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GNU Lesser General Public License

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GNU Lesser General Public License
The GNU LGPLv3 logo
AuthorRichard Stallman
Latest version3
PublisherFree Software Foundation
PublishedJune 29, 2007
Debian FSG compatibleYes
FSF approvedYes
OSI approvedYes
GPL compatibleYes
CopyleftYes
Linking from code with a different licenceYes
Websitegnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html Edit this on Wikidata

The GNU Lesser General Public License or LGPL is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate LGPL software into their own (even proprietary) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own software-parts. The license requires that only the LGPL software-parts be modifiable by end-users via source code availability. For proprietary software, LGPL-parts are usually in the form of a shared library such as a DLL so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL parts. The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries, although it is also used by some stand-alone applications.

The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License. The word "Lesser" in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user's complete freedom in the use of software: it only guarantees the freedom of modification for the LGPL-parts, but not for any proprietary software-parts.

History

The license was originally called the GNU Library General Public License and was first published in 1991, and adopted the version number 2 for parity with GPL version 2. The LGPL was revised in minor ways in the 2.1 point release, published in 1999, when it was renamed the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect the FSF's position that not all libraries should use it. Version 3 of the LGPL was published in 2007 as a list of additional permissions applied to GPL version 3.

Differences from the GPL

The main difference between the GPL and the LGPL is that the latter allows the work to be linked with (in the case of a library, 'used by') a non-(L)GPLed program, regardless of whether it is free software or proprietary software.[1] The non-(L)GPLed program can then be distributed under any terms if it is not a derivative work. If it is a derivative work, then the program's terms must allow for "modification for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications." Whether a work that uses an LGPL program is a derivative work or not is a legal issue. A standalone executable that dynamically links to a library through a .so, .dll, or similar medium is generally accepted as not being a derivative work as defined by the LGPL. It would fall under the definition of a "work that uses the Library". Paragraph 5 of the LGPL version 2.1 states:

A program that contains no derivative of any portion of the Library, but is designed to work with the Library by being compiled or linked with it, is called a "work that uses the Library". Such a work, in isolation, is not a derivative work of the Library, and therefore falls outside the scope of this License.

Essentially, if it is a "work that uses the library", then it must be possible for the software to be linked with a newer version of the LGPL-covered program. The most commonly used method for doing so is to use "a suitable shared library mechanism for linking". Alternatively, a statically linked library is allowed if either source code or linkable object files are provided.[2]

Compatibility

The LGPL version 3 is not compatible with programs under the license GPLv2.[3] One feature of the LGPL is that one can convert any LGPLed piece of software into a GPLed piece of software (section 3 of the license). This feature allows for direct reuse of LGPLed code in GPLed libraries and applications. A work under GPLv2 or any later version can be combined with LGPL version 3 library, and the license combination will result in GPLv3 for the combined work as a whole.[4]

LGPL for libraries

The former name "GNU Library General Public License" gave some the impression that the FSF recommended software libraries use the LGPL and that programs use the GPL. In February 1999, GNU Project leader Richard Stallman wrote the essay Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library explaining that the LGPL had not been deprecated, but that one should not necessarily use the LGPL for all libraries:

Which license is best for a given library is a matter of strategy... Using the ordinary GPL for a library gives free software developers an advantage over proprietary developers: a library that they can use, while proprietary developers cannot use it... When a free library's features are readily available for proprietary software through other alternative libraries... the library cannot give free software any particular advantage, so it is better to use the Lesser GPL for that library.[1]

Stallman and the FSF sometimes advocate licenses even less restrictive than the LGPL as a matter of strategy. A prominent example was Stallman's endorsement of the use of a BSD-style license by the Vorbis project for use in its libraries.[5]

Programming language specificity

The license uses terminology which is mainly intended for applications written in the C programming language or its family. Franz Inc. published its own preamble to the license to clarify terminology in the Lisp context. LGPL with this preamble is sometimes referred as LLGPL.[6]

In addition, Ada has a special feature, generics, which may prompt the use of GNAT Modified General Public License: it allows code to link against or instantiate GMGPL-covered units without the code itself becoming covered by the GPL.

Class inheritance

Some concern has risen about the suitability of object-oriented classes in LGPL'd software being inherited by non-(L)GPL code. Clarification is given on the official GNU website:

The LGPL does not contain special provisions for inheritance, because none are needed. Inheritance creates derivative works in the same way as traditional linking, and the LGPL permits this type of derivative work in the same way as it permits ordinary function calls.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Stallman, Richard. Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library. Free Software Foundation official website.
  2. ^ Gnu Lesser General Public License, Section 4, pt. d) 0)
  3. ^ GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) version 3. Free Software Foundation official website.
  4. ^ Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation. Free Software Foundation official website.
  5. ^ Stallman, Richard. Re: [open-source] [Fwd: [icecast-dev] Xiph.org announces Vorbis Beta 4 and the Xiph.org
  6. ^ Preamble to the Gnu Lesser General Public License
  7. ^ Turner, David. The LGPL and Java. GNU official website.
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