Jump to content

Hurricane Maria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Dvorak4159 (talk | contribs) at 15:52, 23 September 2017 (→‎Dominican Republic: Impassible to impassable). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Not to be confused with Hurricane Marie.
This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2017. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Maria.
Hurricane Maria
Current storm status
Category 3 hurricane (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:5:00 a.m. EDT (09:00 UTC) September 23
Location:24°48′N 72°00′W / 24.8°N 72.0°W / 24.8; -72.0 (Hurricane Maria) ± 15 nm
About 165 mi (270 km) ENE of San Salvador Island
About 340 mi (545 km) ENE of Nassau, Bahamas
Sustained winds:105 kn (120 mph; 195 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 130 kn (150 mph; 240 km/h)
Pressure:952 mbar (hPa; 28.12 inHg)
Movement:NNW at 8 kn (9 mph; 15 km/h)
See more detailed information.

Hurricane Maria is a powerful tropical cyclone which made landfall on Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale on Wednesday, and is currently east of the Bahamas.

The thirteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, fourth major hurricane, and the second Category 5 hurricane of the unusually active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Maria formed on September 16 out of a tropical wave that was monitored by the National Hurricane Center from September 13. It is the third major hurricane in a row to threaten the Leeward Islands with a direct strike or major impacts within two weeks, after Hurricane Irma caused catastrophic damage there and Jose, then a Category 4 hurricane, passed dangerously close just days after.

By 23:30 UTC on September 18, Maria had strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane, making the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season the first since 2007 to feature two Category 5 hurricanes, and one of only six Atlantic hurricane seasons to feature two or more Category 5 hurricanes in the satellite era, as well as only the second (after 2007) to feature two hurricanes making landfall at Category 5 intensity. In addition, it is the tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, and has the lowest pressure worldwide in 2017.

At 10:35 UTC on September 20, Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), becoming the strongest to hit the territory since the 1928 San Felipe hurricane, as well as the most intense hurricane to hit the territory in recorded history, and the most intense to make landfall anywhere in the United States (including locations outside of the Lower 48) since Hurricane Camille in 1969.

As of September 22, the hurricane has caused at least 48 deaths: 25 in Dominica, 3 in Guadeloupe, 3 in Haiti, 15 in Puerto Rico and 2 in Dominican Republic. Initial assessments indicate catastrophic damage to Dominica, which suffered an island-wide communication blackout. The islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique also endured widespread flooding, damaged roofs and uprooted trees. Puerto Rico was left entirely without electric power; its electrical grid being described as having been totally destroyed.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring two tropical waves on September 13.[1] The easternmost one quickly spun up into what would become Tropical Storm Lee, while the western one continued moving generally west. With generally favorable conditions in the disturbance's path, development into a tropical cyclone seemed likely.[2] The disturbance became better organized during the two days,[3] and by September 16, convective banding became established around a poorly organized circulation. As the system was an imminent threat to land despite the center not being well-defined, the NHC initiated advisories on it as "Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen" at 15:00 UTC in accordance with a policy change enacted at the start of the season.[4][5] A mid-level ridge anchored north of the disturbance steered it generally west-northwest into a region highly favorable for further development. Sea surface temperatures of 84 °F (29 °C), low wind shear, and ample moisture were anticipated to foster strengthening to hurricane-status before the system reached the Lesser Antilles.[4][6] As the disturbance continued to grow increasingly well-defined throughout the day, it was later upgraded to a moderate-range tropical storm – based on satellite estimates – at 21:00 UTC that day, receiving the name Maria.[7] At this time, Maria was situated 620 mi (1,000 km) east-southeast of the Lesser Antilles.[8]

Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Wilma 2005 882 26.05
2 Gilbert 1988 888 26.23
3 "Labor Day" 1935 892 26.34
4 Rita 2005 895 26.43
5 Allen 1980 899 26.55
6 Camille 1969 900 26.58
7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64
8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73
Dean 2007
10 Maria 2017 908 26.81
Source: HURDAT[9]

A central dense overcast and favorable outflow developed atop the center of circulation, which enabled Maria to become further organized throughout the early morning hours of September 17.[6] After a brief intrusion of dry air exposed the circulation,[10] a convective burst occurred over the center and intensification resumed. Hurricane Hunters investigating the system observed surface winds of 74 mph (119 km/h) and a formative eye feature. Accordingly, the NHC upgraded Maria to hurricane status at 21:00 UTC.[11] Expansion of the central dense overcast and an increasingly complete eyewall signaled steady intensification throughout the overnight of September 17–18.[12] Considerable lightning activity was identified within the hurricane's core early on September 18 and statistical models indicated a high probability of rapid intensification.[13] Explosive strengthening took place shortly thereafter, with aircraft reconnaissance finding surface winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and a central pressure of 959 mbar (hPa; 28.32 inHg), making Maria a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale, and hence a major hurricane. Additionally, radar data revealed a well-defined 12 mi (19 km) wide eye.[14] The eye contracted slightly to 9 mi (14 km) as intensification continued, and the system reached Category 4 strength by 21:00 UTC.[15]

Radar imagery of Hurricane Maria from Puerto Rico at 09:36 UTC (5:36 a.m. local time), shortly before it stopped transmitting data.

Rapid intensification culminated late September 18 with Maria achieving Category 5 status just 15 mi (25 km) east-southeast of Dominica.[16] Hurricane Hunters observed surface winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a pressure of 925 mbar (hPa; 27.32 inHg) at this time.[17] Maria made landfall in Dominica at 01:15 UTC on September 19,[18] becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island nation.[19] Interaction with the mountains of Dominica imparted slight weakening of the hurricane to Category 4; however, once over the Caribbean Sea Maria regained Category 5 intensity.[20][21] Additional strengthening took place as the storm tracked northwest toward Puerto Rico. Despite the formation of concentric eyewalls—the larger one spanning 25 to 35 mi (40 to 56 km) and the smaller only 5 mi (8.0 km), signalling the start of an eyewall replacement cycle—the inner violent core remained undisrupted through the afternoon.[22] Maria attained its peak intensity around 03:00 UTC on September 20, roughly 30 mi (45 km) south of St. Croix. Sustained winds reached 175 mph (280 km/h) and its central pressure bottomed out at 908 mbar (hPa; 26.85 inHg); this ranks it as the tenth-strongest Atlantic hurricane since reliable records began.[23][24][25]

Infrared loop of Hurricane Maria passing St. Croix, Vieques, and landfalling on Puerto Rico on the morning of September 20

The hurricane made its closest approach to St. Croix around 05:00 UTC on September 20, passing within 20 mi (30 km) of the island; the storm's outer eyewall lashed the island while the more violent inner eye remained offshore.[26] Hours later, around 08:00 UTC, the outer eyewall struck Vieques, an island off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico.[27] By this time, the outer eye became dominant as the inner one decayed, and the eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria to weaken to Category 4 strength.[28] Maria made landfall just south of Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, around 10:15 UTC with sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h),[29] making it the strongest to hit the island since the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane.[30] Maria maintained a general west-northwest course across Puerto Rico, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean shortly before 18:00 UTC. Interaction with the mountainous terrain resulted in substantial weakening; sustained winds fell to 110 mph (175 km/h) and the central pressure rose to 957 mbar (hPa; 28.26 inHg).[31] With favorable environmental conditions, Maria steadily reorganized as it moved away from Puerto Rico. A large eye, 45 mi (75 km) wide, developed with deep convection blossoming around it. Early on September 21, the system regained Category 3 intensity.[32]

Current storm information

As of 5:00 a.m. EDT (09:00 UTC) September 23, Hurricane Maria is located within 15 nautical miles of 24°06′N 71°42′W / 24.1°N 71.7°W / 24.1; -71.7 (Maria), about 165 miles (270 km) east-northeast of San Salvador Island, and about 340 miles (545 km) east of Nassau, Bahamas. Maximum sustained winds are 105 knots (120 mph; 195 km/h), a Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale, with gusts to 130 knots (150 mph; 240 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 952 millibars (hPa; 28.12 inHg). The system is moving north-northwest at 8 knots (9 mph; 15 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 60 miles (95 km) from the center of Maria, and tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 195 miles (315 km) from the center.

For latest official information, see:

Preparations

The U.S. Navy helps evacuate military personnel from the U.S. Virgin Islands, ahead of Hurricane Maria

Upon the initiation of the National Hurricane Center (NHC)'s first advisories for the system that would become Tropical Storm Maria on the morning of September 16, the government of France issued tropical storm watches for the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe, while St. Lucia issued a tropical storm watch for its citizens, and the government of Barbados issued a similar watch for Dominica.[33] Barbados would later that day declare a tropical storm watch for its citizens and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[34] The government of Antigua and Barbuda issued Hurricane watches for the islands of Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat by the time of the NHC's second advisory which declared Maria a tropical storm.[35][36]

Puerto Rico

Still recovering from Hurricane Irma two weeks prior, approximately 80,000 remained without power as Maria approached.[37] Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) struggled with increasing debt, reaching $9 billion even before the hurricanes prompting them to file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the company lost 30 percent of its employees since 2012. Aging infrastructure across the island makes the grid more susceptible to damage from storms; the median age of PREPA power plants is 44 years. Inadequate safety also plagues the company and local newspapers frequently describe poor maintenance and outdated controls.[38]

Evacuation orders were issued in Puerto Rico in advance of Maria, and officials announced that 450 shelters would open in the afternoon of September 18.[39] As of September 19, at least 2,000 people in Puerto Rico have sought shelter.[40]

Impact

Deaths and damage by territory
Territory Fatalities Missing Damage
(2017 USD) 		Ref
Direct Indirect
Dominica 25 — 20 — [41][42][43]
Dominican Republic 2 0 1 — [44][45]
Guadeloupe (France) 3 0 2 $120 million [46]
Haiti 1 2 0 — [47]
Martinique (France) 0 0 0 — [46]
Puerto Rico (US) 15 — — — [41][48]
United States Virgin Islands (US) 0 1 0 — [49]
Totals: 46 3 23 >$120 million

Southern Windward Islands

The outer rainbands of Maria produced heavy rainfall and strong gusts across the southern Windward Islands.[50] The Hewanorra and George F. L. Charles airports of Saint Lucia respectively recorded 4.33 in (110 mm) and 3.1 in (80 mm) of rain, though even higher quantities fell elsewhere on the island.[51] Scattered rock slides, landslides and uprooted trees caused minor damage and blocked some roads.[52] Several districts experienced localized blackouts due to downed or damaged power lines.[53] The agricultural sector, especially the banana industry, suffered losses from the winds.[52]

Heavy rainfall amounting to 3–5 in (75–125 mm)[54] caused scattered flooding across Barbados; in Christ Church, the flood waters trapped the residents of one neighborhood in their homes and inundated the business streets of Saint Lawrence Gap.[55][56] Rough seas flooded coastal sidewalks in Bridgetown and damaged boats as operators had difficulties securing their vessels.[57] High winds triggered an island-wide power outage and downed a coconut tree onto a residence in Saint Joseph.[58][59]

Dominica

Rainfall ahead of the hurricane caused several landslides in Dominica as water levels across the island began to rise by the afternoon of September 18.[60] Maria made landfall at 21:35 AST that day (1:35 UTC, September 19) as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h). The extreme winds blew the roofs off many houses, including the official residence of Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit, who required rescue when his home began to flood.[61] Skerrit called the devastation "mind boggling" and indicated immediate priority was to rescue survivors rather than assess damage.[62] The situation on Dominica remained unclear for at least a day after the hurricane's passage, as downed cellular, radio and internet services effectually cut the island off from the outside world.[62][63] Initial radio reports from Roseau on September 19 indicated "total devastation," with half the city flooded, cars stranded, and stretches of residential area "flattened".[64]

The next morning, the first aerial footage began to reveal the scope of the damage on the island. Neighborhoods were littered with structural debris as rows of houses along the entirety of the coastline were rendered uninhabitable. According to initial estimates, the hurricane caused damage to 90% of structures on Dominica, including to the roofs of those that had served as shelters. It devastated the island's primary hospital, compromising the safety of its patients. The population suffered from an island-wide water shortage due to uprooted pipes in Maria's wake.[65] The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) estimates that the hurricane has caused "billions of dollars" worth of damage.[66] Prime Minister Skerrit confirmed 25 fatalities across the island as of September 22.[42]

Guadeloupe

Numerous trees fell across Guadeloupe, clogging roadways with debris

Blustery conditions spread over Guadeloupe as Maria tracked to the south of the archipelago, which endured hours of unabating winds of up to 95 mph (150 km/h).[67] In just a day, the hurricane dropped nearly a month's worth of rainfall at some locations: Pointe-à-Pitre recorded a 24-hour total of 7.5 inches (191 mm), while the capital of Basse-Terre measured 6.4 in (163 mm).[68] Structural damage—mainly to residential roofs—was widespread; the islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade and especially Les Saintes bore the brunt of the winds, although mainland regions from Pointe-à-Pitre, along Grande-Terre's southwestern coast, to Petit-Bourg and the southern coasts in Basse-Terre Island were also hard hit.[46][69]

Homes on Les Saintes' island of Terre-de-Haut were flooded or lost their roofs, although the exact extent of the destruction on those islands remained poorly assessed due to disrupted communications.[70] Sections of Pointe-à-Pitre stood under more than 3.3 feet (1 m) of water, and the city's hospital sustained significant damage.[71] The Basse-Terre region suffered severe damage to nearly 100% of its banana crops and 50% of sugar cane crops.[citation needed] The hurricane left 40% of the population (80,000 households) without power and 25% of landline users without service.[69] Its strong winds ravaged the island's vegetation: fallen trees and branches covered practically every major road and were responsible for one death.[69] Another person was killed after being swept out to sea.[46] Two people disappeared at sea after their vessel capsized offshore La Désirade, east of mainland Grande-Terre.[69] Damage from Maria across Guadeloupe amounted to at least €100 million (US$120 million).[72]

Martinique

Passing 30 mi (50 km) off the northern coastlines, Maria brought torrential rainfall and strong gusts to Martinique but spared the island of its hurricane-force windfield,[73] which at the time extended 25 mi (35 km) around the eye.[74] The commune of Le Marigot recorded 6.7 inches (170 mm) of rain over a 24-hour period.[68] Numerous roads and streets were impassible due to rock slides, fallen trees and toppled power poles.[71] Winds downed trees onto roads in the town of Le Lorrain, which were cleared by the next day.[75] In the seaside commune of Le Carbet, rough seas washed ashore large rocks and demolished some coastal structures.[73][76] Streets in Fort-de-France were inundated.[73] By September 19, Maria had knocked out power to 70,000 households, about 40% of the population.[75] Water service was cut to 50,000 customers, especially in the communes of Le Morne-Rouge and Gros-Morne.[73][71] There were no deaths on Martinique, although four people were injured in the hurricane—two seriously and two lightly.[71]

United States Virgin Islands

Maria's outer eyewall was reported by the National Hurricane Center to have crossed Saint Croix while the hurricane was at Category 5 intensity. The hurricane caused extensive and severe damage to the island. Sustained winds at the Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge reached 99 to 104 mph (159 to 167 km/h) and gusted to 137 mph (220 km/h).[77] The Luis Hospital suffered roof damage and flooding, but remained operational.[78] One person died from a storm-induced heart attack.[49]

Puerto Rico

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Puerto Rico
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1,058.7 41.68 Fifteen 1970 Jayuya 1 SE [79]
2 962.7 37.90 Maria 2017 Caguas [80]
3 845.6 33.29 Eloise 1975 Dos Bocas [79]
4 822.9 32.40 Fiona 2022 Marueno [81]
5 804.4 31.67 Isabel 1985 Toro Negro Forest [82]
6 775.0 30.51 Georges 1998 Jayuya [79]
7 751.8 29.60 San Felipe II 1928 Adjuntas [83]
8 662.2 26.07 Hazel 1954 Toro Negro Tunnel [84]
9 652.5 25.69 Klaus 1984 Guavate Camp [79]
10 596.4 23.48 Hortense 1996 Cayey 1 NW [79]
Hurricane Maria at Coast Guard Sector San Juan

A sustained wind of 64 mph (103 km/h) with a gust to 113 mph (182 km/h) was reported in San Juan, Puerto Rico, immediately prior to the hurricane making landfall on the island. After landfall, wind gusts of 109 mph (175 km/h) were reported at Yabucoa Harbor and 118 mph (190 km/h) at Camp Santiago.[85] In addition, very heavy rainfall occurred throughout the territory, peaking at 37.9 in (962.7 mm) in Caguas.[86] Widespread flooding affected San Juan, waist-deep in some areas, and numerous structures lost their roof.[87] Cataño saw extensive damage, with the Juana Matos neighborhood estimated to be 80 percent destroyed.[88] The primary airport in San Juan, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, was slated to reopen on September 22, "offering hurricane victims a chance to flee."[89]

The hurricane completely destroyed the island's power grid, leaving all 3.4 million residents without electricity.[88][90][91] Puerto Rican governor Ricardo Rosselló stated that it could take months to restore power in some locations,[92] with San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz estimating that some areas would remain without power for four to six months.[93] Communication networks were crippled across the island; 95.2 percent of cell networks were down with 48 of the island's 78 counties networks being completely inoperable. Only one radio station, WAPA 680 AM, remain on-air through the storm.[90]

The nearby island of Vieques suffered similarly extensive damage. Communications were largely lost across the island. Widespread property destruction took place with many structures leveled.[94]

The recreational ship Ferrel carrying a family of four issued a distress signal while battling 20 ft (6.1 m) seas and 115 mph (185 km/h) winds on September 20.[95] Communications with the vessel were lost near Vieques on September 20. The United States Coast Guard, United States Navy, and British Royal Navy conducted search-and-rescue operations utilizing an HC-130 aircraft, a fast response cutter, the USS Kearsarge, RFA Mounts Bay and Navy helicopters.[96] On September 21, the mother and her two children were rescued while the father drowned inside the capsized vessel.[95]

Dominican Republic

Torrential rains and strong winds impacted the Dominican Republic as Maria tracked northeast of the country. Assessments on September 22 indicate 110 homes were destroyed, 570 were damaged, and 3,723 were affected by flooding. Approximately 60,000 people lost power in northern areas of the country. Flooding and landslides rendered many roads impassable, cutting off 38 communities.[44] Two people were killed, one from a landslide and the other by a fallen tree, and another was reported missing.[45]

Aftermath

Dominica

Through the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, Dominica received approximately US$19.2 million in emergency funds.[97] The USS Wasp, previously deployed to St. Martin to assist in relief efforts after Hurricane Irma, arrived in Dominica on September 22. The vessel carried two Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters to assist in distribution of relief supplies in hard-to-reach areas.[98]

Puerto Rico

There's a humanitarian emergency here in Puerto Rico.... This is an event without precedent.

— Ricardo Rosselló[99]

The entirety of Puerto Rico was declared a federal disaster zone shortly after the hurricane.[99] The Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to open an air bridge with three to four aircraft carrying essential supplies to the island daily starting on September 22.[90] The territory's government contracted 56 small companies to assist in restoring power.[99] Commercial traffic resumed at Luis Muñoz Marín International on September 22, with American Airlines being the first to restore connections. The airline provided food, water, lanterns, cots, tarps, fans, batteries, boots, and generators to employees and their families in Puerto Rico.[100] The Guajataca Dam was structurally damaged, and on September 22, the National Weather Service issued a Flash Flood Emergency for parts of the area in response.[101] Tens of thousands of people were ordered to evacuate the area, with about 70,000 thought to be at risk.[102]

See also

References

  1. ^ Brennan, Michael (September 13, 2017). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  2. ^ Blake, Eric (September 14, 2017). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  3. ^ Blake, Eric (September 15, 2017). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Cangialosi, John (September 16, 2017). "Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  5. ^ Henson, Bob (June 18, 2017). "NHC Unveils New Product with Potential Tropical Cyclone in Atlantic". Weather Underground. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Pasch, Richard (September 17, 2017). "Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 4". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  7. ^ Cangialosi, John (September 16, 2017). Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 2. National Hurricane Center (Report). Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  8. ^ Cangialosi, John (September 16, 2017). Tropical Storm Maria Advisory Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  9. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ Berg, Robbie (September 17, 2017). Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  11. ^ Cangialosi, John (September 17, 2017). "Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 6". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  12. ^ Beven, John (September 17, 2017). "Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  13. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 18, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 8 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  14. ^ Beven, John (September 18, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  15. ^ Beven, John (September 18, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 10 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  16. ^ Brown, Daniel; Blake, Eric (September 18, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  17. ^ Brown, Daniel (September 18, 2017). Hurricane Maria Special Discussion Number 11 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  18. ^ Brown, Daniel; Blake, Eric (September 18, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  19. ^ Samenow, Jason (September 20, 2017). "As Hurricane Maria slowly pulls away from Puerto Rico, the U.S. East Coast awaits its next move". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  20. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 19, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  21. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 19, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  22. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 19, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 15 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  23. ^ Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  24. ^ Brown, Daniel (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 16 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  25. ^ Brown, Daniel (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Advisory Number 16 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  26. ^ Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  27. ^ Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  28. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 17 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  29. ^ Berg, Robbie (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  30. ^ Schmidt, Samantha; Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 20, 2017). "Puerto Rico entirely without power as Hurricane Maria hammers island with force not seen in 'modern history'". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  31. ^ Berg, Robbie (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  32. ^ Pasch, Richard (September 21, 2017). Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 21 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  33. ^ Cangialosi, John (September 16, 2017). "Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Advisory Number 1". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  34. ^ Cangialosi, John (September 16, 2017). "Tropical Depression Fifteen Intermediate Advisory Number 1A". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  35. ^ Cangialosi, John (September 16, 2017). "Tropical Storm Maria Advisory Number 2". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  36. ^ Porter, Greg (September 16, 2017). "Hurricane Jose lurks off the East Coast, Tropical Storm Maria threatens the Caribbean". The Washington Post. WP Company LLC. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; September 17, 2017 suggested (help)
  37. ^ Sullivan, Brian; Fieser, Ezra (September 20, 2017). "Maria Latest Threat to Puerto Rico After $1 Billion Irma Hit". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  38. ^ Mufson, Steven (September 21, 2017). "Puerto Rico's electric company was already $9 billion in debt before hurricanes hit". The Star. The Washington Post. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  39. ^ Shapiro, Emily; Hoyos, Joshua; Golembo, Max; Allen, Karma (September 18, 2017). "Hurricane Maria upgraded to 'extremely dangerous' Category 4, islands including Puerto Rico brace for impact". ABC News. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  40. ^ Luis Ferré-Sadurní‏; Frances Robles (September 19, 2017). "Puerto Rico Braces for 'Potentially Catastrophic' Hit by Hurricane Maria". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  41. ^ a b "Hurricane Maria Live Updates: Catastrophic Flooding in Puerto Rico". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  42. ^ a b Dominica: A Caribbean island rebuilds “from zero” (Report). ReliefWeb. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  43. ^ @FOX5Atlanta (September 21, 2017). "ST. JOHN'S (AP) -- Prime minister of Dominica says at least 15 people are dead, 20 missing on Caribbean island after Hurricane Maria" (Tweet). Retrieved September 21, 2017 – via Twitter.
  44. ^ a b "Huracán María: 38 localidades quedan incomunicadas en República Dominicana". El Comercio (in Spanish). September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  45. ^ a b "Fallecen dos personas en República Dominicana por huracán María" (in Spanish). TeleSur. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  46. ^ a b c d "Ouragan Maria : deux morts et deux disparus en Guadeloupe". Le Monde (in French). Agence France-Presse & Reuters. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  47. ^ "Puerto Rico faces more floods after Maria 'obliteration'". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  48. ^ "Hurricane Maria churns toward Turks and Caicos and leaves 32 dead". Channel NewsAsia. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  49. ^ a b O'Connor, Brian (September 22, 2017). "Federal disaster relief begins on St. Croix". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  50. ^ "Flooding still possible, met office warns". Barbados Today. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  51. ^ "Tropical Storm Warning discontinued for St Lucia; no "All Clear" given". St. Lucia Times. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  52. ^ a b "Acting PM concerned about hurricane 'fake news'". St. Lucia Times. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  53. ^ "LUCELEC: Hurricane Maria electricity system update #1". St. Lucia Times. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  54. ^ The flood warning for Barbados has been extended until 6:00 A.M tomorrow Tuesday 19th September, 2017 (Bulletin). Barbados Meteorological Services via Facebook. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  55. ^ Davandra Babb (September 19, 2017). "Nowhere to go". Barbados Today. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  56. ^ "Flooding in St Lawrence Gap". Barbados Today. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  57. ^ "No safe harbour for boat owners". Barbados Today. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  58. ^ "Coconut tree falls on St Joseph home". Barbados Today. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  59. ^ "Black out". Barbados Today. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  60. ^ "Center of Hurricane Maria to move across Dominica tonight". Dominica News Online. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  61. ^ Paul, Pritha (19 September 2017). "Hurricane Maria, Now Category 5, Blows Away Roof Of Dominica PM's House". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  62. ^ a b Austin Ramzy (19 September 2017). "Hurricane Maria Does 'Mind Boggling' Damage to Dominica, Leader Says". New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  63. ^ "Concerns over Dominica communication blackout". St. Lucia Times. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  64. ^ "Radio Amateur on St. Lucia relays reports of hurricane devastation on Dominica". St. Lucia News Online. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  65. ^ Matthew Weaver; Claire Phipps; Sam Levin (September 20, 2017). "Hurricane Maria makes landfall on Puerto Rico – live updates". The Guardian. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  66. ^ "CDEMA - Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency". www.facebook.com.
  67. ^ Alice Moreno; Océane Blanchard (September 19, 2017). "Ouragan Maria : "Une soufflerie permanente", selon un habitant de Guadeloupe" (in French). RTL. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  68. ^ a b "Ouragan Maria : à quoi correspondent les pluies déjà tombées". Le Parisien (in French). September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  69. ^ a b c d "Maria : un mort et deux personnes disparues en Guadeloupe" (in French). Europe1. Agence France-Presse. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  70. ^ Peggy Pinel-Fereol (September 20, 2017). "Maria : les îles des Saintes en Guadeloupe fortement touchées" (in French). Martinique 1. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  71. ^ a b c d "Ouragan Maria : point de situation - 20 sept. 7h" (Press release) (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  72. ^ "Ouragan Maria : moins de 100 millions d'euros de dégâts en Guadeloupe selon Bruno Le Maire" (in French). La1ère. Agence France-Presse. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  73. ^ a b c d "Ouragan Maria, en direct : Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy en vigilance violette". Le Monde (in French). September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  74. ^ Hurricane Maria Special Advisory Number 11 (Bulletin). National Hurricane Center. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  75. ^ a b "En direct - Ouragan Maria : un mort et deux disparus en Guadeloupe, un blessé grave en Martinique" (in French). La Chaîne Info. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  76. ^ Kirk Semple; Austin Ramzy (September 19, 2017). "Hurricane Maria Does 'Mind Boggling' Damage to Dominica, Leader Says". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  77. ^ O'Connor, Brian (September 21, 2017). "St. Croix barely escapes worst of Maria's wrath". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  78. ^ O'Connor, Brian (September 21, 2017). "Maria leaves St. Croix with a working hospital". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  79. ^ a b c d e Roth, David M. (January 3, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  80. ^ "Hurricane Maria Live Updates: In Puerto Rico, the Storm 'Destroyed Us'". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  81. ^ Pasch, Richard; Reinhart, Brad; Alaka, Laura (March 23, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Fiona (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  82. ^ Roth, David M (June 27, 2007). "Tropical Storm Isabel – October 4 – 16, 1985". United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
  83. ^ Mújica-Baker, Frank. Huracanes y tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el Manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres. pp. 3–4, 7–10, 12–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  84. ^ Higgs, Ralph L (1954). "Severe Floods of October 12–15, 1954 in Puerto Rico" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 82 (10). American Meteorological Society: 301–304. Bibcode:1954MWRv...82..301H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1954)082<0301:SFOOIP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
  85. ^ "Hurricane Maria Public Advisory". National Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  86. ^ "Hurricane Maria Live Updates: In Puerto Rico, the Storm 'Destroyed Us'". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  87. ^ Ferré-Sadurní, Luis; Hartocollis, Anemona (September 20, 2017). "Maria Strikes, and Puerto Rico Goes Dark". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  88. ^ a b "Hurricane Maria Live Updates: In Puerto Rico, the Storm 'Destroyed Us'". The New York Times. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  89. ^ Yan, Holly (September 21, 2017). "Maria kills 15 people in Dominica, leaves Puerto Rico in the dark for months". Cable News Network. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  90. ^ a b c Hernandez, Estefania (September 22, 2017). "'Helpless, Worried and Sick': Puerto Rico's Vast Outages Leave Relatives on Mainland Worried". NBC New York. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  91. ^ "Whole of Puerto Rico without power". BBC. September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  92. ^ "Puerto Rico governor: Power could be out for months". CNN. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  93. ^ Schwartz, Gadi; Johnson, Alex; Arkin, Daniel (September 21, 2017). "All Power Out as Hurricane Maria's Winds, Floods Crush Puerto Rico". NBC. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  94. ^ Juliana Rose Pignataro (September 21, 2017). "Vieques Devastated By Hurricane Maria, New Pictures And Videos Reveal Wreckage". International Business Times. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  95. ^ a b Dooley, Erin (September 21, 2017). "Woman, children rescued from capsized ship near Puerto Rico". ABC News. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  96. ^ "The Latest: Boat missing off Puerto Rico with 4 aboard". Miami Herald. Associated Press. September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  97. ^ CCRIF to Make Payout to Dominica of US$19 million Following the Passage of Hurricane Maria (Report). ReliefWeb. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  98. ^ USS WASP arrives in Dominica to support U.S. disaster assistance mission (Report). ReliefWeb. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  99. ^ a b c Coto, Danica (September 22, 2017). "Puerto Rico faces weeks without electricity after Maria". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  100. ^ Isidore, Chris (September 22, 2017). "Limited flights resume to battered Puerto Rico". CNN Money. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  101. ^ "Hurricane Maria Live Updates: Structural Damage at Dam Prompts Evacuations in Puerto Rico". The New York Times. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  102. ^ Schmidt, Samantha; Somashekhar, Sandhya; Cassady, Daniel (September 22, 2017). "Post Nation 70,000 in Puerto Rico urged to evacuate immediately as dam is in 'imminent' danger of failure". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Maria.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Maria&oldid=802038003"