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Trinidad

Coordinates: 10°27′38″N 61°14′55″W / 10.46056°N 61.24861°W / 10.46056; -61.24861
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For other uses, see Trinidad (disambiguation).
Trinidad
Nickname: Land of the Hummingbird
Map
Geography
LocationWindward Islands
Coordinates10°27′38″N 61°14′55″W / 10.46056°N 61.24861°W / 10.46056; -61.24861
Area4,748 km2 (1,833 sq mi)
Highest elevation1,005 m (3297 ft)
Administration
Demographics
Population1,300,000
Pop. density262.7/km2 (680.4/sq mi)
Trinidad and Tobago on a world map

Trinidad (Spanish: "Trinity") is the larger and more populous of the two major islands and numerous landforms which make up the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies just 11 km (6.8 mi) off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. Though part of the South American continent, from a socio-economic standpoint it is often referred to as the southernmost island in the Caribbean. With an area of 4,768 km2 (1,841 sq mi) it is also the fifth largest in the West Indies.

Many believe [who?] the original name for the island in the Arawaks' language was "Iëre" which meant "Land of the Humming Bird". Some believe that "Iere" was actually a mispronunciation or corruption by early colonists of the Arawak word "Kairi" which simply means "Island". Christopher Columbus renamed it "La Isla de la Trinidad" ("The Island of the Trinity"), fulfilling a vow he had made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration.[1]

History

Main article: History of Trinidad and Tobago

Caribs and Arawaks lived in Trinidad long before Columbus encountered the islands on his third voyage in 1498. Tobago changed hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, but eventually ended up in British hands. Trinidad remained Spanish until 1797, but it was largely settled by French colonists from the French Caribbean, especially Martinique.[2] In 1889 the two islands became a single crown colony. Trinidad and Tobago obtained self-governance in 1958 and independence from the British Empire in 1962.[3]

Geography

Major landforms include the hills of the Northern, Central and Southern Ranges (Dinah ranges), the Caroni, Nariva and Oropouche Swamps, and the Caroni and Naparima Plains. Major river systems include the Caroni, North and South Oropouche and Ortoire Rivers. There are many other natural landforms such as beaches and waterfalls. Trinidad has two seasons per calendar year, the rainy season and the dry season.

Food

Main article: Cuisine of Trinidad

Trinidad is popular for its savory food options. The food is diverse breakfasts, cultural and traditional in many cases. It is influenced by many different styles, such as East Indian, Spanish, African, Chinese and more. Over time it has been adapted and changed to what is known as Trinidadian food today. The most popular Trinidadian dishes include pelau (rice, vegetables and sometimes meat cooked together), doubles (an East Indian delicacy), roti, callaloo, fried bake and shark and crab and dumplings.

Culture

Diversity is the status quo in Trinidad and Tobago. It is sometimes known as a "rainbow island" or more fondly "a callaloo" (local dialect for a delicious dish prepared by blending a variety of ingredients). There is a wide range of ethnicity, religion, and culture. As of the 2011 Trinidad and Tobago Census, the population was 35.43% East Indian, 34.22% African, 7.66% Mixed - African and East Indian, and 15.16% Mixed - Other.[4] Venezuela has also had a great impact on Trinidad's culture, such as introducing the music style parang to the island. Many of these groups overlap heavily due to admixture, for example "Dougla" is a common term used to describe a person which is of African and East Indian descent but may self-identify as either group.[5][6][7] Trinidad religion primarily centers round Roman Catholic, Christian, Anglican, Hindu and Muslim faiths. Roman Catholicism constitutes the largest religion denomination of the country. Some of the more popular religious festivals are the Santa Rosa Festival, Christmas, Easter, Eid al-Fitr, Divali and Phagwa. There are also multiple festivals featuring the music of the Caribbean and the steel pan, which originated in Trinidad and is the country's national instrument. These festivals include the world famous Carnival, J'ouvert, and Panorama, the national steel pan competition. There are also places that can be visited that hold cultural significance, such as Mount Saint Benedict and the Temple in the Sea.

Zoology

Further information: Natural history of Trinidad and Tobago

Internal waves around northern Trinidad, as seen from space

The island of Trinidad has a rich biodiversity (see the link above for more detail). The fauna is overwhelmingly of South American origin. There are about 100 species of mammals including the Guyanan Red Howler Monkey, the Collared Peccary, the Red Brocket Deer and the Ocelot, and dozens of bats. There are over 400 species of birds including the endemic Trinidad Piping-Guan. Reptiles are well represented, with about 92 recorded species including the largest species of snake in the world, the Green Anaconda, the Spectacled Caiman, and one of the largest lizards in the Americas, the Green Iguana. The largest of turtles (the Leatherback Turtle) nests on Trinidad's eastern and northern beaches. There are 37 recorded frogs, including the beautiful little endemic El Tucuche Golden Tree Frog, and the more widespread huge Marine Toad. About 43 species of freshwater fishes are known from Trinidad, including the well known Guppy. It is estimated that there are at least 80,000 arthropods, inclusive of over 600 species of butterflies.

Economy

It is an industrial island with a diversified economy, based to a large extent on oil, natural gas, industry and agriculture.[citation needed] It is one of the leading gas-based export centres in the world, being the leading exporter of ammonia and methanol and among the top five exporters of liquefied natural gas. This has allowed Trinidad to capitalise on the biggest mineral reserves within its territories. It is an oil-rich country and stable economically.

Geology

Regional Geology of Trinidad and Venezuela[8]

The Venezuela Tertiary Basin is a subsidence basin formed between the Caribbean and South American plates, and is bounded on the north by the coast ranges of Venezuela and the Northern Range of Trinidad, and bounded on the south by the Guayana shield.[9] This Guayana shield supplied fine-grained clastic sediments, which with the subsidence, formed a regional negative gravity anomaly and growth faults.[10] Oil and gas discoveries from the Pliocene Moruga Group include Teak (1968), Samaan (1971), Poui (1972) and Galeota.[11] These fields are mainly faulted anticline traps producing from depths of 1.2 km to 4.2 km subsea, with Teak possessing a hydrocarbon column almost 1 km thick.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hart, Marie (1972) [1965]. The New Trinidad and Tobago: A Descriptive Account of the Geography and History of Trinidad and Tobago. London and Glasgow: Collins. p. 13.
  2. ^ Besson, Gerard (2000-08-27). "Land of Beginnings – A historical digest", Newsday Newspaper.
  3. ^ "Railroad Map of Trinidad". World Digital Library. 1925. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  4. ^ http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf
  5. ^ Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870-1900
  6. ^ Trinidad French Creole
  7. ^ Estimates of African, European and Native American Ancestry in Afro-Caribbean Men .
  8. ^ Woodside, P.R., The Petroleum Geology of Trinidad and Tobago, 1981, USGS Report 81-660, Washington: US Dept. of the Interior, p. 4a
  9. ^ Bane, S.C., and Chanpong, R.R., 1980, Geology and Development of the Teak Oil Field, Trinidad, West Indies, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, p. 392
  10. ^ a b Bane, S.C., and Chanpong, R.R., 1980, Geology and Development of the Teak Oil Field, Trinidad, West Indies, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, p. 387
  11. ^ Woodside, P.R., The Petroleum Geology of Trinidad and Tobago, 1981, USGS Report 81-660, Washington: US Dept. of the Interior, pp. 2 and 25
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