][18] By mid-April, their numbers had declined, and the original protest site is now clear.[19]

A counter-protest, demanding release of those accused and convicted, was launched by Jamaat-e-Islami as its leaders were the majority of those first identified for trial. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) initially expressed its support for Jamaat-e-Islami, a principal political ally.[20] But, the BNP cautiously welcomed the Shahbag protest, while warning the government not to make political mileage from a movement demanding capital punishment for war criminals.[21] On February 27, 2013, Jamaat followers protested and there were violent clashes with police that led to around 60 killed in the confrontations; most were Jamaat-Shibir activists, and others were police and civilians.[22] On May 6, more than 50 counter protesters were killed by Bangladesh Police in growing anti-government strikes.[23]

Historical context

On 5 February 2013, the ICT found Mollah guilty of crimes against humanity.[7][24] He was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Alubdi and Ali killings and 15 years each for the Pallab, Meherunnesa and Taleb murders.[25] The day before the verdict was announced, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, the Islamist political party (of which Mollah is a leader), announced a nationwide dawn-to-dusk general strike for 5 February in protest of their leader's conviction.[26][27]

Many citizens [who?] (especially young people) were outraged that, given his crimes, Mollah was sentenced to life imprisonment rather than death.[10][11] The verdict was criticized [by whom?] in social media, and a peaceful demonstration began at Shahbagh Square in Dhaka.[28]

Protesters' demands

Over several days, protesters increased their demands, asking for:

  • Death penalty for Mollah[1][29][30]
  • Death sentence for those convicted of war crimes by the International War Crimes Tribunal[31][32][33]
  • A ban of Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics[2][3]
  • A boycott of Jamaat institutions[34]

Oath of Shahbag Square movement

We swear an oath that the leadership of the mass of people from the Gonojagaran Mancha (National Awakening Stage) will continue the movement from Teknaf to Tetulia until capital punishment is handed down to those Razakar and Al-Badr members who committed crimes against humanity like mass killing and rape in 1971. We take the oath that we will remain vocal, both on the streets and online, until the politics of the war criminals, Jamaat and Shibir, is banned and the citizenship of their members cancelled. We further take the oath that we will continue this demonstration and keep demanding trials, under a special tribunal, of those Razakars and Al-Badr activists who were convicted, and under trial, but freed after 1975. We swear that we will boycott the war criminals' business entities -- Islami Bank, Ibn Sina, Focus, Retina and various other coaching centres. We know through these they collect money to continue with their anti-liberation activities. We will also boycott the academic and cultural organisations through which they are spreading anti-liberation sentiments among the children. In brief, we will work for banning all the business, social and cultural organisations belonging to Razakars and Al-Badr activists. We swear that we will continue with our demand for stringent punishment of Jamaat and Shibir, who have committed crimes of sedition by threatening civil war, after making their immediate arrest by recognising them through video footage of news and newspaper pictures. We swear that we will boycott war criminals' mass media like Diganta Television, Daily Naya Diganta, Amar Desh, The Daily Sangram, Sonar Bangla Blog. We will not subscribe to the newspapers of the war criminals at any office or house. At the same time, we request the pro-liberation mass media to boycott the war criminals and their accomplices.[35]

Development

See also: Timeline of the 2013 Shahbag protests

Origins

Death penalty supporters began protests within hours after the Mollah verdict was announced when an online activist group, Blogger and Online Activists Network (BOAN), called for protests through social networks.[36] Demonstrators gathered at Shahbag Circle (or Projonmo Chottor); they painted murals on the road, drew cartoons, hanged effigies of war-crimes suspects and chanted slogans, with a vow to continue demonstrating until their demands were met.

Protesters at night, chanting and holding torches
Protesters at Shahbag Square

On 7 February, demonstrations began at 8 am. Thousands of people gathered with banners, posters, Bangladeshi flags and placards in Shahbag with their demands.[37] On Friday afternoon, a mass rally was held at Shahbag with an estimated attendance of more than 100,000.[38]

On 12 February, protesters observed three minutes of silence at 4 pm at Shahbag and all across Bangladesh.[39] In Dhaka, traffic was stopped as thousands of people took to the streets, formed human chains and stood in silence. A Bangladesh Premier League game at the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium halted for three minutes, as players and supporters observed the silence. Parliamentarians and the police also joined the protest.[40] Bengali singer Kabir Suman wrote a song entitled "Tin Minit" ("Three Minutes") in honor of the silent protest.[41][42]

Further developments

On 21 February, International Mother Language Day, the number of protesters reached a new high. Its leadership declared 26 March 2013, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, as the deadline for the government to ban Jamaat-e-Islami from politics.[43]

The government did not ban Jamaat-e-Islam from politics after the deadline was over. Seven protesters calling themselves the Shaheed Rumi Squad began a fast until death on 26 March at 10:30 pm in front of the National Museum, protesting “inadequate government action” to ban Jamaat in response to the Shahbagh protesters' ultimatum.[44] The fasters said at a press briefing that they would send an open letter to Prime Minister Hasina during the 100th hour of their protests.[45] More than 100 organisations expressed solidarity with the hunger strikers.[46]

Sentencing of Delwar Hossain Sayeedi

See also: 2013 Bangladesh riots and 2013 Bangladesh Anti-Hindu violence

On 28 February the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, Nayeb-e-Ameer (vice president) of Jamaat-e-Islami,[47] to death for convictions on 8 out of 20 charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.[48] The protesters celebrated the sentence.[49] "This verdict is a victory for the people", declared protest organizer Imran H. Sarker.[49] Attorney General Mahbubey Alam said, "It’s a victory day, it’s a day of joy. Through this verdict, the nation is seeing the resurgence of liberation war spirits."[50] Sayeedi was the most senior official convicted by the tribunal, and the third person overall.[51]

Counter-demonstrations

Jamaat followers were enraged by the decision, claiming that the case against Sayeedi was politically motivated. His lawyer, Abdur Razzaq, accused authorities of preventing a key witness from testifying and intentionally slanting the process.[49] "This is a perverse judgment. It is inconceivable that a court of law awarded him a conviction. This prosecution was for a political purpose", Razzaq said.[49] Jamaat quickly called for a nationwide two-day strike, to start on 3 March.[50] By afternoon, violence led by Jamaat-e-Islami supporters had erupted across Bangladesh.[49] "The Jamaat-e-Islami is fighting for its political survival", said a spokesperson.[50] By the end of the day thirty-five people were dead, including three police officers;[50] an additional eight hundred were injured.[50] According to the BBC, it marked "the worst day of political violence in Bangladesh in decades".[51]

Clashes between police and Jamaat-e-Islami workers continued on 1 March, spreading to the northern districts of Gaibandha and Chapai Nawabganj.[51] Opposition leader Khaleda Zia criticized government "brutality" and Jamaat called for a demonstration in the capital, Dhaka. Security measures were increased to prevent the situation from escalating.[51] The death toll rose to forty-four (including six policemen).[49] Former prime minister and BNP member Khaleda Zia declared a nationwide dawn-to-dusk hartal for 5 March, and called for countrywide rallies on 2 March to protest what she called government corruption, misrule, oppression, and "mass killings".[52]

Violent conflict continued on 2 March, with another four deaths and hundreds of injuries.[52] In Chittangong district police opened fire on Jamaat-e-Islami protesters, leading to three deaths.[52] In Nilphamari, a young person died in a clash between protestors and police.[52]

On 3 March, violence continued as the Jamaat-organized strike began. In Bogra Jamaat supporters attacked police outposts with sticks and homemade bombs, leading to at least eight deaths.[22] In Godagari two deaths were reported in a similar incident,[22] and three deaths were reported in the Joypurhat district.[22] Violence continued in Chittangong as well, where Jamaat claimed that police opened fire without provocation. The government denied the charge, saying that violence against citizens and police would not be tolerated; three deaths were reported.[22] "People in the street are very, very afraid of Jamaat-e-Islam. I am scared", reported an eyewitness in Dhaka.[22] Jamaat supporters singled out Hindu citizens, attacked their homes in many parts of the country, and torched Hindu temples.[53][54][55][56] More than 40 temples and many statues were destroyed and scores of houses set ablaze, leaving hundreds of people homeless throughout the country.

Amnesty International has urged the Bangladeshi government to provide better protection for minority Hindus. Abbas Faiz, the organisation’s Bangladesh researcher, has noted that the attacks on the Hindu community were predicted and it was shocking that people were attacked because of their religion.[57][58] Attacks on Hindu communities had been widespread during the 1971 war.

"Siege of Dhaka"

The Economist magazine reported that police "massacred" Hifazat-e-Islam supporters in counter protests on 6 May 2013. The government claimed the official death toll was 11,[59] but The Economist reported 50 murdered protesters and it reported Odhikar had called the Awami League government's response a "killing spree" and the human rights organization further placed the actual death toll in the hundreds.[23]

Reactions

Domestic response

Large crowd (mostly male) with banners in street
Protest in front of Chittagong Press Club

The Shahbag protest has attracted people from all social strata to its cause.[6] The Shahbag intersection at the center of the protests has been referred to as "Generation Circle" (Bengali: প্রজন্ম চত্ত্বর Projônmo Chôttor) or "Shahbag Square", in a nod to the events which unfolded in Tahrir Square, Cairo.[1] The protest spread from Shahbag to other parts of the country, with sit-ins and demonstrations in Chittagong, Sylhet, Barisal, Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Comilla, Bogra, Narayanganj, Sunamganj, Noakhali and Narsingdi.[60][61][62][63]

a participant, Amiruddin Ahmed remarked, “After coming here I have realised that the national flag is secure at the hands of our children". Members of the 1971 "Golden Generation" found fresh inspiration in Projônmo Chôttor.[64] Writer Muhammed Zafar Iqbal, noting the large youth participation, said, "I am here to offer my apology to you. I wrote in newspapers that the new generation only hits 'Like' on Facebook and writes on blogs, but does not take to the streets. You have proved me wrong and I thank you all for this".[65][66] Dhaka University Vice Chancellor Arefin Siddique said, "Today is a movement to make the country free from razakars. The country needs to be freed from razakars' hands. Capital punishment of the razakars is a demand of the country’s 16 crore people".[67] Jahangirnagar University Vice-Chancellor M. Anwar Hossain said, “The people of Bangladesh have rejected the verdict. At Projonmo Chottor, we join our hands to make a clear statement, to give a call to all countrymen to unite and oust the anti-liberation forces from the soil”.[67]

Political response

State Minister for Law, Quamrul Islam, said that the verdict against Abdul Quader Mollah could have been different if people had taken to the streets sooner.[68] The government is planning to file appeals with the Supreme Court contesting the sentence for Mollah.[69] On 11 February the Cabinet approved proposed amendments to the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973, introducing a provision for plaintiffs to appeal verdicts handed down by the tribunal. This amendment, if passed, would enable the state to appeal Mollah's life sentence.[70]

Jamaat-e-Islami, which was already staging protests against the impending trial of its leaders, called for a general strike.[71] Jamaat continues to demand that the international war crimes tribunal be stopped and its party leaders freed. Jamaat supporters had staged nationwide demonstrations with increasing frequency from November 2012 to February 2013, demanding the release of its leaders.[72][73] Actions included firing gunshots, smashing and setting fire to vehicles and detonating homemade bombs.[74][75][76][77] Violence was targeted at police stationed in the capital, Dhaka, and major cities such as Rajshahi,[77] Cox's Bazar,[78] Chittagong,[79] Rangpur,[80] Dinajpur[81] and Khulna.[82][83] Several Jamaat-Shibir activists were arrested during the strikes and confrontations with police.[82][79]

Reaction from Bangladeshis abroad

Semicircle of demonstrators holding candlelight vigil
Shahbag protest supporters in Stuttgart

Bangladeshis abroad have expressed solidarity with the protestors through social media websites Facebook and Twitter.[28] Demonstrations of solidarity have also taken place in Australia,[84] Malaysia,[85] Germany[86].

Bangladeshis in New York City joined in a symbolic protest on 9 February at Diversity Plaza in Jackson Heights.[87] A mass sit-in was organized by the Bangladeshi community in Sydney on 10 February at the International Mother Language Monument in Sydney Ashfield Park.[88] At a rally at the Angel Statue in Melbourne, demonstrators signed a petition to Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina demanding death for war criminals.[89] Bangladeshis in Taiwan also expressed their solidarity with the Shahbag protests on 10 February.[citation needed]

On 10 February, Bangladeshi students gathered at Rutgers University in New Jersey to express solidarity with the Shahbag protests. Bangladeshi residents joined the students to express their support.[citation needed] Bangladeshi students at the University of Delaware and nearby residents demonstrated their solidarity with the Shahbag movement on 15 February at a busy intersection in Newark, Delaware. A candlelight vigil was held that evening for Rajib, a blogger and activist who was killed several hours before the demonstration.[90]

In London, protesters at Altab Ali Park in solidarity for Shahbag were attacked by Jamaat-e-Islami supporters. Protests are held at the park every week by both sides.[91]

International response

On 18 February British Foreign Office minister Sayeeda Warsi hailed the Shahbagh Square protests, describing them as peaceful, productive and non-violent.[92][93] An article in the Fletcher Forum of World Affairs by Suzannah Linton on 27 February expressed concern about "bloodlust in Bangladesh" and called on the international community to steer the process towards international standards.[94]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 Shahbag Protest.

References

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