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2015 Ankara bombings

Coordinates: 39°56′11″N 32°50′38″E / 39.9364°N 32.8438°E / 39.9364; 32.8438
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2015 Ankara bombings
Ankara Central railway station
LocationIn front of Ankara Central railway station
Coordinates39°56′11″N 32°50′38″E / 39.9364°N 32.8438°E / 39.9364; 32.8438
Date10 October 2015
10:04 EEST
TargetCivilians
Attack type
Suicide bombing, Mass murder
Deaths97+[1]
Injured400+[1]
PerpetratorsUnknown

The Ankara bombings occurred on 10 October 2015 at 10:04 local time (EEST) in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. Two bombs were detonated outside the entrance of the Ankara Central railway station, killing more than 97 and injuring more than 400 people.[1] The bombings appeared to target a 'Labour, Peace and Democracy' rally organised by the Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey (DİSK), the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB), the Turkish Medical Association (TTB) and the Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK). The rally, held in protest against the growing conflict between the Turkish Armed Forces and the separatist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), was supported by the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). The incident came 21 days before the scheduled 1 November 2015 general election.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

The attack is presently known to be the deadliest of its kind in Turkey's modern history.[8] The governing Justice and Development Party (AKP), the main opposition Republican People's Party and the opposition Nationalist Movement Party condemned the attack and called it an attempt cause division within Turkey.[9][10][11] The HDP, having claimed to be the target of the bombing, accused the Turkish state of orchestrating the attack, accusing the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of being the biggest threat to Turkey's peace and security.[12] No organisation has as of yet claimed responsibility for the attack.

The Ankara Attorney General stated that they were investigating the possibility of two cases of suicide bombings.[13] Shortly after the bombing, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) declared a ceasefire in order to ensure that peaceful elections were held on 1 November.[14] Various political parties ended up cancelling their election campaigns while three days of national mourning were declared by the Prime Ministry of Turkey.[15][16][17]

Background

Following a suicide bombing in Suruç that killed 33 people on 20 July 2015, the Turkish Armed Forces have been engaged in a conflict between both the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and a renewed rebellion of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The resumption of the conflict with the PKK resulted in an end to the solution process, a series of peace negotiations between the government and the PKK alongside a ceasefire in place since 2012. With airstrikes initially targeting both the PKK and ISIL, later military operations began focusing explicitly on PKK positions in Northern Iraq, prompting a surge of PKK-related violence in the mainly Kurdish south-east of Turkey. By 7 October, the surge in violence since July had led to the deaths of 141 soldiers and 1,740 militants, leading to several pro-government commentators to claim that the PKK was close to defeat.[18] However, the large number of soldiers killed also contributed to civil unrest in other parts of the country, with attacks by Turkish nationalists taking place against the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) headquarters. Many politicians and commentators alleged that the country was close to civil war.[19][20]

Political situation

The increase in violence came shortly after the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) lost its majority in Parliament after 13 years of government alone in the June 2015. While the attacks were taking place, the preceding AKP government led by Ahmet Davutoğlu remained in power until a new coalition government could be formed, with an interim election government also headed by Davutoğlu taking office on 28 August 2015 after President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for a new election. Critics have accused the AKP of trying to regain nationalist voters back from the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) by purposely ending the solution process and also trying to reduce turnout in the HDP electoral strongholds in the south-east by creating unrest there. Concern had been raised about whether an election could be securely conducted amid the violence in the region.

Explosions

Perceived targets

The explosions occurred shortly before a 'Labour, Peace and Democracy' rally supported by the Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey (DİSK), the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB), the Turkish Medical Association (TTB) and the Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK) was due to take place.[21] The rally was scheduled in Sıhhiye Square, the railways overpass bridge was the gathering area. It was reported that many attendants that were present in preparation for the rally were supporters of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), with the rally area containing numerous HDP, Labour Party (EMEP) and Socialist Youth Associations Federation (SGDF) flags.[22]

Bombings

The first bomb exploded at around 10:04 local time (EEST) while rally participants were singing an anthem commemorating the Bloody Sunday incident of 1969.[23] The second bomb exploded a few seconds later. It was also observed that the bombings were in close proximity of the National Intelligence Organisation (MİT) headquarters.[24]

The Ministry of the Interior stated that the initial death toll was 30, with 126 injuries. The Ankara Attorney General later reported 47 deaths.[25] However, a prosecutor later disputed these figures and claimed that the actual figures were 52 deaths and over 400+ injuries.[26] The Sözcü newspaper released their own calculations to be 57 deaths.[21] Despite initial uncertainty of the scale of the casualties, the Ministry of Health issued a statement claiming that the death toll had risen to 86.[27] Nevertheless, the Turkish Medical Association (TTB) made a claim that the actual death toll was 97 and over 400 people had been injured.[28] Shortly after the bombing, security forces cleared the area after announcing that there was a possibility of a third and fourth bomb.[29]

Immediate response

It was claimed by witnesses at the scene that the police began using tear gas shortly after the bombs went off while stopping ambulances from getting through. Angry people tried to attack police cars after the blast, with the HDP claiming that the police attacked people carrying the injured to safety.[30]

Shortly after the bombings, the Minister of Health Mehmet Müezzinoğlu, the Minister of the Interior Selami Altınok, and the Minister of Justice Kenan İpek visited the scene to carry out investigations. However, they were met by protestors who chanted anti-AKP slogans and were forced to leave the scene less than one minute after arriving.[31] The Ankara Attorney General announced that they were investigating the possibility of two suicide bombers, while the Turkish State Railways (TCDD) stated that there would be delays to train services passing through the Ankara Central railway station.[32]

Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu cancelled all of his prior engagements and stated that he would halt his election campaign for three days. He met with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who also cancelled his engagements in Istanbul following the incident. The Prime Minister later held a security summit, which was attended by Deputy Prime Ministers Yalçın Akdoğan, Numan Kurtulmuş, and Tuğrul Türkeş, along with National Intelligence Organisation (MİT) undersecretary Hakan Fidan, Interior Minister Selami Altınok, Justice Minister Kenan İpek, the Governor of Ankara Mehmet Kılıçlar, the General Director of Security Celalettin Lekesiz, and several other senior civil servants working for the Prime Ministry and the Ministry of Health.[33]

The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) announced a temporary ban on all press coverage of the bombings following a request by the Prime Ministry.[34] Restrictions on social media platforms Twitter and Facebook were enforced within two hours of the attack.[35]

Perpetrators

Initial speculation

The Ankara Attorney General stated that they were investigating the possibility of twin suicide bombings.[36] It was observed that an anonymous Twitter account had claimed that an explosion could take place in Ankara just one day before the attack actually happened.[37]

The lack of any immediate statement from any known terrorist group taking responsibility for the attack resulted in speculation rising over the possible perpetrators. Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bahçeli stated that the attacks bore resemblance to the explosion in Suruç in July, raising debate on whether the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) could have been responsible.[38] It was reported that the type of bomb used bore strong resemblance to the materials used in the Suruç bombing, signaling a potential connection between the two incidents.[39]

The Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) openly blamed the Turkish state and the government for conducting the attack, accusing the government of collaborating with terrorist organizations and taking insufficient actions to tackle their presence.[40] The HDP has claimed that the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) was guilty of being "murderers with blood on their hands" and also of being the number one threat to Turkey's peace and security.[citation needed] The HDP's accusation was met by strong criticism by the AKP government.[citation needed]

Veysel Eroğlu, the Minister of Forest and Water Management, made a heavily criticised statement in Afyonkarahisar implying that the HDP had purposely organised the attack against their own supporters to raise public sympathy for their party.[citation needed] Although Eroğlu didn't name the HDP or the PKK specifically, he referred to the Diyarbakır HDP rally bombing in June of being an attempt to raise support for the HDP "just so that they can pass the 10% election threshold".[41]Template:Source needs translation

Reactions

Domestic reactions

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan strongly condemned the bombings and vowed that the Turkish people will stand in “unity and solidarity” following the "heinous attack". He also stated that Turkey would not give in to efforts to sow division in society.[42][43] He encouraged everyone to take responsibility and act with good intentions, claiming that the government was working to uncover the full details of the incident as quickly as possible.[44]

Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, the leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), issued a statement condemning the attack and claiming that it was an attack against democracy and against all segments of society. He said Turkey was an example of a country that had kept united despite several threats against national unity, announcing plans to meet with opposition party leaders in regards to the attack. Declaring three days of national mourning, vowing to bring the perpetrators to justice regardless of who they were.[45]

Main opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP), claimed that they were ready to fulfill any task to end terrorism in Turkey and agreed to meet with Davutoğlu to discuss the bombing.[46] He stated that all political parties had a duty to stand together against such attacks and called on the perpetrators to identify themselves, further claiming that terrorism was never an answer to a difference in viewpoints.[47]

Opposition leader Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), cancelled a planned electoral rally in İzmir following the attack and issued a statement in which he claimed that Turkey was paying the price for the AKP's close relations with terrorist groups, refusing to meet with Davutoğlu.[48] Condemning the bombings as an attack on the country's unity, he also stated that the fact that terrorists could evade security and intelligence organisations to conduct a bombing in the country's capital city was another serious issue of concern.[49]

Opposition leader Selahattin Demirtaş, the co-leader of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), drew parallels with the bombings in Suruç and Diyarbakır earlier in the year, claiming that his party was specifically targeted. Accusing the state of conducting a "massacre" in the centre of the capital Ankara, he further claimed that they were facing a "mad, undignified attitude that has lost its mind". He accused the AKP government and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan for forcing terrorism onto the people of Turkey, denouncing them as "murderers with blood on their hands". Referring to Erdoğan as a "gang leader", he claimed that Erdoğan had been able to conduct rallies under complete security but members of the public wishing to hold a rally for peace had been "massacred". He further claimed that the AKP was the biggest threat to the country's peace and security, drawing criticism from AKP leader and Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu.[50]

International reactions

Aftermath

Following the attack, three days of national mourning were declared by the Prime Ministry of Turkey.[15]

Election campaigns

With the bombing occurring during the election campaigns for the November 2015 general election, various parties abandoned their scheduled rallies. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) cancelled their planned election programme for three days after the attack.[72][73] The Republican People's Party (CHP) also cancelled their daily programme, with party leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu having been due to spend the day campaigning in Istanbul.[74] The Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) announced that their scheduled rally in İzmir would take place at a later date.[75] The Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), having claimed that they were the targets of the attack, abandoned a campaign strategy meeting due in their İstanbul headquarters.[76] President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also cancelled his prior engagements in İstanbul,[77] including a trip to Turkmenistan.

Industrial action

The Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK), Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB), the Turkish Medical Association (TTB) and the Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey (DISK), which had all been organisers of the peace rally, declared that two days of industrial action would be held on Monday 12 October and Tuesday 13 October as a show of respect to the dead, as well as a protest against the "fascist massacre." The unions also stated that they would not give up on their efforts to end the conflict.[78]

PKK ceasefire

Shortly after the bombings, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) declared a ceasefire to allow a peaceful elections to take place on 1 November. The ceasefire announcement, which was made through the executive of the Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), declared that the PKK would not conduct any attacks unless provoked or in self-defence.[79] It is unclear if the ceasefire announcement, which was made approximately an hour after the Ankara bombing, was related to the incident.

Anti-government protests

In the afternoon following the attack, thousands of union members began protesting at Taksim Square in İstanbul against the bombing, with many participants chanting anti-government slogans and calling on both the AKP and Erdoğan to resign.[80] Similar protests occurred in İzmir, with tensions between protestors and riot police briefly rising in Alsancak before deescalating shortly after. HDP Members of Parliament led a protest in Batman, before being met by riot police using tear gas and water cannon. A group of 15 masked individuals in Kızılay, Ankara, began attacking police officers with fireworks before being met by water cannon and pepper spray. Over 2,000 protestors led demonstrations in Diyarbakır and 300 protestors participated in protests in Şanlıurfa, having been accompanied by HDP and Democratic Regions Party (DBP) politicians. Similar protests took place in Van, Tunceli and Kars, with participating politicians from the HDP and CHP as well as union members from KESK, TMMOB, TTB and DISK.[81]

See also

References

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