Illyria: Difference between revisions
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After the province of [[Illyricum]] was divided into [[Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]] in [[10]], the terms "Illyria" and "Illyrian" would generally go out of use, but would still be used in some circles. The name ''Illyria'' was revived by [[Napoleon]] for the '[[Illyrian provinces|Provinces of Illyria]]' that were incorporated into the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] from [[1809]] to [[1813]], and the [[Kingdom of Illyria]] was part of [[Austria]] until [[1849]], after which time it was not used in the reorganised [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The adjective "Illyrian" was also used in political and literary circles during the 19th century Balkan nationalist movements to describe Pan-Slavic ideas of unification and independence from Hungarian, Austrian and other foreign powers. |
After the province of [[Illyricum]] was divided into [[Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia]] in [[10]], the terms "Illyria" and "Illyrian" would generally go out of use, but would still be used in some circles. The name ''Illyria'' was revived by [[Napoleon]] for the '[[Illyrian provinces|Provinces of Illyria]]' that were incorporated into the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] from [[1809]] to [[1813]], and the [[Kingdom of Illyria]] was part of [[Austria]] until [[1849]], after which time it was not used in the reorganised [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The adjective "Illyrian" was also used in political and literary circles during the 19th century Balkan nationalist movements to describe Pan-Slavic ideas of unification and independence from Hungarian, Austrian and other foreign powers. |
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==Illyrians as Albanians== |
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A big part of scholars consider the Illyrians as the ancestors of the modern Albanians<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042146/Illyrian-language</ref>. |
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In drama and literature Illyria can be a half-fictional country, e.g., in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Twelfth Night (play)|Twelfth Night]]'', [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s ''[[Les Mains Sales]]'' and in [[Lloyd Alexander]]'s ''The Illyrian Adventure'' ISBN 0-14-130313-1. |
In drama and literature Illyria can be a half-fictional country, e.g., in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Twelfth Night (play)|Twelfth Night]]'', [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s ''[[Les Mains Sales]]'' and in [[Lloyd Alexander]]'s ''The Illyrian Adventure'' ISBN 0-14-130313-1. |
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Revision as of 11:46, 16 March 2008
Illyria | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 380s BC–168 BC | |||||||||
 Illyrian tribes in the 3rd century BC | |||||||||
| Capital | Scodra | ||||||||
| Common languages | Illyrian language | ||||||||
| Religion | Polytheism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Historical era | Classical Antiquity | ||||||||
• Established | 380s BC | ||||||||
• Conquered by the Roman conquest | 168 BC | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Illyria (Ancient Greek Ἰλλυρία; Latin Illyria [1]; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula, founded by the tribes and clans of Illyrians, an ancient people who spoke the Illyrian languages. In Greek mythology, Illyrius was the son of Cadmus and Harmonia who eventually ruled Illyria and become the eponymous ancestor of the whole Illyrian people. [2] The delineation[3][4] of ancient Illyria can pose a problem to historians, since before the Roman conquest the Illyrians were not unified into an Illyrian kingdom, and Illyria's borders before Rome are not always clear. For example, the Dalmatae, though classed as an Illyrian tribe by language, were only subject to the kingdom of Illyria for a short time and soon defected during the reign of King Gentius.
In the first decades under Byzantine rule (until 461), Illyria suffered the devastation of raids by Visigoths, Huns, and Ostrogoths. Not long after these barbarian invaders swept through the Balkans, the Slavs appeared. Between the 6th and 8th centuries they settled in Illyrian territories and proceeded to assimilate Illyrian tribes in much of what is now Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia.
Illyrian kingdom
For the subsequent Roman period of Illyrian history, see Illyricum (Roman province).
The Illyrian king, Bardyllis[5] turned Illyria into a formidable local power in the 4th century BC. The main cities of the Illyrian kingdom were Scodra (present-day Shkodra, Albania) and Rhizon (present-day Risan, Montenegro). In 359 BC, King Perdiccas III of Macedon was killed[6] by attacking Illyrians.
But in 358 BC, Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, defeated the Illyrians[7] and assumed control of their territory as far as Lake Ohrid. Alexander himself routed the forces of the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus the Illyrian in 335 BC, and Illyrian tribal leaders and soldiers accompanied Alexander on his conquest of Persia.
After Alexander's death in 323 BC, independent Illyrian kingdoms again arose. In 312 BC, King Glaukias seized Epidamnus. By the end of the 3rd century BC, an Illyrian kingdom based in Scodra controlled parts of northern Albania, Montenegro, and Herzegovina. Under Queen Teuta[8], Illyrians attacked Roman merchant vessels plying the Adriatic Sea and gave Rome an excuse to invade[9] the Balkans. In the Illyrian Wars of 229 BC and 219 BC, Rome overran the Illyrian settlements in the Neretva river valley and suppressed the piracy that had made the Adriatic unsafe. In 180 BC, the Dalmatians declared themselves independent of the Illyrian king Gentius, who kept his capital at Scodra. The Romans defeated Gentius, the last king of Illyria, at Scodra in 168 BC and captured him, bringing him to Rome in 165 BC. Four client-republics were set up, which were in fact ruled by Rome. Later, the region was directly governed by Rome and organized as a province, with Scodra as its capital
Religion
The Illyrian town of Rhizon (Risan, Montenegro) had its own protector called Medauras[10], depicted as carrying a lance and riding on horseback. Human sacrifice[11] also played a role in the lives of the Illyrians. The ancient historian Arrian records the chieftain Cleitus the Illyrian sacrificing three boys, three girls and three rams just before his battle with Alexander the Great. The most common type of burial among the Iron Age Illyrians was tumulus or mound burial. The kin of the first tumuli was buried around that, and the higher the status of those in these burials the higher the mound. Archaeology has found many artifacts placed within these tumuli such as weapons, ornaments, garments and clay vessels. Illyrians believed these items were necessary for a dead person's journey into the afterlife.
Legacy
After the province of Illyricum was divided into Dalmatia and Pannonia in 10, the terms "Illyria" and "Illyrian" would generally go out of use, but would still be used in some circles. The name Illyria was revived by Napoleon for the 'Provinces of Illyria' that were incorporated into the French Empire from 1809 to 1813, and the Kingdom of Illyria was part of Austria until 1849, after which time it was not used in the reorganised Austro-Hungarian Empire. The adjective "Illyrian" was also used in political and literary circles during the 19th century Balkan nationalist movements to describe Pan-Slavic ideas of unification and independence from Hungarian, Austrian and other foreign powers.
Illyrians as Albanians
A big part of scholars consider the Illyrians as the ancestors of the modern Albanians[12].
In drama and literature Illyria can be a half-fictional country, e.g., in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Mains Sales and in Lloyd Alexander's The Illyrian Adventure ISBN 0-14-130313-1.
See also
- Illyrian Warfare
- History of the Balkans
- Roman province of Illyricum
- Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
- Diocese of Illyricum
- Illyrian provinces
- Kingdom of Illyria
References
- ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary at Perseus, Illyria
- ^ Apollodorus, III, 61
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 183,"... We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians. ..."
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 81,"... " In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of the Colapis (Kulpa) valley were Illyrians ( ..."
- ^ Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon, 1990, p. 180, ISBN 0691008809. Amyntas had barely seized the throne in 394/3 when he found his kingdom under attack by a powerful Illyrian force, probably led by Bardylis, king of the Dardanii.
- ^ Orrieux, Claude. A History Of Ancient Greece, 1999, p. 256, ISBN-10: 0631203095. Perdiccas III (368-359) tried to reconquer upper Macedonia from the Illyrians under Bardylis, but the expedition ended in disaster, with the king killed.
- ^ Woodward, B. B. Encyclopedia of Great Events, Places and Personalities, 1993, p. 175, ISBN-10: 8185066574. "BARDYLIS, king of, defeated and killed by Philip of Macedonia, 359 - CLEITUS, his son, revolts from Alexander and is subdued.
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, ISBN 0631198075,page 129,"... mainly because no coins are known to have been issued by Illyrian rulers of a later period such as Agron, Teuta, Scerdilaidas, etc. ..."
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075.,page,Page 189,"... These were the true causes for the war, but for public consumption it was the insult to Roman ambassadors. This was not to be the only occasion a Roman army was sent across the Adriatic for battle practice. ..."
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075.,page 247, "... the short cloak streaming out behind. The Illyrian town Rhizon (Risinium) on the Gulf of Kotor had its protective deity Medaurus, ..."
- ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075.,page123,"The Macedonians arrived before Glaucias and the Taulantii but the Illyrians, having sacrificed three boys, three girls and three black rams, made as if to attack"
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042146/Illyrian-language
Sources
- Wilkes, John (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford: Blackwell Press. ISBN 0-631-14671-7.
