Prisoner of conscience
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Prisoner of conscience (POC) is a term coined by Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for the London Observer newspaper. Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term can refer to anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. It also refers to those who have been imprisoned and/or persecuted for the non-violent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.
Definition
The article "The Forgotten Prisoners" by Peter Benenson, published in The Observer 28 May 1961, launched the campaign "Appeal for Amnesty 1961" and first defined a "prisoner of conscience".[1]
Any person who is physically restrained (by imprisonment or otherwise) from expressing (in any form of words or symbols) any opinion which he honestly holds and which does not advocate or condone personal violence. We also exclude those people who have conspired with a foreign government to overthrow their own.
The primary goal for this year-long campaign, founded by the English lawyer Peter Benenson and a small group of writers, academics and lawyers including Quaker peace activist Eric Baker, was to identify individual prisoners of conscience around the world and then campaign for their release. In early 1962, the campaign had received enough public support to become a permanent organization and was renamed Amnesty International.
Under British law, Amnesty International was classed as a political organisation and therefore excluded from tax-free charity status.[2] To work around this, the "Fund for the Persecuted" was established in 1962 to receive donations to support prisoners and their families. The name was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund" and is now a separate and independent charity which provides relief and rehabilitation grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the world.[3]
Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured governments to release those persons it considers to be prisoners of conscience.[4] Governments, conversely, tend to deny that the specific prisoners identified by Amnesty International are, in fact, being held on the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege that these prisoners pose genuine threats to the security of their countries.[5]
The concept of "Prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around Nelson Mandela's imprisonment in South Africa 1964. He had initially been adopted as a Prisoners of conscience in 1962, when he was sentenced to five years in jail for inciting a strike of African workers.[6] This was reversed after the Rivonia Trial showed that Mandela now had turned to violently opposing the South African regime. The reversal evolved in 1964 into a worldwide debate and a poll among the members of Amnesty International. The overwhelming majority decided to maintain the basic rule, that prisoners of conscience are those who have not used or advocated violence.[7]
The phrase is now widely used in political discussions to describe a political prisoner, whether or not Amnesty International has specifically adopted the case, although the phrase has a different scope and definition than that of political prisoner.[8]
Current Amnesty International prisoners of conscience
Below is an incomplete list of individuals that Amnesty International considers to be prisoners of conscience, organized by country.
- Ilgar Mammadov, Republican Alternative Movement,
- Anar Bayramli;[9]
- Ramin Bayramov;[9]
- Arif Yunus,[10]
- Leyla Yunus,[10]
- Vidadi Isgandarov;[11]
- Taleh Khasmammadov;[9] and youth activists Bakhtiyar Guliyev, Mahammad Azizov, Shahin Novruzlu, Rashad Hasanov,[12]
- Rashadat Akhundov, Zaur Gurbanli, Uzeyir Mammadli and Ilkin Rustamzade[13]
- Mahdi Abu Deeb;[14]
- Mohammad Sanad al-Makina;[15] and the Bahrain Thirteen:
- Abdulhadi al-Khawaja
- Hassan Mushaima
- Abdelwahab Hussain
- Abdel-Jalil al-Singace
- Nabeel Rajab[16]
- Ebrahim Sharif
- Salah Abdullah Hubail al-Khawaja[17]
- Aster Fissehatsion;[31]
- Dawit Isaak;[32]
- Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo;[31]
- Petros Solomon;[31]
- Haile Woldetensae[31]
- Eskinder Nega[33]
- Bekele Gerba
- Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i;[40]
- Zhila Bani-Yaghoub;[41]
- Arzhang Davoodi;[42]
- Ghoncheh Ghavami;[43]
- Kouhyar Goudarzi;[44]
- Zeynab Jalaliyan;[45]
- Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand;[46]
- Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi;[47]
- Habibollah Latifi[48]
- Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[49]
- Narges Mohammadi;[50]
- Parvin Mokhtareh;[44]
- Abdollah Momeni;[51]
- Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi;[52]
- Mansour Osanlou;[53]
- Jafar Panahi;[54][55]
- Isa Saharkhiz[41]
- Mohammad Seifzadeh[56]
- Reza Shahabi[57]
- Saeed Shirzad[58]
- Abdolfattah Soltani[56]
- Heshmat Tabarzadi[59]
- Majid Tavakoli[29]
- Mohammad Ali Taheri
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_speaking_to_supporters_at_National_League_for_Democracy_%28NLD%29_headquarter.jpg/220px-Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_speaking_to_supporters_at_National_League_for_Democracy_%28NLD%29_headquarter.jpg)
NAME |
AGE |
LOCATION |
TERM; UNTIL |
REASON |
Christensen, Dennis |
45 |
Detention Center No. 1, Oryol Region |
17 months; 2018-11-01 |
Religious activity |
Karimov, Ilkham |
37 |
Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan |
5 months; 2018-10-25 |
Religious activity |
Matrashov, Konstantin |
29 |
Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan |
5 months; 2018-10-25 |
Religious activity |
Myakushin, Vladimir |
30 |
Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan |
5 months; 2018-10-25 |
Religious activity |
Yulmetyev, Aydar |
24 |
Detention Center No. 5, Republic of Tatarstan |
5 months; 2018-10-25 |
Religious activity |
Mikhailov, Dmitriy |
40 |
Detention Center No. 1, Ivanovo Region |
5 months; 2018-10-19 |
Religious activity |
Klimov, Sergey |
48 |
Detention Center No. 1, Tomsk Region |
5 months; 2018-10-31 |
Religious activity |
Osadchuk, Valentin |
42 |
Detention Center No. 1, Primorskiy Territory |
7 months; 2018-11-20 |
Religious activity |
Bazhenov, Konstantin |
43 |
Detention Center No. 1, Saratov Region |
6 months; 2018-12-12 |
Religious activity |
Makhammadiev, Felix |
33 |
Detention Center No. 1, Saratov Region |
6 months; 2018-12-12 |
Religious activity |
Budenchuk, Aleksey |
35 |
Detention Center No. 1, Saratov Region |
6 months; 2018-12-12 |
Religious activity |
Stupnikov, Andrey |
44 |
Detention Center No. 1, Krasnoyarsk Territory |
4 months; 2018-11-02 |
Religious activity |
Polyakova, Anastasiya |
34 |
Detention Center No. 1, Omsk Region |
5 months; 2018-11-20 |
Religious activity |
Polyakov, Sergey |
46 |
Detention Center No. 1, Omsk Region |
5 months; 2018-11-20 |
Religious activity |
Alushkin, Vladimir |
54 |
Detention Center No. 1, Penza Region |
4 months; 2018-11-14 |
Religious activity |
Levchuk, Vadim |
46 |
Detention Center No. 1, Kemerovo Region |
4 months; 2018-11-19 |
Religious activity |
Britvin, Sergey |
52 |
Detention Center No. 1, Kemerovo Region |
4 months; 2018-11-19 |
Religious activity |
Barmakin, Dmitriy |
44 |
Detention Center No. 1, Primorskiy Territory |
4 months; 2018-10-27 |
Religious activity |
Moskalenko, Valeriy |
51 |
Detention Center No. 1, Khabarovsk Territory |
4 months; 2018-12-02 |
Religious activity |
Sorokina, Nataliya |
43 |
Detention Center No. 1, Smolensk Region |
1 month 12 days; 2018-11-19 |
Religious activity |
Troshina, Mariya |
41 |
Detention Center No. 1, Smolensk Region |
1 month 12 days; 2018-11-19 |
Religious activity |
Onishchuk, Andzhey |
50 |
Unconfirmed |
1 month 24 days; 2018-12-02 |
Religious activity |
Korobeynikov, Vladimir |
65 |
Unconfirmed |
Unconfirmed |
Religious activity |
Suvorkov, Andrey |
25 |
Unconfirmed |
1 month 25 days; 2018-12-03 |
Religious activity |
Suvorkov, Evgeniy |
40 |
Unconfirmed |
1 month 24 days; 2018-12-02 |
Religious activity |
Khalturin, Maksim |
44 |
Unconfirmed |
1 month 24 days; 2018-12-02 |
Religious activity |
- Mikhail Kosenko;[71] Nikolay Kavkazsky;[72] Ruslan Sokolovsky;[73]Yaroslav Belousov[74] Alexei Navalny
- Raif Badawi;[75] Mohammad bin Saleh al-Bajadi;[76] Saud al-Hashimi;[77] Khaled al-Johani;[78] Hamza Kashgari;[79][80] Ashraf Fayadh;[81]Issa al-Hamid;[82]Alaa Brinji;[83]Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr;[84]Zuhair Kutbi;[85]Mikhlif al-Shammari;[86]Waleed Abu al-Khair;[87]Abdulaziz al-Shubaili;[88]Saleh al-Ashwan;[89]Omar al-Said;[89][88]Abdulrahman al-Hamid;[88]Abdulkareem al-Khoder;[88][90]Abdullah al-Hamid;[89]Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani;[89]Fowzan al-Harbi;[89]Fadhel al-Manasif[89]
Ussamah Mohammed;[91] Faisal Saleh[92]
Ali al-Abdullah;[93] Mazen Darwish;[94] Shibal Ibrahim;[95] Riad Seif[96]
Ramzi Abcha;[98] Ghazi Beji;[98]
Azam Farmonov;[29] Alisher Karamatov;[29] Solijon Abdrahmanov[101]
Leopoldo López[102]; Gregory Hinds[103]; Geraldine Chacón[103]
Cù Huy Hà Vũ;[104] Le Cong Dinh;[105] Nguyen Dan Que;[106] Nguyen Van Hai;[107] Nguyen Van Ly;[108] Phan Thanh Hai;[109] Ta Phong Tan;[109] Vi Duc Hoi;[110] Trần Huỳnh Duy Thức.[111]
See also
References
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- ^ Hopgood, Steven (2006). Keepers of the Flame: The Understanding Amnesty International. Cornell University Press. p. 70.
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