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One form of [[treatment]] for addictive personality is [[cognitive]] behavioral therapy. These treatments help [[patients]] by utilizing coping skills [[training]], [[relapse]] prevention, behavior interventions, family and group treatments, facilitated self-change approaches, and aversion therapy.<ref> Witkiewitz, Katie, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Behavioral Therapy Across The Spectrum." Alcohol Research & Health 33.4 (2010): 313-319. </ref> Other ways cognitive [[therapy]] works and helps is by using positive reinforcement and behavioral modeling.<ref> Witkiewitz, Katie, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Behavioral Therapy Across The Spectrum." Alcohol Research & Health 33.4 (2010): 313-319. </ref> Along with these, other options that help with treating those who suffer with addictive personality include social support, help with goal direction, rewards, enhancing self-efficacy and help teaching coping skills. <ref> Witkiewitz, Katie, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Behavioral Therapy Across The Spectrum." Alcohol Research & Health 33.4 (2010): 313-319. </ref>
One form of [[treatment]] for addictive personality is [[cognitive]] behavioral therapy. These treatments help [[patients]] by utilizing coping skills [[training]], [[relapse]] prevention, behavior interventions, family and group treatments, facilitated self-change approaches, and aversion therapy.<ref> Witkiewitz, Katie, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Behavioral Therapy Across The Spectrum." Alcohol Research & Health 33.4 (2010): 313-319. </ref> Other ways cognitive [[therapy]] works and helps is by using positive reinforcement and behavioral modeling.<ref> Witkiewitz, Katie, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Behavioral Therapy Across The Spectrum." Alcohol Research & Health 33.4 (2010): 313-319. </ref> Along with these, other options that help with treating those who suffer with addictive personality include social support, help with goal direction, rewards, enhancing self-efficacy and help teaching coping skills. <ref> Witkiewitz, Katie, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Behavioral Therapy Across The Spectrum." Alcohol Research & Health 33.4 (2010): 313-319. </ref>


One form of treatment that has been overlooked is self-soothing. People with addictive personality disorders use their [[addictions]] to self-sooth themselves in stressful situations. But because their addictions do not actually self-sooth them, they feel the need to do their addiction more often.<ref> Kissen, Morton. "Increasing Executive and "Self--Soothing" Capacities in the Treatment of Addictive Disorders." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70.3 (2006): 202-209.</ref> For example, a person with [[OCD]] will repetitively do their obsessions and compulsions because they think it will sooth them. So a treatment option for those suffering from addictive personality disorder is for them to learn to self-sooth themselves in stressful situations in a positive manner.<ref> Kissen, Morton. "Increasing Executive and "Self--Soothing" Capacities in the Treatment of Addictive Disorders." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70.3 (2006): 202-209.</ref> This is done through intense therapy, where the therapist needs to be patient in order to help those suffering.<ref> Kissen, Morton. "Increasing Executive and "Self--Soothing" Capacities in the Treatment of Addictive Disorders." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70.3 (2006): 202-209.</ref> The therapist will help the patient overcome their helplessness so that the patient can learn to self-sooth. <ref> Kissen, Morton. "Increasing Executive and "Self--Soothing" Capacities in the Treatment of Addictive Disorders." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70.3 (2006): 202-209.</ref>
One form of treatment that has been overlooked is self-soothing. People with addictive personality disorders use their [[addictions]] to self-sooth themselves in stressful situations. But because their addictions do not actually self-sooth them, they feel the need to do their addiction more often.<ref name=Kissen>Kissen, Morton. "Increasing Executive and "Self--Soothing" Capacities in the Treatment of Addictive Disorders." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70.3 (2006): 202-209.</ref> For example, a person with [[OCD]] will repetitively do their obsessions and compulsions because they think it will sooth them. So a treatment option for those suffering from addictive personality disorder is for them to learn to self-sooth themselves in stressful situations in a positive manner.<ref name=Kissen/> This is done through intense therapy, where the therapist needs to be patient in order to help those suffering.<ref name=Kissen/> The therapist will help the patient overcome their helplessness so that the patient can learn to self-sooth.<ref name=Kissen/>


Another form of treatment that has been considered for people with addictive personalities who tend towards substance abuse is medication. A medication called [[Disulfiram]] was created in 1947. <ref> Kranzler, H. (2006, February). Medications to treat heavy drinking: are we there yet?. Addiction. pp. 153-154. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01324.x. </ref> This pill was used for alcoholics and would cause adverse affects if combined with alcohol. This medication is still used today but two others have been made to help treat alcohol dependence ([[Acamprosate]] and [[Naltrexone]]). <ref> Kranzler, H. (2006, February). Medications to treat heavy drinking: are we there yet?. Addiction. pp. 153-154. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01324.x. </ref> Along with alcohol addictions, Naltrexone is also used for opioid addiction. <ref> Kranzler, H. (2006, February). Medications to treat heavy drinking: are we there yet?. Addiction. pp. 153-154. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01324.x. </ref>
Another form of treatment that has been considered for people with addictive personalities who tend towards substance abuse is medication. A medication called [[Disulfiram]] was created in 1947. <ref> Kranzler, H. (2006, February). Medications to treat heavy drinking: are we there yet?. Addiction. pp. 153-154. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01324.x. </ref> This pill was used for alcoholics and would cause adverse affects if combined with alcohol. This medication is still used today but two others have been made to help treat alcohol dependence ([[Acamprosate]] and [[Naltrexone]]). <ref> Kranzler, H. (2006, February). Medications to treat heavy drinking: are we there yet?. Addiction. pp. 153-154. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01324.x. </ref> Along with alcohol addictions, Naltrexone is also used for opioid addiction. <ref> Kranzler, H. (2006, February). Medications to treat heavy drinking: are we there yet?. Addiction. pp. 153-154. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01324.x. </ref>

Revision as of 11:04, 6 December 2011


An addictive personality refers to a particular set of personality traits that make an individual predisposed to addictions.[1]People who are substance dependent are characterized by: a physical or psychological dependency that negatively impacts the quality of life.[2]They are frequently connected with substance abuse, however, people with addictive personalities are also highly at risk of becoming addicted to: gambling, food, pornography, exercise, work, and even relationships (codependency).[3]People engaged in addictive behavior tend to plan their lives around it. Scientists have been able to better understand addictive personalities as researchers delve further into understanding the chemistry of addiction.[4]Alan R. Lang of Florida State University and author of an addiction study prepared for the National Academy of Sciences said, "If we can better identify the personality factors, they can help us devise better treatment and can open up new strategies to intervene and break the patterns of addiction."[5]

Description

An addictive personality disorder may be defined as a psychological setback that makes a person more susceptible to addictions. This can include anything from drug and alcohol abuse to pornography, gambling, Internet, videogames, food, exercise, work and even relationships with others.[6]Experts describe the spectrum of behaviors designated as addictive in terms of five interrelated concepts which include: patterns, habits, compulsions, impulse control disorders, and physical addiction.[7]An individual is considered to be at the risk of developing such addictions when he/she displays signs of impulsive behavior, nonconformity combined with a weak commitment to the goals for achievement valued by the society, a sense of social alienation, and a sense of heightened stress. [8] Such a person may switch from one addiction to another; or even sustain multiple addictions at different times. [9]

Signs and symptoms

People who are suffering from addictive personality disorder are currently defined to have a "brain disease" as promoted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and other authorities.[10] People with addictive personalities are very much sensitive to stress. They have trouble handling situations that they deem frustrating, even if the event is for a very short duration. They often lack self-esteem and will show impulsive behavior such as excessive caffeine consumption, Internet usage, eating of chocolates or other sugar-laden foods, television watching, or even running. [11]

Extraversion, self-monitoring, and loneliness are also common characteristics found in those who suffer from addiction.[12] Individuals who score high on self-monitoring are more prone to developing an addiction.[13] High self-monitors are sensitive to social situations[14]; they act how they think others expect them to act. All they want to do is fit in, hence they are very easily influenced by others. Likewise, those who have low self-esteem also seek peer-approval, therefore they participate in "attractive" activities such as smoking or drinking to try to fit in.[15]

People suffering from APD find it difficult to manage their stress levels. In fact, lack of stress tolerance is a telltale sign of the disorder. [16] They find it difficult to face stressful situations and fight hard to get out of such conditions. Long-term goals prove difficult to achieve because people with APD usually focus on the stress that comes with getting through the short-term goals. [17] Such personalities will often switch to other enjoyable activities the moment that they are deprived of enjoyment in their previous addiction. [18]

Addictive individuals feel highly insecure when it comes to relationships. They may often find it difficult to make commitments in relationships or trust their beloved because of the difficulty they find in achieving long-term goals. [19] They constantly seek approval of others and as a result, these misunderstandings may contribute to the destruction of relationships. People suffering from addictive personality disorder usually undergo depression and anxiety, managing their emotions by developing addiction to alcohol, other types of drugs, or other pleasurable activities. [20]

Causes of addiction

A large majority of addicts have more than one severe personality disorder. Many addicts have personality disorders like schizophrenia, paranoia, and obssesive compulsive disorder.[21]These personality disorders are not always diagnosable and often times the patients are considered neurotic.[22]An addict's personality is more prone to depression, anxiety, and anger.[23]They also seem to have a biological tendency that makes them more likely to suffer a great deal from stress.[24]Both the addict's environment and biological tendency contribute to how they handle stress.[25]A lot of people with personality disorders have disturbances that make them act the way they do. These disturbances are called unfortunate activating events and adversities.[26]People with very severe personality disorders are more likely to become addicts. Addictive substances usually stop primary and secondary neuroses meaning people with personality disorders like the relief from their pain.[27]People that are diagnosed with both addiction and a personality disorder usually have a more severe addiction because they are so disturbed. [28]

Personality Traits and addiction

Alan R. Lang, a psychology professor at Florida State University, wrote in a study that the continuing search for the personality traits that play a part in the development of addictions are important for the broader fight against addiction.[29] Identifying the different personality traits will help in the long term when it comes to the treatment of addiction, the strategies to intervene, and how to break the pattern of addiction.[30] With addictive tragedies becoming prevalent in communities around the nation scientists are asking questions about the aspects of psychological makeup and how they contribute to addiction.[31]They also want to know if there are common threads that are in all addictions, from hard drugs to cigarettes and from gambling to overeating.[32]Through the information that already exists on the personality's role in addictions, with a lot of emphasis on drugs and alcohol, a study from the National Academy of Sciences says that there is no single set of psychological characteristics that pertain to all addictions.[33] The study did show however, that there are common elements between all addictions.[34]

Common forms of addictive behavior

Substance Addiction

One form of addiction is substance addiction. This is different from substance abuse in that abuse of a substance is not really definable while substance addiction is a behavioral addiction where there is an overwhelming involvement with the use and buying of drugs or alcohol.[35] It is a mental dependance or addiction to a substance but not a physical addiction although it can lead to a physical addiction in the end. [36]

Gambling

Another common addiction that may attract those with addictive personalities is gambling. When an addict behaves mindlessly and irresponsibly while gambling, it can grow to be a bigger problem. A gambler with an addictive personality goes through three stages. [37] The first is the "winning phase" in which the person can still control his or her own behavior. Second comes the "losing phase" where the individual starts to gamble alone, borrowing cash and gambling large sums of money compiling debt which he or she may not be able to pay off. Finally, the "desperation phase" of the addictive behavior gambler is when the person takes further risks, may engage in illegal loans and activities and even experience depression or attempt suicide. [38]

Eating Disorders

Addictive personality behaviors even include eating disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia and compulsive overeating.[39] There are many external factors that also contribute to disordered eating behavior, but for some it can develop into a pathology quite similar to addiction. Those with anorexia nervosa channel their success into this one goal: losing weight. Once a person starts dieting, it is very difficult for him or her to quit. This is similarly true for those suffering from bulimia. A person is said to have bulimia when he or she binges on large amounts of food and then prevents absorption by purging (laxatives, vomiting, water pills, etc.). [40] With compulsive eating, the person has a compulsive urge or craving to eat and will eat even when not hungry. This addictive behavior often results in obesity.[41]

Compulsive Buying

Another form of addictive personality is compulsive buying disorder. Compulsive buying is different from regular consumers and different from hoarding because it is about the process of buying. [42]It is not about the items bought. In fact, these items are usually never used and are just put away.[43] They are only boughten purely for the sake of buying. People who are addicted to buying describe it as a high or say that it gives them a buzz.[44] Often, when someone suffering from this is depressed, they will go out and buy items to make themselves feel better. However, compulsive buying obviously has some negative affects. Such as financial debt, psychological issues, and interpersonal and marital conflict.[45] To those who suffer from compulsive buying, to them, the act is the same as using a drug. [46]

People who suffer from compulsive buying usually suffer from another disorder. One study found that 20% of compulsive buyers also suffer from an eating disorder.[47] Other disorders that go hand in hand include mood disorders, depression, and anxiety. Compulsive buying causes these psychological problems because sufferers become dependent and addicted to it. [48] Compulsive buying puts the person in a positive mood at the time. But afterwards, the person feels intense guilt and anxiety of their purchases.[49] Treatment for compulsive buying, at this point in time, only includes cognitive behavioral therapy. [50] One way to prevent compulsive buying is education. One study found that adolescents who have taken a class or course about financial education and planning were less likely to impulsively buy products. [51] This is a trend that could eventually lead to compulsive buying.

Cell Phone Use

Addictive personality, as mentioned throughout the article, does not just pertain to alcohol or drug abuse. Another form of addictive personality is problematic cell phone use. A recent study indicates that people who are addicted to their cell phones share common traits with those who suffer from an addictive personality.[52] Characteristics such as self-monitoring, low self-esteem, and peer approval-motivation are commonly found in those who are addicted to their cell phones as well as those who suffer from any other addiction such as alcoholism.[53] Despite personality characteristics leading to addictive tendencies, cell phones themselves can partly be blamed for causing addiction. Improvements in cell phones such as GPS, music players, cameras, web browsing, and e-mail can make them an indispensable instrument to an individual.[54] Technological advancements reinforce the over-attachment people have to their cell phones, thus contributing to addictive personality. [55]

Internet and Computer Use

A more recent addiction that is being looked into is internet addiction. This addiction has become more prevalent in younger generations as computer technologies are advancing. [56] Internet addiction is also known as pathological Internet use. [57] When people suffer from internet addiction they find they have an inability to control their use of the Internet. This can lead to psychological, social, school and/or work difficulties for the addict. [58] Those addicted to the internet may be drawn to social networking sites, online games or other sites online. Symptoms of this addiction have been described as the following: mood changes, excessive time spent online, perceived social control while online, withdrawal when away from the computer, and perceived social benefits while online as well as other internet related signs. [59]

Tanning

Another form of behavior that is still being investigated is obsessive sun tanning as a behavioral addiction. In a recent study, researchers have proved that many frequent tanners demonstrate signs and symptoms adapted from substance abuse or dependence criteria.[60] Many people who admit to being frequent tanners say they tan to look good, feel good, and to relax.[61] People who partake in excessive tanning are usually completely aware of the health risks associated with it, just like addicted smokers are completely aware of the health risks of smoking.[62] The health hazards are even more severe for high-risk age groups such as teenagers and young adults.[63] Due to the fact that the health risks do not deter tanners from their habit, they are exhibiting self-destructive behavior that resembles the characteristics of those who suffer from substance abuse. [64]

Frequent tanners have said a primary reason why they participate in artificial tanning is to experience the "feel good" feeling tanning salons have to offer.[65] Researchers have found that ultraviolet (UV) radiation from tanning beds offers mood-enhancing effects that act as a treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD).[66] SAD is when a person exhibits minor depression during seasonal changes, such as during the winter months.[67] Ultraviolet radiation has been proven to increase the level of melatonin in the body. Melatonin plays a key role in sleep patterns and is suggested to reduce anxiety levels.[68] Thus, those who go tanning experience a sense of relaxation afterwards. This sensation is what possibly drives tanners to continue tanning regardless of the health risks. More research needs to be done, but many researchers are beginning to add tanning to the list of addictive processes. [69]

Exercise

We all know the benefits exercise provides for our bodies, but to some people, the benefits turn into health hazards. To some exercisers, rigorous physical activity becomes the central aspect of their lives. When a preoccupation with exercise has become routine, a person is considered addicted to exercise or exercise dependent.[70] A study done shows why people may become addicted to exercise, especially running. One of the reasons people become addicted to exercise is because of the release of mood-enhancing chemicals known as endorphins.[71] Endorphins increase the sensation of pleasure, which is why people feel good about themselves after they exercise. Endorphins are also responsible for the "runner's high."[72] Those who suffer from exercise addiction will go through physical and emotional withdrawals in the absence of exercise, just like a person who is addicted to other substances, such as drugs or alcohol.[73] The findings in this study conclude that there is a link between negative addiction to running and interpersonal difficulties, which is common in other addictive behaviors as well.[74]

Neurotic addictions

When a person is a "normal neurotic," it is considered to be different from a personality addiction because they have less adversities and their addictions stem from different causes. [75] Their addiction is based off their belief system that they must perform well, live a comfortable life, and be loved. They feel they need a substance to give them relieve or distract them from their pain. [76] They are almost child-like in their demands for a substance and when their demands lead to disturbances the neurotic will insist they are not disturbed. Normal neurotics are less likely to become addicts than people with a personality disorder and have an easier time getting over their addiction. [77]

Leadership related to addictive personality

When people are seeking a leader they look for qualities like honesty, intelligence, creativity, and charisma, but a leader also needs to be driven and be willing to challenge certain ideas and practices.[78]The fact is that the psychological profile of a great leader is a compulsive risk-taker. It has been realized, that what we seek in leaders is often the same kind of personality found in addicts, whether they are addicted to alcohol, drugs, or sex.[79] The reason that this connection exists is because pleasure is a motivator that is central to learning. Dopamine can be artificially created by substances that carry a risk for addiction, like cocaine, heroin, nicotine or alcohol. People with risk-taking and obsessive personality traits, that are often found in addicts, can be useful in becoming a leader.[80]For many leaders, it is not the case that they are able to do well in spite of their addiction rather, the same brain wiring and chemistry that make them addicts serve them well in becoming a good leader. [81]

Treatment

One form of treatment for addictive personality is cognitive behavioral therapy. These treatments help patients by utilizing coping skills training, relapse prevention, behavior interventions, family and group treatments, facilitated self-change approaches, and aversion therapy.[82] Other ways cognitive therapy works and helps is by using positive reinforcement and behavioral modeling.[83] Along with these, other options that help with treating those who suffer with addictive personality include social support, help with goal direction, rewards, enhancing self-efficacy and help teaching coping skills. [84]

One form of treatment that has been overlooked is self-soothing. People with addictive personality disorders use their addictions to self-sooth themselves in stressful situations. But because their addictions do not actually self-sooth them, they feel the need to do their addiction more often.[85] For example, a person with OCD will repetitively do their obsessions and compulsions because they think it will sooth them. So a treatment option for those suffering from addictive personality disorder is for them to learn to self-sooth themselves in stressful situations in a positive manner.[85] This is done through intense therapy, where the therapist needs to be patient in order to help those suffering.[85] The therapist will help the patient overcome their helplessness so that the patient can learn to self-sooth.[85]

Another form of treatment that has been considered for people with addictive personalities who tend towards substance abuse is medication. A medication called Disulfiram was created in 1947. [86] This pill was used for alcoholics and would cause adverse affects if combined with alcohol. This medication is still used today but two others have been made to help treat alcohol dependence (Acamprosate and Naltrexone). [87] Along with alcohol addictions, Naltrexone is also used for opioid addiction. [88] Although these medications have proven results in decreasing heavy drinking, doctors still have to consider the patients' health when prescribing these medications because it may be healthier for a patient to be on an anti-depressant or some other medication. [89]

References

  1. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  2. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  3. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  4. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  5. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  6. ^ Benedict-Mason, Stephen. "The Addictive Personality." Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. Web. 31 March 2010.
  7. ^ Benedict-Mason, Stephen. "The Addictive Personality." Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. Web. 31 March 2010.
  8. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  9. ^ Benedict-Mason, Stephen. "The Addictive Personality." Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. Web. 31 March 2010.
  10. ^ Addictive Behaviors. Ed. G. Alan Marlatt and Katie Witkiewitz. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2009. Print.
  11. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  12. ^ "Addictive Personality and Problematic Mobile Phone Use." "CyberPsychology & Behavior." 12.5 (2009) Print. Ellis, A. (1998). Addictive Behaviors and Personality Disorders. Social Policy, 29(2), 25-30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  13. ^ "Addictive Personality and Problematic Mobile Phone Use." "CyberPsychology & Behavior." 12.5 (2009) Print. Ellis, A. (1998). Addictive Behaviors and Personality Disorders. Social Policy, 29(2), 25-30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  14. ^ "Addictive Personality and Problematic Mobile Phone Use." "CyberPsychology & Behavior." 12.5 (2009) Print. Ellis, A. (1998). Addictive Behaviors and Personality Disorders. Social Policy, 29(2), 25-30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  15. ^ "Addictive Personality and Problematic Mobile Phone Use." "CyberPsychology & Behavior." 12.5 (2009) Print. Ellis, A. (1998). Addictive Behaviors and Personality Disorders. Social Policy, 29(2), 25-30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  16. ^ Benedict-Mason, Stephen. "The Addictive Personality." Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. Web. 31 March 2010.
  17. ^ Benedict-Mason, Stephen. "The Addictive Personality." Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. Web. 31 March 2010.
  18. ^ Benedict-Mason, Stephen. "The Addictive Personality." Psychology Today. N.p., 14 March 2009. Web. 31 March 2010.
  19. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  20. ^ Nelson, Bryce. "The Addictive Personality: Common Traits Are Found." The New York Times. N.p., 18 January 1983. Web. 31 March 2010.
  21. ^ Ellis, A. (1998). Addictive Behaviors and Personality Disorders. Social Policy, 29(2), 25-30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
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  33. ^ Nelson, B. (1983, Jan 18). The addictive personality: Common traits are found. New York Times, pp. C.1-C.1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/424521921?accountid=10244
  34. ^ Nelson, B. (1983, Jan 18). The addictive personality: Common traits are found. New York Times, pp. C.1-C.1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/424521921?accountid=10244
  35. ^ Jaffe, J. H. (2011). Drug Addiction and Abuse. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from Grolier Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0133310-00
  36. ^ Jaffe, J. H. (2011). Drug Addiction and Abuse. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from Grolier Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0133310-00
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  40. ^ Engs, Ruth C. "The Addictive Process and Addictive Behaviors." Addictive Behaviors. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 March 2010.
  41. ^ Engs, Ruth C. "The Addictive Process and Addictive Behaviors." Addictive Behaviors. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 March 2010.
  42. ^ Lejoyeux, Michel, and Aviv Weinstein. "Compulsive Buying." American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 36.5 (2010): 248-253.
  43. ^ Lejoyeux, Michel, and Aviv Weinstein. "Compulsive Buying." American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 36.5 (2010): 248-253.
  44. ^ Lejoyeux, Michel, and Aviv Weinstein. "Compulsive Buying." American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 36.5 (2010): 248-253.
  45. ^ Lejoyeux, Michel, and Aviv Weinstein. "Compulsive Buying." American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 36.5 (2010): 248-253.
  46. ^ Lejoyeux, Michel, and Aviv Weinstein. "Compulsive Buying." American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 36.5 (2010): 248-253.
  47. ^ Chien-Wen, Lai. "How Financial Attitudes And Practices Influence The Impulsive Buying Behavior Of College And University Students." Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 38.3 (2010): 373-380.
  48. ^ Chien-Wen, Lai. "How Financial Attitudes And Practices Influence The Impulsive Buying Behavior Of College And University Students." Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 38.3 (2010): 373-380.
  49. ^ Chien-Wen, Lai. "How Financial Attitudes And Practices Influence The Impulsive Buying Behavior Of College And University Students." Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 38.3 (2010): 373-380.
  50. ^ Lejoyeux, Michel, and Aviv Weinstein. "Compulsive Buying." American Journal Of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 36.5 (2010): 248-253.
  51. ^ Chien-Wen, Lai. "How Financial Attitudes And Practices Influence The Impulsive Buying Behavior Of College And University Students." Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 38.3 (2010): 373-380.
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External links

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