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Hughes OH-6 Cayuse

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OH-6 Cayuse
OH-6A Cayuse helicopter on lift off
Role Light Observation Helicopter/utility
National origin United States
Manufacturer Hughes Helicopters
McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems
MD Helicopters
First flight 27 February 1963
Introduction 1966
Status In service
Primary user United States Army
Produced 1965–present
Number built 1,420 (OH-6A)[1]
Variants MD Helicopters MH-6 Little Bird
MD Helicopters MD 500
McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender

The Hughes OH-6 Cayuse (nicknamed "Loach", after the requirement acronym LOH—Light Observation Helicopter) is a single-engine light helicopter with a four-bladed main rotor used for personnel transport, escort and attack missions, and observation. Hughes Helicopters also developed the Model 369 as a civilian helicopter, and the Hughes Model 500, currently produced by MD Helicopters as the MD 500.

Development

In 1960, the United States Army issued Technical Specification 153 for a Light Observation Helicopter (LOH) capable of fulfilling various roles: personnel transport, escort and attack missions, casualty evacuation and observation. Twelve companies took part in the competition and Hughes Tool Company's Aircraft Division submitted the Model 369. Two designs, those submitted by Fairchild-Hiller and Bell, were selected as finalists by the Army-Navy design competition board, but the U.S. Army later included the helicopter from Hughes as well.

OH-6 helicopter in flight

The first Model 369 prototype flew on 27 February 1963. Originally designated as the YHO-6A according to the Army's designation system, the aircraft was redesignated as the YOH-6A in 1962 when the Department of Defense created a Joint designation system for all aircraft. Five prototypes were built, fitted with a 252 shp (188 kW) Allison T63-A-5A,[2] and delivered to the U.S. Army at Fort Rucker, Alabama to compete against the other ten prototype aircraft submitted by Bell and Fairchild-Hiller. During the course of the competition, the Bell submission, the YOH-4, was eliminated as being underpowered (it used the 250 shp (186 kW) T63-A-5). The bidding for the LOH contract came down to Fairchild-Hiller and Hughes. Hughes won the competition,[3] and the Army awarded a contract for production in May 1965, with an initial order for 714 that was later increased to 1,300 with an option on another 114. Hughes's price was $19,860 per airframe, less engine, while Hiller's price was $29,415 per airframe, less engine.[4] The Hiller design (designated OH-5A)[4] had a boosted control system, while the Hughes design did not. This would account for some of the price difference. Hughes is reported to have told Jack Real that he lost over $100 million in building 1,370 airframes.[5][6] It was reported that Howard Hughes had directed his company to submit a bid at a price below the actual production cost of the helicopter in order to secure this order, resulting in substantial losses on the U.S. Army deal, with the anticipation that an extended production cycle would eventually prove financially viable.[7][self-published source][8]

In 1968 Hughes submitted a bid to build a further 2,700 airframes. Stanley Hiller complained to the U.S. Army that Hughes had used unethical procedures; therefore, the Army opened the contract for rebidding by all parties. Hiller did not participate in the rebidding, but Bell did, with their redesigned Model 206. After a competitive fly-off, the Army asked for sealed bids. Hughes bid $56,550 per airframe, while Bell bid $54,200. Reportedly, Hughes had consulted at the last moment with his confidant Jack Real, who recommended a bid of $53,550. Hughes, without telling him, added $3,000 to the bid and thus lost the contract.[5][6]

Japanese OH-6

In Japan, 387 OH-6/Hughes 369s were produced under license by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and used by the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF), the Japanese Coast Guard, and civilian operators. Beginning in 2001, the JGSDF OH-6s were being replaced by the Kawasaki OH-1 observation helicopter.

Operational history

Entry into service

In 1964 the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum directing that all U.S. Army fixed-wing aircraft be transferred to the U.S. Air Force, while the U.S. Army made the transition to rotor-wing aircraft. The U.S. Army's fixed-wing airplane, the O-1 Bird Dog, which was utilized for artillery observation and reconnaissance, would be replaced by the OH-6A helicopter.[9] The aircraft entered service in 1966, arriving in the Vietnam War thereafter. The pilots dubbed the new helicopter Loach, a word created by pronunciation of the acronym of the program that spawned the aircraft, LOH (light observation helicopter).

World records

Shortly after production began, the OH-6 began to demonstrate what kind of an impact it would have on the world of helicopters. The OH-6 set 23 world records for helicopters in 1966 for speed, endurance and time to climb.[10] On 26 March 1966, Jack Schwiebold set the closed circuit distance record in a YOH-6A at Edwards Air Force Base, California. He flew without landing for 1,739.96 mi (2,800.20 km).[11] Subsequently, on 6 April 1966, Robert Ferry set the long distance world record for helicopters. He flew from Culver City, California, with over a ton of fuel to Ormond Beach, Florida, covering a total of 1,923.08 nm (2,213.04 mi, 3,561.55 km) in 15 hours, and near the finish at up to 24,000 feet altitude. As of 2018, these records still stand.[12][13][14]

Vietnam War

See also: The Vinh wiretap

A heavily modified pair of OH-6As were utilized by the CIA via Air America for a covert wire-tapping mission in 1972. The aircraft, dubbed 500P (penetrator) by Hughes, began as an ARPA project, codenamed "Mainstreet", in 1968. Development included test and training flights in Culver City, California (Hughes Airport) and at Area 51 in 1971. In order to reduce their acoustic signature, the helicopters (N351X and N352X) received a four-blade 'scissors' style tail rotor (later incorporated into the Hughes-designed AH-64 Apache), a fifth rotor blade and reshaped rotor tips, a modified exhaust system and various performance-boosts. Deployed to a secret base in southern Laos (PS-44) in June 1972, one of the helicopters was heavily damaged during a training mission late in the summer. The remaining helicopter deployed a wiretap near Vinh, Vietnam on the night of 5–6 December 1972, which provided the United States with useful information during the Linebacker II campaign and Paris Peace Talks. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft were returned to the U.S., dismantled and quietly found new homes as the now-standard 500s.[15]

964 out of the 1,422 OH-6As built for the US Army were destroyed in Vietnam, mostly from hostile ground fire.[16]

160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment

Further information: MH-6 Little Bird

Following the April 1980 failure of Operation Eagle Claw (the attempted rescue of American hostages in Tehran), it was determined that the military lacked aircraft and crews who were trained and prepared to perform special operations missions. To remedy this shortcoming, the Army began developing a special aviation task force to prepare for the next attempt to rescue the hostages: Operation Honey Badger.

Task Force 160

The architects of the task force identified the need for a small helicopter to land in the most restrictive locations and that was also easily transported on Air Force transport aircraft. They chose the OH-6A scout helicopter to fill that role, and it became known as the Little Bird compared to the other aircraft in the task force, the MH-60 and the MH-47. As a separate part of the project, armed OH-6As were being developed at Fort Rucker, Alabama.[17]

The pilots selected to fly the OH-6A helicopters came from the 229th Attack Helicopter Battalion and were sent to the Mississippi Army National Guard's Army Aviation Support Facility (AASF) at Gulfport, Mississippi, for two weeks of qualification training in the aircraft. When the training was completed, C-141 aircraft transported the aircraft and crews to Fort Huachuca, Arizona, for two weeks of mission training. The mission training consisted of loading onto C-130 transport aircraft which would then transport them to forward staging areas over routes as long as 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km). The armed OH-6 aircraft from Fort Rucker joined the training program in the fall of 1980.[18]

Operation Honey Badger was canceled after the hostages were released on 20 January 1981, and for a short while, it looked as if the task force would be disbanded and the personnel returned to their former units. But the Army decided that it would be more prudent to keep the unit in order to be prepared for future contingencies. The task force, which had been designated as Task Force 158, was soon formed into the 160th Aviation Battalion. The OH-6A helicopters used for transporting personnel became the MH-6 aircraft of the Light Assault Company and the armed OH-6As became the AH-6 aircraft of the Light Attack Company.

On 1 October 1986, to help meet the increasing demands for support, the 1-245th Aviation Battalion from the Oklahoma National Guard, which had 25 AH-6 and 23 UH-1 helicopters, was placed under the operational control of the 160th. The 1-245th AVN BN enlisted were sent to the Mississippi Army National Guard's Army Aviation Support Facility (AASF) at Gulfport, Mississippi, for two weeks of qualification training in the aircraft. The following two-week mission was to Yuma for night operation training. The AH/MH little birds were lifted by, 1 C-5, 2 C-130 along with all support kits for the Battalion. Crews trained side by side with the 160th for all operational concepts. The 1-245 modified infantry night vision goggles and worked to develop the necessary skills for rapid deployment with little birds and C-130's.[19]

Variants

A TH-6B Cayuse helicopter takes off for a training flight from NAS Patuxent River, Maryland
YOH-6A
Prototype version.
OH-6A
Light observation helicopter, powered by a 263 kW (317 shp) Allison T63-A5A turboshaft engine.
OH-6A NOTAR
Experimental version.
OH-6B
Re-engined version, powered by a 298 kW (420 shp) Allison T63-A-720 turboshaft engine.
OH-6C
Proposed version, powered by a 313.32 kW (400 shp) Allison 25-C20 turboshaft engine, fitted with five rotor blades.
OH-6J
Light observation helicopter based on the OH-6A Cayuse for the JGSDF. Built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries under license in Japan.
OH-6D
Light observation, scout helicopter based on the Hughes Model 500D for the JGSDF. Built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries under license in Japan.[20]
OH-6DA
Instead of discontinued OH-6D, JMSDF bought some MD 500Es, named OH-6DA, for training.
EH-6B
Special Operations electronic warfare, command post version.
MH-6B
Special Operations version.
TH-6B
A Navy derivative of the MD-369H, six McDonnell Douglas TH-6B Conversion-in-Lieu-of-Procurement aircraft are used as an integral part of the United States Naval Test Pilot School's test pilot training syllabus. The aircraft and associated instrumentation and avionics are used for the inflight instruction and demonstration of flying qualities, performance and missions systems flight test techniques.[21]
AH-6C
Modified OH-6A to carry weapons and operate as a light attack aircraft for the 160th SOAR(A).
MH-6C
Special Operations version.

For other AH-6 and MH-6 variants, see MH-6 Little Bird and Boeing AH-6.

Operators

A Spanish naval OH-6M helicopter on lift off

Military and government operators

 Spain
 Japan
 United States
Japanese OH-6D of the JGSDF

Former operators

 Dominican Republic
 Denmark
 Japan

 Nicaragua

A Danish Army 500M
 Republic of China (Taiwan)
 United States

Specifications (OH-6A)

Data from [38]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 2 seated passengers or 4 on the floor with rear seats folded/removed
  • Length: 30 ft 3.75 in (9.2393 m) including rotors
  • Height: 8 ft 1.5 in (2.477 m) to top of rotor hub
  • Empty weight: 1,229 lb (557 kg)
  • Gross weight: 2,400 lb (1,089 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 2,700 lb (1,225 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 61.5 US gal (51 imp gal; 233 L) in two 50% sel-sealing bladder tanks under rear cabin floor
  • Powerplant: 1 × Allison T63-A-5A turboshaft engine, 317 shp (236 kW) de-rated to:-
252.5 shp (188 kW) for take-off
214.5 shp (160 kW) maximum continuous
  • Main rotor diameter: 26 ft 4 in (8.03 m)
  • Main rotor area: 544.63 sq ft (50.598 m2)
  • Blade section: - NACA 0012[39]

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 130 kn (150 mph, 240 km/h) maximum at sea level
116 kn (133 mph; 215 km/h) for maximum range at sea level
  • Never exceed speed: 130 kn (150 mph, 240 km/h) at Sea Level
  • Range: 330 nmi (380 mi, 610 km) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • Ferry range: 1,354 nmi (1,558 mi, 2,508 km) with 1,300 lb (590 kg) of fuel
  • Service ceiling: 15,800 ft (4,800 m)
  • Hover ceiling OGE: 7,300 ft (2,225 m)
  • Hover ceiling IGE: 11,800 ft (3,597 m)
  • Rate of climb: 2,067 ft/min (10.50 m/s) [citation needed]
  • Disk loading: 4.4 lb/sq ft (21 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.105 shp/lb (0.173 kW/kg)

Armament
Provision for packaged armament on port side, including an XM-27 7.62 mm (0.300 in) machine-gun with 2,000 - 4,000 rounds of ammunition; or an XM-75 grenade launcher

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ Francillon 1990, p. 248.
  2. ^ "Type Certification Data Sheet NO. H3WE" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration. 31 August 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  3. ^ Judy Rumerman (2003). "The Hughes Companies". Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  4. ^ a b Hearings on military posture and H.R. 13456, p. 7832.
  5. ^ a b Cefaratt 2002, p. 77.
  6. ^ a b Real, Jack. "The Real Story." Vertiflite, Fall/Winter 1999, pp. 36–39.
  7. ^ Real, Jack G.; Yenne, Bill (2003). The Asylum of Howard Hughes. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4134-0876-8.
  8. ^ Day, Dwayna Q. (28 January 2008). "Monster chopper". The Space Review. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  9. ^ Adcock 1998, p. 32.
  10. ^ "History of Rotorcraft World Records, List of records established by the 'YOH-6A'." Archived 2010-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 11 January 2011.
  11. ^ "FAI Record ID #11656 – Absolute Rotorcraft World Record, Distance over a closed circuit without landing Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine" ID 786 Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 28 November 2013.
  12. ^ "FAI Record ID #11655 – Absolute Rotorcraft World Record, Distance without landing Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine" Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 28 November 2013.
  13. ^ Porter, Don. "Now, That’s Good Mileage" Air & Space/Smithsonian, May 2011. Accessed: April 9, 2014.
  14. ^ Ristine, Jeff. "Obituary: Robert G. Ferry; Air Force veteran was record-setting test pilot" San Diego Union-Tribune, Feb. 2, 2009. Accessed: April 9, 2014.
  15. ^ Chiles, James R. (February–March 2008). "Air America's Black Helicopter". Air & Space Smithsonian: 62–70. ISSN 0886-2257. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  16. ^ Porter, Donald (September 2017). "In Vietnam, These Helicopter Scouts Saw Combat Up Close". Air & Space Smithsonian. Air & Space Magazine. ISSN 0886-2257. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  17. ^ Durant and Hartov 2006, pp. 48–49.
  18. ^ Durant and Hartov 2006, p. 56.
  19. ^ Durant and Hartov 2006, p. 57.
  20. ^ "Jane's Aircraft Upgrades, MD Helicopters (Hughes) Model 500 (Military Versions)". 24 November 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  21. ^ "U.S. Navy Fact Sheet TH-6B helicopter". United States Navy. 20 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  22. ^ a b Flightglobal – World Air Forces 2015 "World Air Forces 2015". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  23. ^ "Atlanta Police return to the air". helihub.com. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  24. ^ "Chilton County Sheriff acquires OH-6". helihub.com. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  25. ^ "N911GB". helispot.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  26. ^ "Gainesville Police OH-6A". Demand media. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  27. ^ "Dominican Republic Air Force Unit History". aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  28. ^ "Hughes OH-6A Cayuse DRAF". jetphotos.net. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  29. ^ "Flyvevåbnet 369 HM". Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  30. ^ Schrøder, Hans (1991). "Royal Danish Airforce". Ed. Kay S. Nielsen. Tøjhusmuseet, 1991, p. 1–64. ISBN 87-89022-24-6.
  31. ^ "japanese maritime self defence force OH-6J". Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  32. ^ "JSDMF OH-6J". Demand media. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  33. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1971". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  34. ^ "Historical Aircraft". taiwanairpower.org. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  35. ^ "The last of an old warrior" (PDF). vhpa.org. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  36. ^ "CBP retires the "Loach" after 32 years". helihub.com. October 22, 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  37. ^ "US Navy TH-6B Cayuse". helis.com. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  38. ^ Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1971). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1971-72 (62nd ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. pp. 322–323. ISBN 9780354000949.
  39. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

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