Macro-haplogroup L

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Haplogroup L
Time of origin 151,600–233,600 YBP[1]
Place of origin Eastern Africa[2]
Descendants L0, L1-6

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L represent the African mitochondrial descent for all humanity. It is a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) macro-haplogroup typical for populations in Sub-Saharan Africa and its origin is connected with mitochondrial Eve, and thus with the African origin of modern humans. L is a paragroup because it gave rise to M and N macro-haplogroups, which represent the out of Africa migration.

Origin

Studies of human mitochondrial (mt) DNA genomes demonstrate that the root of the human phylogenetic tree occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. The data suggest that Tanzanians have high genetic diversity and possess ancient mtDNA haplogroups, some of which are either rare or absent in other regions of Africa. A large and diverse human population has persisted in eastern Africa and that region may have been an ancient source of dispersion of modern humans both within and outside of Africa.[2]

Mitochondrial Eve is the ancestor of this macro-haplogroup and she is estimated to have lived approximately 190,000 years ago.[1]

Distribution

Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA) composition within Africa. Approximate frequencies in North Africa,[3][4] West Africa,[3] native Central Africans (Bi-Aka, Ba-Kola and Ba-Mbuti Pygmies),[5] native Southern Africans (!Xung, !Kung and Khwe khoisans),[6][5] Southeast Africa (Mozambique),[7] East Africa[8][4][5] and Horn of Africa (Ethiopia).[9][4]

L haplogroups are predominant all over sub-Saharan Africa; L is at 96-100%, apart from spreading areas of Afroasiatic languages, where it is lower. Low frequencies in North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East and Europe.

Clades

L (mtEve) 

 L0

 

 L1

 

 L5

 

 L2

 

 L6

 
 

 L4

 L3 
 

M

N

References

  1. ^ a b Soares, Pedro (04 Jun 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Society of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 82–93. PMID 19500773 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. Retrieved 2009-08-13. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b Gonder, Mary Katherine et al. 2006, Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(3):757-768; doi:10.1093/molbev/msl209
  3. ^ a b Rosa A. et al. 2004, MtDNA Profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a Better Understanding of the Senegambia Region.
  4. ^ a b c Abu-Amero, K. et al. 2008, Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:45
  5. ^ a b c Tishkoff, Sarah et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
  6. ^ Yu-Sheng Chen et al. 1999, mtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 April; 66(4): 1362–1383.
  7. ^ Salas, Antonio et al. 2002, The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 November; 71(5): 1082–1111.
  8. ^ Anderson, Sadie 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation.
  9. ^ Kivisild, T. et al. 2004, Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears. AJHG 75, 5, 752-770

External links


Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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