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For the airline, see Kyokushin Air.

Kyokushin
(極真會館)
FocusStriking
HardnessFull contact
Country of originJapan Japan
CreatorKorean Empire Masutatsu Oyama
Famous practitionersTerutomo Yamazaki, Tadashi Nakamura, Shigeru Oyama, Sonny Chiba, Glaube Feitosa, Francisco Filho, Andy Hug, Hajime Kazumi, Katsunori Kikuno, Bobby Lowe, Dolph Lundgren, Akira Masuda, Shokei Matsui, Kenji Midori, Glen Murphy, Andrews Nakahara, Nicholas Pettas, Jerome Le Banner, Bas Rutten, Semmy Schilt, Peter Graham, Hiroyuki Sanada, Tiger Schulmann, Georges St-Pierre, Ewerton Teixeira, Marius Zaromskis, Mariusz Pudzianowski, Michael Jai White, Uriah Hall, Sean Connery, Tenshin Nasukawa, Masahiro Yamamoto, Takayuki Kohiruimaki, Azuma Takashi, Steve Arneil, Maryse Ouellet
Ancestor artsGōjū-ryū,[1] Shotokan[2]
Descendant artsAshihara, Enshin, Seidokaikan, Shidokan, Kudo

Kyokushin (極真) is a style of stand-up fighting and was founded in 1964 by Korean-Japanese Masutatsu Oyama (大山倍達, Ōyama Masutatsu). "Kyokushin" is Japanese for "the ultimate truth". It is rooted in a philosophy of self-improvement, discipline and hard training.[3][4][5] Its full contact style has international appeal (practitioners have over the last 40+ years numbered more than 12 million).[6]

History

Founding

After formally establishing the Kyokushinkaikan in 1964, Oyama directed the organization through a period of expansion.[7] Oyama hand-picked instructors who displayed ability in marketing the style and gaining new members. Oyama would choose an instructor to open a new dojo. The instructor would move to that town and demonstrate his karate skills in public places. After that, word of mouth would spread through the local area until the dojo had a dedicated core of students. Oyama also sent instructors to other countries such as the Netherlands (Kenji Kurosaki), Australia (Shigeo Kato and Mamoru Kaneko), the United States (Tadashi Nakamura, Shigeru Oyama and Yasuhiko Oyama, Miyuki Miura), Great Britain (Steve Arneil), Canada (Tatsuji Nakamura) and Brazil (Seiji Isobe) to spread Kyokushin in the same way. Many students, including Jon Bluming, Steve Arneil, and Howard Collins, traveled to Japan to train with Oyama directly. In 1969, Oyama staged The First All-Japan Full Contact Karate Open Championships and Terutomo Yamazaki became the first champion. All-Japan Championships have been held at every year. In 1975, The First World Full Contact Karate Open Championships were held in Tokyo.[citation needed] World Championships have been held at four-yearly intervals since.[citation needed]

Oyama's death

After Mas Oyama's death, the International Karate Organization (IKO) split into two groups, primarily due to personal conflicts over who should succeed Oyama as chairman. One group led by Shokei Matsui became known as IKO-1, and a second group led by Yukio Nishida[8] and Sanpei became was known as IKO-2. The will was proven to be invalid in the family Court of Tokyo in 1995. Before his death, Oyama named no one as his successor, although he did mention Matsui to be the most eligible one[citation needed].

In 1995 any new Kyokushin organization that claimed the name IKO, Kyokushinkaikan, were referred to by Kyokushin practitioners by numbers, such as IKO-1 (Matsui group), IKO-2 etc.[citation needed] Due to this break up, many attempted to establish their own leadership.[citation needed] For example, IKO-2 was not organized by Oyama's family, although Chiyako Oyama was asked to succeed after her husband as Kaicho.[citation needed] Chiyako Oyama stepped away from the political fight and founded the Mas Oyama Memorial Foundation with her daughters, still retaining the rights to the companies that managed IKO Kyokushinkaikan during Mas Oyama's leadership.[citation needed]

Multiple organisations

Japan-based Kyokushinkaikan organisations

Internationally known[citation needed], Japanese-based organizations that claim the name "International Karate Organization" include:[citation needed]

  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "Sosai", organized by Mas Oyama's daughter, Kuristina Oyama, which by court order has the rights to Mas Oyama's Honbu.(Defunct organisation)[9]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "Matsui-Ha" or "Ichi-Geki", headed by Shokei (Akiyoshi) Matsui.[10]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "Tezuka Group", headed by Fumiko Tezuka (Wife of Late Kaicho Tezuka) and Kaicho Mori.[11]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "Matsushima", headed by Yoshikazu Matsushima.[12]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "All Japan Kyokushin Union" or "Kyokushin Rengōkai", headed by Yasuhiro Shichinohe.[13]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "Sakamoto-Ha", headed by Shigenori Sakamoto.[14]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "World So-Kyokushin", headed by Daigo Ohishi.[15]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "Nakamura", headed by Makoto Nakamura.[16]
  • IKO Kyokushinkaikan "World Kyokushin Kaikan", headed by Ryuko Take.[17]

Other Japan-based organisations

Other Japanese Kyokushin groups no longer officially claiming the original name of "IKO" and "Kyokushinkaikan":

  • WKO (World Karate Organization) Shinkyokushinkai, headed by Kenji Midori as president.[18]
  • Kyokushin Shogakukai Foundation, Kyokushin-kan International Karate-do Organization (KIKO), headed by Hatsuo Royama as president.[19]
  • Kyokushin Karate Union Kyokushin Kenbukai. Founded by Tsuyoshi Hiroshige an apprentice of Mas Oyama.[20]

Non Japan-based organisations

Kyokushin groups outside Japan:

  • International Karate Alliance KyokushinRyu (IKAK) - founded by Shihan Peter Chong, based in Singapore [21]
  • Federal Kyokushin Organization of Karate (FKOK) – founded by Shihan Bertrand Kron, based in France[22]
  • International Federation of Karate, Kyokushin (IFK) – founded by former IKO member Steve Arneil.[23]
  • Kyokushin World Federation (KWF), founded by former IKO members: Loek Hollander, Antonio Pinero and Andre Drewniak.[24]
  • Kyokushin Budokai, IBK, founded by former IKO Jon Bluming.[25]
  • International Kyokushin Union (IKU) – founded by former IKO member David Farzinzad.[26]
  • International Kyokushinkai Association (IKA) – founded by former IKO member Carllos Costa, based in Brazil.[27]
  • International Federation of Kyokushinkaikan Karate (IFKK) – founded by former IKO member Sahinbas Goksel and Malik Dilnawaz, based in Netherlands and Norway.[28]
  • International Seishin Kyokushin Karate Organization (ISKKO) – founded by Mas Oyama Shibucho for Catalunya Pere Lluis Beltran, based in Spain.[29]
  • International Kyokushinkai Karate Federation (IKKF) – founded by former IKO member Teyub Azizov, based in Azerbaijan.[30]
  • World Kyokushin Karate Federation (WKKF) -Founded by IKO Life Member Bodh Narayan Yadav, Based in India.[31]
  • World Kyokushin Budokai (WKB) – founded by former IKO member Pedro Roiz, based in Spain[32]
  • Kyokushin Budo Karate Shakai International (KBKS) – founded by former IKO Sokyokushin member Prasanna Fernando, based in the United Kingdom.[33]
  • World Kyokushinkai Karate Association – founded by Tom Jansen, based in the Netherlands.[34]
  • KOLKATA KYOKUSHIN INSTITUTE-

founded by Former kyokushin kan Member Ajoy Halder,Based in INDIA.Branch Chief INDIA from International Fedaretion of Kyokushinkaikan karate. website:http://www.kyokushinkaikan.in

Present

Oyama's widow died in June 2006 after a long illness.[citation needed] Mas Oyama's youngest daughter, Kikuko (also known as Kuristina) now oversees the management of the original IKO Kyokushin kaikan Honbu.[citation needed] She also published a book in 2010, a collective memoir of Mas Oyama and his teachings.[citation needed]

In May 2012, the Japanese Patent Office granted the Kyokushin related trademarks to Kikuko Kuristina Oyama, after years of long court battle.[citation needed] She has internationally trademarked and copyrighted her father's work and devotes the proceeds to various charities.[citation needed]

Name

Oyama had designed the Kanji of Kyokushinkai to resemble the Samurai sword safely placed in its sheath. Kanji is the representation (using Chinese characters) of the word Kyokushinkai, which is the name of the ryu or style. Translated, "kyoku" means "ultimate", "shin" means "truth" or "reality" and "kai" means "to join" or "to associate". In essence Kyokushinkai, roughly translated, means "Ultimate Truth".[35] This concept has less to do with the Western meaning of truth; rather it is more in keeping with the bushido concept of discovering the nature of one's true character when tried.[36] One of the goals of kyokushin is to strengthen and improve character by challenging one's self through rigorous training.[37]

Techniques and training

Kyokushin training consists of three main elements: technique, forms, and sparring. These are sometimes referred to as the three "K's" after the Japanese words for them: kihon (basics), kata (Imaginary forms of Fight), and kumite (sparring).

Kata

Kata is a form of ritualized self-training in which patterned or memorized movements are done in order to practice a form of combat maneuverings. According to a highly regarded Kyokushin text, "The Budo Karate of Mas Oyama"[38] by Cameron Quinn, long time interpreter to Oyama, the kata of Kyokushin are classified into Northern and Southern Kata.

Northern

The northern kata stems from the Shuri-te tradition of karate, and are drawn from Shotokan karate which Oyama learned while training under Gichin Funakoshi.[2]

Some areas now phase out the prefix "sono" in the kata names.

The Taikyoku kata were originally created by Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan karate.

  • Pinan Sono Ichi
  • Pinan Sono Ni
  • Pinan Sono San
  • Pinan Sono Yon
  • Pinan Sono Go

The 5 Pinan katas, known in some other styles as Heian, were originally created in 1904 by Ankō Itosu, a master of Shuri-te and Shorin ryu (a combination of the shuri-te and tomari-te traditions of karate). He was a teacher to Gichin Funakoshi. Pinan (pronounced /pin-ann/) literally translates as Peace and Harmony.

Some organizations have removed the "Dai" from the name, calling it only "Kanku", as there is no "Sho" or other alternate Kanku variation practiced in kyokushin. The Kanku kata was originally known as Kusanku or Kushanku, and is believed to have either been taught by, or inspired by, a Chinese martialartist who was sent to Okinawa as an ambassador in the Ryukyu Kingdom during the 16th century. Kanku translates to "sky watching".

The Kata Sushiho is a greatly modified version of the old Okinawian kata that in Shotokan is known as Gojushiho, and in some other styles as Useishi. The name means "54 steps", referring to a symbolic number in Buddhism.

A very old Okinawan kata of unknown origin, the name Bassai or Passai translates to "to storm a castle". It was originally removed from the kyokushin syllabus in the late 1950s, but was reintroduced into some kyokushin factions after Oyama's death and the resulting fractioning of the organization.

This kata is a very old Okinawan kata, also known as Tekki in Shotokan. It is generally classified as belonging to the Tomari-te traditions. The name Tekki translates to "iron horse" but the meaning of the name Naihanchi is "internal divided conflict". It was originally removed from the kyokushin syllabus in the late 1950s, but was reintroduced into some kyokushin factions after Oyama's death and the resulting fractioning of the organization.

Unique

These three kata were created by Masutatsu Oyama to further develop kicking skills and follow the same embu-sen (performance line) as the original Taikyoku kata. Sokugi literally means Kicking, while Taikyoku translates as Grand Ultimate View. They were not formally introduced into the Kyokushin syllabus until after the death of Oyama.

Southern

The southern kata stems from the Naha-te tradition of karate, and are mostly drawn from Goju-ryu karate, which Oyama learned while training under So Nei Chu and Gogen Yamaguchi.[1] One exception may be the kata "Yantsu" which possibly originates with Motobu-ha Shito-ryu.

  • Gekisai Dai
  • Gekisai Sho

Gekisai was created by Chojun Miyagi, founder of Goju-ryu karate. The name Gekisai means "attack and smash". In some styles (including some Goju-ryu factions) it is sometimes known under the alternative name "Fukyugata".

  • Tensho

Tensho draws it origin from Goju-ryu where it was developed by Chojun Miyagi, who claimed credit for its creation. There are however some who claim that it is merely a variation of an old, and now lost, Chinese kata known as "rokkishu" mentioned in the Bubishi (an ancient text often called the "Bible of Karate"). It is based on the point and circle principles of Kempo. It was regarded as an internal yet advanced Kata by Oyama. The name means "rotating palms".

Sanchin is a very old kata with roots in China. The name translates to "three points" or "three battles". The version done in kyokushin is most closely related to the version Kanryo Higashionna (or Higaonna), teacher of Chojun Miyagi, taught (and not to the modified version taught by Chojun Miyagi himself).

  • Saifa (Saiha)

Originally a Chinese kata. It was brought to Okinawa by Kanryo Higashionna. Its name translates to "smash and tear down".

  • Seienchin

Originally a Chinese kata, regarded as very old. It was also brought to Okinawa by Kanryo Higashionna. The name translates roughly to "grip and pull into battle".

  • Seipai

Originally a Chinese kata. It was also brought to Okinawa by Kanryo Higashionna. The name translates to the number 18, which is significant in Buddhism.

Yantsu is an old kata with unknown origin that is alternately classified as belonging to the Naha-te or Tomari-te karate tradition. Outside of kyokushin it is today only is practiced in Motobu-ha Shitō-ryū (that today is part of the Nihon Karate-do Kuniba-kai), where it in a slightly longer variant is called "Hansan" or "Ansan". The name Yantsu translates to "keep pure". How the kata was introduced into Kyokushin is unknown, although it is speculated that it was somehow imported from Motobu-ha Shito-ryu.

  • Tsuki no kata

This kata was created by Seigo Tada, founder of the Seigokan branch of Goju-ryu. In Seigokan goju-ryu the kata is known as Kihon Tsuki no kata and is one of two Katas created by the founder. How the kata was introduced into Kyokushin is largely unknown, but since Tadashi Nakamura are often claimed in error as the creator of the kata in Kyokushin, speculations are that he introduced it into Kyokushin after learning it from his Goju-ryu background.

Unique
  • Garyu

The kata Garyu, is not taken from traditional Okinawan karate but was created by Oyama and named after his pen name (Garyu =reclining dragon), which is the Japanese pronunciation of the characters 臥龍, the name of the village (Il Loong) in Korea where he was born.

Ura Kata

Several kata are also done in "ura", which essentially means all moves are done in mirrored form. The ura, or 'reverse' kata, were developed by Oyama as an aid to developing balance and skill in circular techniques against multiple opponents.

  • Taikyoku sono ichi ura
  • Taikyoku sono ni ura
  • Taikyoku sono san ura
  • Pinan sono ichi ura
  • Pinan sono ni ura
  • Pinan sono san ura
  • Pinan sono yon ura
  • Pinan sono go ura

Sparring (kumite)

Sparring, also called kumite, is used to train the application of the various techniques within a fighting situation. Sparring is usually an important part of training in most Kyokushin organizations, especially at the upper levels with experienced students.

In most Kyokushin organizations, hand and elbow strikes to the head or neck are prohibited. However, kicks to the head, knee strikes, punches to the upper body, and kicks to the inner and outer leg are permitted. In some Kyokushin organizations, especially outside of a tournament environment, gloves and shin protectors are worn. Children often wear headgear to lessen the impact of any kicks to the head. Speed and control are instrumental in sparring and in a training environment it is not the intention of either practitioner to injure his opponent as much as it is to successfully execute the proper strike. Tournament fighting under knockdown karate rules is significantly different as the objective is to down an opponent. Full-contact sparring in Kyokushin is considered the ultimate test of strength, endurance, techniques and spirit. [40]
Numerous of tournaments are arranged by several Kyokushin organizations. Some of the most prestigefull tournaments are:


Self-defense

Also known as Goshin Jitsu, the specific self-defense techniques of the style draw much of their techniques and tactics from Mas Oyama's study of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu under Yoshida Kotaro. These techniques were never built into the formal grading system, and as kyokushin grew increasingly sport-oriented, the self-defense training started to fall into obscurity. Today it is only practiced in a limited number of dojos.

Grading

Colored belts have their origin in Judo, as does the training 'gi', or more correctly in Japanese, 'dōgi' or 'Keikogi'. The example below uses the rank structure used by Kyokushin Karate's West Los Angeles Branch although the order of belt colors does vary between Kyokushin groups.

Kyu ranks[41]
Belt Rank Colour(s)
White belt Mukyu White
Orange Belt 10th kyu Orange
Advanced Orange Belt 9th kyu Orange/Blue tag
Blue Belt 8th kyu Blue
Advanced Blue Belt 7th kyu Blue/Green tag
Yellow Belt 6th kyu Yellow
Advanced Yellow Belt 5th kyu Yellow/Orange tag
Green Belt 4th kyu Green
Advanced Green belt 3rd kyu Green/Brown tag
Brown Belt 2nd kyu Brown
Advanced Brown Belt 1st kyu Brown/Black tag
Dan Ranks
Dan Rank Gold stripe(s)
Shodan (初段 or しょだん) 1st One
Nidan (二段 or にだん) 2nd Two
Sandan (三段 or さんだん) 3rd Three
Yondan (四段 or よんだん) 4th Four
Godan (五段 or ごだん) 5th Five
Rokudan (六段 or ろくだん) 6th Six
Shichidan (七段 or しちだん) 7th Seven
Hachidan (八段 or はちだん) 8th Eight
Kudan (九段 or きゅうだん) 9th Nine
Judan (十段 or ゅうだん) 10th Ten

Influence

Kyokushin has had an influence on many other styles.[citation needed] The knockdown karate competition format is now used by other styles.[citation needed] Karate styles that originated in Kyokushin, such as Ashihara Karate, Budokaido, Godokai, Enshin Karate, Seidō juku, Musokai, Shidōkan, World Oyama and Seidokaikan, are also knockdown styles and use slight variations of the competition rules.[citation needed]

A few styles (Kansuiryu Karate and Byakuren) originated independently of Kyokushin and have adopted the competition format.[citation needed] Kokondo is derived from Kyokushin, albeit without a strong focus on competition with the emphasis rather on realistic goshin-jutsu (self-defense).[citation needed] Some styles originating in Kyokushin (Jushindo, Daido Juku, Kudo, Zendokai) have changed to mixed martial arts rules.[citation needed]

Kickboxing has been seen as a natural progression for kyokushin competitors[citation needed] and many of Japan's top kickboxers[who?] have started in knockdown karate. The influence of Kyokushin can be seen in the K-1 kickboxing tournament that originated out of the Seidokaikan karate organization, which is an offshoot from Kyokushin.[citation needed]

Kyokushin is the basis of glove karate, a knockdown karate format wearing boxing gloves and allowing punches to the head. Glove karate rules are used in Kyokushin Karate Iran.[42][43]

Video games

The move sets of Ryu and Ken from Capcom's Street Fighter franchise are based on Kyokushin.[citation needed] Ryu is said to be based on Yoshiji Soeno, a student of Mas Oyama.[citation needed]

In Namco's Tekken series, Jin Kazama is said to travel to Brisbane, Australia to learn karate.[44] At the time of Tekken's creation, Cameron Quinn[45] – a well-known instructor of Kyokushin Karate, Mas Oyama's interpreter, and the author of The Budo Karate of Mas Oyama – was teaching students such as Garry O'Neill and Walter Schnaubelt at his well-known Kyokushin dojo in the city of Brisbane.[citation needed]

Jin Kazama uses the art of Kyokushin Karate from Tekken 4 to Tekken 7 (including Tekken Tag Tournament 2); he can be seen practicing Yantsu and Pinan Sono Yon Kata in various demonstration modes in the Tekken series.[citation needed]

Shotaro Kadonashi and his disciples from Namco's Urban Reign use the art of Kyokushinkai.[citation needed]

Matsuo Shozan's Hokushinkan Karate School and his disciples' fighting style in PS2 games Garouden Breakblow (2005) and Garouden Breakblow Fist or Twist (2007) are heavily based on Kyokushinkaikan and its founder Oyama Masutatsu 'Sosai'.

Jean Kujo, from the Virtua Fighter series, practices varied forms of full-contact karate, including Kyokushin Karate.[citation needed]

Solara from Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects is said to practice Kyokushin.[citation needed]

Kyokugenryu Karate is a fictional martial art from SNK Playmore's Art of Fighting, Fatal Fury, and King of Fighters series. Kyokugenryu (lit. "the extreme style"), which is practiced by Ryo Sakazaki, Robert Garcia, Yuri Sakazaki, Takuma Sakazaki and Marco Rodriguez/Khushnood Butt, is heavily based on Kyokushin Karate.[citation needed]

Torao Onigawara in the arcade game The Fallen Angels (video game) is a master of Kyokushin Karate.[citation needed]

Ichigeki: Hagane no Hito is a 3D fighting game for the PlayStation that focuses on the International Karate Organization (also known as IKO 1). The game even features real life Kyokushin athletes of the 90's including Francisco Filho, Kazumi Hajime, Nicholas Pettas and even live video segments of IKO head Shokei Matsui.[citation needed]

Karate Master Knock Down Blow a recent game from Crian Soft that is heavily based on Kyokushin Karate.[citation needed]

Movies

A trilogy of films starring Sonny Chiba and directed by Kazuhiko Yamaguchi were produced in Japan between 1975 and 1977: Champion of Death, Karate Bearfighter and Karate for Life. Chiba plays Master Oyama, who also appears in two of the films.[46]

Actor Dolph Lundgren has a third Dan blackbelt in Kyokushin.[citation needed]

The James Bond movie You Only Live Twice, starring Sean Connery, was filmed largely in Japan and featured a karate demonstration by a number of well-known Kyokushin students, including Shigeo Kato (who introduced Kyokushin to Australia and was the original teacher of Shokei Matsui) and Akio Fujihira, who was one of the three fighters who took up the Muay Thai challenge in 1964 and who fought in the ring for many years under the name of Noboru Osawa.[citation needed]

TV

Kyokushin was featured on Fight Quest on Discovery Channel as the Japanese Martial Arts Style.[citation needed]

Kyokushin was the style of karate featured in an episode of Human Weapon.[citation needed]

Kyokushin was studied by a character named Sutton in an episode of Elementary.[citation needed]

Notable practitioners

For practitioners of Kyokushin kaikan, see Category:Kyokushin kaikan practitioners.

See also

References

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  46. ^ "کیوکوشین کاراته ایران". Kyokushin.ir. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  47. ^ Eshchenko, Alla. "Putin becomes eighth-degree karate black belt". CNN. CNN. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
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