Mount Greylock

Coordinates: 42°38′13″N 73°09′57″W / 42.63704°N 73.16593°W / 42.63704; -73.16593
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Mount Greylock
Mt. Greylock seen from the West
Highest point
Elevation3,489 ft (1,063 m) NAVD 88[1]
Prominence2,463 ft (751 m)[2]
ListingU.S. state high point 31st
New England Fifty Finest 17th
Coordinates42°38′13″N 73°09′57″W / 42.63704°N 73.16593°W / 42.63704; -73.16593[1]
Geography
Parent rangeTaconic Mountains[3][4][5]
Geology
Age of rockOrdovician, Taconic orogeny
Mountain typethrust fault
Climbing
Easiest routeCheshire Harbor Trail[6]
Mount Greylock Summit Historic District
LocationJct. of Notch, Rockwell, and Summit Rds., Adams, Massachusetts
Area1,200 acres (490 ha)[8]
Built1830
ArchitectMaginnis and Walsh; Vance, Joseph MacArthur, et al.
Architectural styleBungalow/Craftsman, Classical Revival
NRHP reference No.98000349[7]
Added to NRHPApril 20, 1998

Mount Greylock in northwest Massachusetts is the highest point in the state at 3,489 feet (1,063 meters). The peak played a small role in early American literature, and is part of the Taconic Mountains, which are geologically distinct from the nearby Berkshires and Green Mountains. Expansive views and a small area of sub-alpine or "boreal" forest characterize its upper reaches. The mountain is traversed by a seasonal automobile road, passing near the summit and its 1932 Veterans War Memorial Tower. Several hiking trails cross the summit area, including the Appalachian Trail. In 1898, Mount Greylock State Reservation was created as public land for forest preservation.[9]

Geography

Mount Greylock is part of an 11-mile-long (18 km) massif near the Hoosac River, which hooks around the mountain's footings on the east and north. The summit of Mount Greylock is in Adams, Massachusetts, but parts of this massif, or "Greylock Range," extend into Cheshire, Lanesborough, New Ashford, North Adams and Williamstown. Various summits include Saddle Ball Mountain, also Mount Fitch and others.

A view of the Mount Greylock Range from South Williamstown (from the west). The Hopper, a cirque, is centered below the summit.

The peak stands about 2,000 feet (610 meters) above its local footings in the Hoosac Valley. From the summit, sight lines of up to 72 mi (116 km) are possible.[10][11]

A watershed divide between the Hudson and Housatonic rivers crosses the southern part of the massif near Lanesborough, although Greylock is mostly drained by the Hudson Basin via the Hoosic River. [12][13]

Forests and birds

Red spruce on Mount Greylock
New England aster on Mount Greylock

The mountain is heavily forested although in the 19th century, trees had been largely eliminated. Northern hardwood forest characterize lower and mid-elevations, while upper slopes are dominated by boreal balsam fir and red spruce as well as American mountain ash. About 555 acres (225 hectares) of old growth forest on the mountain have been inventoried. The steep western slopes (which include The Hopper) contain northern hardwood specimens up to 350 years old. Also on the western slope was a 120-foot-tall (37 m) red spruce.[14][15]

Mount Greylock is designated as an important bird area with purported records of 132 bird species. These include certain birds that breed exclusively in boreal forest, i.e. the blackpoll warbler and Bicknell's thrush, which have limited opportunities elsewhere in Massachusetts.[16]

Geology

Mount Greylock is part of the much larger Taconic Allochthon, a structure that migrated to its present position from 25 miles to the east [17]. The rocks moved via thrust faulting, a tectonic process by which older rock is thrust up and above younger rock.[18]

More narrowly, the local massif is mostly "Greylock Schist," a term used by geologists starting in 1891 until more recently, although the age of these rocks had been uncertain into the 1960s. [19] This Ordovician-era schist is about 1,000 to 2,000 feet thick on Greylock and "consists of muscovite (sericite), chlorite, and quartz schist." It lies above a formation called "Bellows Pipe limestone."[20] This younger, underlying marble bedrock layer has been quarried in the lower slopes of the mountain.

Glaciology

In the most recent ("pleistocene") ice age, glaciation rounded the mountain, carving out the U-shaped, dead-end valleys that form "The Hopper" on Greylock's western slope, and leaving glacial erratics such as "Balanced Rock" on Greylock in Lanesborough.[21].[10][22]

Geologists (2018) interested the rate of Pleistocene de-glaciation of the region used Surface Exposure Dating which offered data in support of a rapid melting rate in New England, relative to earlier estimates. [23][23] The Laurentide Ice Sheet had covered the region with ice up to a depth of one kilometer (or 3,281 feet).

Nomenclature

The mountain was known to 18th century English colonists as Grand Hoosuc(k). Timothy Dwight IV referred to it as "Saddle Mountain" in his travel memoir accounts of several trips in the area during the late 18th century [24] . In the early 19th century it was called Saddleback Mountain because of its appearance (Saddle Ball, the name of the peak to the south, still reflects this).[25] The present name "Greylock" probably originated with Williams College Professor Albert Hopkins (1807-1872) or another local professor of the same era, according to one 1988 source.[26] The authors noted that the peak's namesake, the Native American Gray Lock[25](c. 1670–1750) was an Abenaki from near Westfield, Mass. and known for guerrilla raids against English colonists near the Connecticut River.[27]

According to a 1838 journal entry, Nathaniel Hawthorne (posthumously published 1868) heard a local resident calling it "Graylock." Hawthorne added that Saddleback "is a more usual name for it." Elsewhere Hawthorne simply called it Graylock.[28]

As of 1841, Edward Hitchcock's authoritative "Final Report" on state geology called the entire massif "Saddle Mountain" and "the highest point of the summit" according to Hitchcock was called "Graylock."[29]

Historic District

Three structures on the mountain contribute to the 1930s "Mount Greylock Summit Historic District," which is part of the National Register of Historic Places as of 1998 [7] These are the Massachusetts Veterans War Memorial Tower, Bascom Lodge and the Thunderbolt Ski Shelter. Together, these 1930s structures' cultural significance and examples of Civilian Conservation Corps-period park structures were cited in the register.

Bascom Lodge

Bascom Lodge and Saddle Ball Mountain looking southwest from the War Memorial Tower

Bascom Lodge was built between 1932 and 1938 using native materials of Greylock schist and red spruce.[30] Designed by Pittsfield architect, Joseph McArthur Vance, it displays the rustic architectural design of period park structures. The Greylock Commission had desired to rebuild a more substantial shelter for visitors and hikers to the summit after the previous summit house (built c.1902) burned down in 1929. The initial west wing was constructed in 1932 by Jules Emil Deloye, Jr. The main-central and east wings were completed later 1935-38 by the Civilian Conservation Corps, supervised by Deloye. The lodge was named in honor of John Bascom, a Greylock Reservation Commissioner and Williams College professor, who argued for the construction of the lodge.[31]

For the winter of 1937-38, the Greylock Commission hired Harrison L. Lasuer to spend the season living in the lodge "to act as host to skiers and other Winter enthusiasts who scale the mountain." [32]. The building was equipped with "steam heat, electricity and a telephone." A ski race that year attracted 7,000 spectators, mainly near the base of the mountain (See ref. in "Thunderbolt' segment)

Today, Bascom Lodge is run by the Bascom Lodge Group, in partnership with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation's Historic Curatorship Program.[33]

Thunderbolt Ski Shelter, Trail and Ski Race

Snowboarders ascending near the Needles Eye on the Thunderbolt, January 2015

The Thunderbolt Ski Shelter, also designed by Joseph McArthur Vance, was built in 1940 by the Civilian Conservation Corps to principally serve as a warming hut for skiers using the Thunderbolt Trail.[34] Also rustic in design and built of stone and wood beams, the interior has four wooden benches built into a large four hearth fireplace in the center.

Although Bascomb Lodge reportedly had a winter innkeeper in 1938 (see above citation), the 1940 introduction of the nearby ski shelter may have made locking the lodge less inconvenient during ski events.

The ski trail was used for numerous competitive downhill ski races fron 1935 to 1948.[35] As of 1940, the record [36]for the 1.4-mile course was about 2 minutes, 25 seconds, set by Fritz Dehmel of Nazi Germany's University of Munich in a 1938 race attended by 7,000 spectators. [37] During this event, Dick Durrance placed fifth.

The Thunderbolt ski race was revived in 2010 and in certain subsequent years.[38] but conditions have disrupted some of the races or forced them to relocated to snow-machine served commercial ski areas. In 2018, organizing group decided to "pause its commitment to an annual race,"[39] and are now holding the race at less frequent intervals. [40] Separately, a landslide area on the eastern face of Greylock was reportedly skied in 2005 [41]

Veterans War Memorial Tower

Veterans War Memorial Tower

The Veterans War Memorial Tower was approved by the state legislature in October 1930, supported by Senator Theodore Plunkett of Adams and Governor Frank G. Allen. It was designed by Boston-based architects Maginnis & Walsh, and built by contractors J.G. Roy & Son of Springfield in 1931–32 at a cost of $200,000.[42] It takes the form of a perpetually lighted beacon to honor the state's dead from World War I (and subsequent conflicts). The light was at the time the strongest beacon in Massachusetts, with a nighttime visible range of up to 70 miles.[43] The architectural design of the tower, a 93-foot-tall (28 m) shaft with eight frieze-framed observation openings, was intended to have no suggestion of Utilitarianism but instead to display classic austerity. It includes some minor Art Deco details such as the decorative eagle on the base which were designed in part by John Bizzozero of Quincy, Massachusetts [Bizzozero also designed details on the Vermont Capitol building]. Inside it is a domed chamber for a reverential shine that was intended to store tablets and war relics from wartime units in the state's history.[44]

Although local legislators and residents advocated for local stone to be used, it was ultimately quarried from Quincy Granite. In part, it bears the inscription "they were faithful even unto death." One of the inscriptions inside the monument is, "Of those immortal dead who live again in the minds made better by their presence", which is a line from a poem by George Eliot. The translucent globe of light on top, originally illuminated by twelve 1,500 watt lights (now six), is said to be visible at night for 70 mi (110 km). The formal dedication ceremony on June 30, 1933, by Governor Joseph B. Ely was attended by about 1,500 and broadcast nationally over NBC radio.[45]

Renovations due to persistent water infiltration, August 2016

The Veterans War Memorial Tower was closed in 2013 due to the tower's long-standing problem with water infiltration, which caused structural damage to the granite stonework. During colder months when moisture freezes, it expands in the cracks. According to the state Department of Conservation and Recreation, a $2.6 million restoration project was awarded to Allegrone Construction of Pittsfield that began in August 2015. The Memorial was rededicated by Gov. Charlie Baker and reopened to the public on July 26, 2017.[46]

Broadcast tower

One radio and one television station transmit from a broadcast tower below the summit on the west side: WAMC (90.3 Albany, New York); and W38DL (38 Adams, Massachusetts) (repeater of WNYT-TV). A NOAA Weather Radio station (WWF-48, 162.525 MHz) broadcasts from a different tower on the mountain.[47] The Northern Berkshire Amateur Radio Club runs several amateur radio repeaters on the mountain under the callsign K1FFK.[48]

History

In American Literature

Herman Melville

By the mid-19th century, improved transportation into the region attracted many visitors to Greylock. Among them were writers and artists inspired by the mountain scene: Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Cullen Bryant, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Herman Melville, and Henry David Thoreau.[49]

In the summer of 1838, Hawthorne had visited North Adams, Massachusetts, and climbed Mount Greylock several times. His experiences there, specifically a walk he took at midnight where he saw a burning lime kiln, inspired his story, originally titled "The Unpardonable Sin".[50] Hawthorne had not written tales since 1844 when he wrote "Ethan Brand" in the winter of 1848–1849.[51]

Melville is said to have taken part of his inspiration for Moby-Dick from the view of the mountain from his house Arrowhead in Pittsfield, since its snow-covered profile reminded him of a great white sperm whale's back breaking the ocean's surface.[52] Melville dedicated his next novel, Pierre, to "Greylock's Most Excellent Majesty", calling the mountain "my own ... sovereign lord and king". In August 1851 Melville and a few friends, including the young poet Sarah Morewood, camped for a night on Greylock's summit.[53] Thoreau summited and spent a night in July 1844. His account of this event in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers described his approach up what is today the Bellows Pipe Trail. Scholars contend that this Greylock experience transformed him, affirming his ability to do these excursions on his own, following his brother John's death; and served as a prelude to his experiment of rugged individualism at Walden Pond the following year in 1845.[54]

Yale University president Timothy Dwight IV climbed the mountain in 1799

Timothy Dwight IV, a once-famed poet and preacher, and president of Yale College, along with Williams College President Ebenezer Fitch, climbed Greylock in 1799, probably over a rough route cut by a local farmer Jeremiah Wilbur. Dwight's travel memoir describes the mountain: "During a great part of the year, it is either embosomed or capped by clouds, and indicates to the surrounding inhabitants the changes of weather with not a little exactness."[55]

Managment and development history

Williams College students in 1830 directed by college President Edward Dorr Griffin improved and further cut a trail from the end of the Hopper Road to the summit. This is the current Hopper Trail, traditionally climbed by students once a year.[56]

In May 1831 a wooden meteorological observatory, "Griffin's Tower", was built on the summit by students. Nine years later, it was replaced by a more substantial 60-foot (18 m) wooden tower, from which Donati's Comet was photographed in 1858. In 1863 the Alpine Club, was founded in Williamstown by Professor Albert Hopkins. The club frequently camped on the mountain and certain members later helped found the Appalachian Mountain Club and the American Alpine Club.[57]

By the late 19th century, clearcutting had largely stripped Greylock's forest for wood products, paper and charcoal. Along with this came forest fires and landslides. The Greylock Park Association (GPA) was formed in 1885 and shares were sold locally.[58][59]. The company purchased 400 acres (160 ha) on the summit and made repairs to the Notch Road. The GPA charged a 25-cent toll for the carriage road and a 10-cent fee to ascend the iron observation tower (built 1889).[49] Together, these fees are equivalent to $11.87 in present-day dollars.[60]

By 1897, with the GPA in question because of debt, legislation was prosed to acquire the company and create Mount Greylock State Reservation. This was approved in the following year when the state agreed to add to the original land (to ultimately total 12,500-acre (5,100 ha). The Berkshire County government was to maintain the reservation. Similarly elsewhere in the state, other early State Reservation properties were originally operated by county cgovernments. [61]

The 20th century

The first automobiles to the summit, via the Notch Road from the north, were a pair of steam-powered "Locomobiles' in 1902; a gasoline-powered car followed in 1904.[62] In 1907, Berkshire County Commission opened a new road from the south to the summit, [63] augmenting the existing northerly "Notch Road." The county subsequently attended to the foot-trail development, and by 1913 had completed 17 trails. The Appalachian Trail route up Mount Greylock was open in 1929, and the entire Massachusetts section was mostly complete by 1931.

The 1930s saw intensive development. The Massachusetts (Veterans) War Memorial Tower on the summit was completed in 1932.[64] For nine years, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) worked extensively on the mountain ending in 1941, mostly through its 107th Company, MA camp SP-7.

The entrance to Rockwell Road, which extends from Lanesborough to the summit of Mount Greylock in Adams

Some of the more significant CCC works included development of the road system (gravel surfaced), Adirondack lean-to shelters, the 1934 Thunderbolt Ski Shelter and trail -- all while building Bascom Lodge (more info on lodge below). Increased popularity of winter recreation and skiing resulted in the Mount Greylock Ski Club working to plan and build the ski trail and shelter with the CCC. This group was backed by a half-dozen colleges from the region including Williams, as well as several outing clubs..[35]

Starting in 1954, the Greylock Tramway Authority was constituted to build an aerial tramway on the mountain.[65] After the authority announced plans for a ski resort in 1964, a local conservation group called the Mount Greylock Protective Association led a campaign that transferred ultimate responsibility for management and operation of the mountain from Berkshire County to the state park system in 1966.[65] This transfer blocked the development of the ski resort.[66][67]

State parks

The 12,500-acre (5,100 ha) Mount Greylock State Reservation is managed and operated by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.[9]

Mount Greylock State Reservation (Greylock summit on the far right)

Mount Greylock has about 70 miles of hiking paths including an 11.5 mile section of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Primitive camping for backpackers is permitted at several sites. The staffed visitors center in Lanesborough is open year-round (1.5 miles off Route 7).[14]

The Greylock Glen, site of a former proposed tramway/ski/resort development from 1953 to 1977, is a 1,063-acre (430-hectare) park in Adams, adjoining Mount Greylock State Reservation. It was acquired by the state in 1985 for joint public-private development.[68]

In popular culture

Summit panorama

Mount Greylock view
Stitched 360-degree panorama from the Veterans War Memorial Tower on top of Mount Greylock

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Greylock RM 1 Reset". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
  2. ^ "Mount Greylock, Massachusetts". Peakbagger.com.
  3. ^ Day Hiker's Guide to Vermont 5th ed. (2006). Green Mountain Club: Waterbury Center, Vermont
  4. ^ Raymo, Chet and Raymo, Maureen E. (1989). Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Chester, Connecticut: Globe Pequot.
  5. ^ Doll, Charles G. Centennial Geologic Map of Vermont (1961). United States Geological Survey: Washington
  6. ^ "Suggested Day Hikes" (PDF). MassParks: Mount Greylock State Reservation. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Department of Conservation and Recreation. September 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  7. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  8. ^ "Massachusetts, Berkshire County Historic Districts". National Register of Historic Places. American Dreams Inc. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  9. ^ a b "Mount Greylock State Reservation". MassParks. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  10. ^ a b Raymo, Chet; Raymo, Maureen E. (1989). Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Chester, Connecticut: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0871063205.
  11. ^ Massachusetts Trail Guide. Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club. 2004.
  12. ^ DeLorme Topo 6.0 (Map). DeLorme. 2004.
  13. ^ "NOAA interactive map" [1]
  14. ^ a b "Nature and Science". MassParks: Mount Greylock State Reservation. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  15. ^ Mary Byrd Davis (23 January 2008). "Old Growth in the East: A Survey". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
  16. ^ ebird. "Explore Data". ebird.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  17. ^ Potter, D. B. (1968-12-01) "Time and space relationships of the Taconic allochthon and autochthon [book review]" [2]
  18. ^ The Taconic Controversy: What Forces Make a Range? Appalachia: Vol. 73: No. 1 Article 5 [3]
  19. ^ see page 41-42 of ""Taconic Stratigraphic Names: Definitions and Synonymies" by E-an Zen, 1964 U Geological Survey Bulletin 1174 [4]
  20. ^ "National Geologic Map Database: Unit Greylock [5]
  21. ^ Walker, T. "Balance Rock State Park, a Massachusetts park located near North Adams, Pittsfield and Troy". www.stateparks.com. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  22. ^ "Natural History of the Berkshires". Williams College. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  23. ^ a b Halsted, CT; Shakun, JD; Davis, PT; Bierman, PR; Corbett, LB; Koester, AJ (October 12–14, 2018). "Mount Greylock as a cosmogenic nuclide dipstick to determine the timing and rate of southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet thinning". In Grove, Tim; Mango, Helen (eds.). Guidebook for field trips in New York and Vermont. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 110th Annual Meeting and New York State Geological Association, 90th Annual Meeting. Lake George, New York.
  24. ^ "Travels in New York and New England" Timothy Dwight 1821"
  25. ^ a b "Mount Greylock State Reservation". The BerkshireWeb. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  26. ^ see chapter one, "Most Excellent Majesty: A History of Mount Greylock," Berkshire County Land Trust and Conservation Fund, 1988. [6]
  27. ^ Calloway, Colin G. (1990). The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the survival of an Indian people. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806122748.
  28. ^ see July 27 entry, "American Notebooks, Vol I" Hawthorne {https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8088/8088-h/8088-h.htm]
  29. ^ page 247, "Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts>" 1841 Edward Hitchcock [7]
  30. ^ "Bascom Lodge".
  31. ^ "Sign about the CCC on Bascom Lodge". waymarking.com. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  32. ^ "Will Winter on Greylock in Mountain 'Penthouse' " Nov. 13, 1937, New York Times, Page 41,
  33. ^ "Historic Curatorship Program". Energy and Environmental Affairs. Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03.
  34. ^ Greylock State Reservation Commission Report for 1940
  35. ^ a b Bradley, Matthew Timothy (Feb 17, 2013). "Snowshoeing the Thunderbolt Ski Run". Snowshoe Magazine.
  36. ^ "Tony Matt Annexes Mount Greylock Event" Jan. 28, 1940, New York Times page 21
  37. ^ "Dehmel Annexes Eastern Ski Race" Feb. 7, 1938 NYT page 18
  38. ^ Mahar, Blair. "A History of the Thunderbolt Ski Trail". www.thunderboltskirun.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  39. ^ "The Ski Race America Nearly Lost". SkiRacing. Feb 14, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "Legendary Thunderbolt trail is the site of a rando race" New England Ski Journal, Brion O'Connor, Feb. 19, 2022 [8]
  41. ^ "A first ski descent of Mt. Greylock's massive rockslide" Mountainzone, Nick Weinberg, Jan. 30, 2005 [9]
  42. ^ "Chapter 336" (PDF). Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts 1933. The State Library of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  43. ^ Harris, Pat; Lyon, David (2006). You Know You're in Massachusetts When. New York: Globe Pequot. ISBN 9780762741328.
  44. ^ Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management (1997-09-04). "Section 7". Mount Greylock Summit National Register Nomination.
  45. ^ "Mount Greylock Memorial is Dedicated Today". North Adams Transcript. 1933-06-30.
  46. ^ The Berkshire Eagle 4/4/2016 & 5/11/16
  47. ^ "NWR Station Listings for Massachusetts". NOAA. 2009-10-03.
  48. ^ "NoBARC Repeaters". Northern Berkshire Amateur Radio Club. 2016-05-02.
  49. ^ a b "The Romantic Period". MassParks: Mount Greylock State Reservation. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  50. ^ Ehrlich, Eugene; Carruth, Gorton (1982). The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-19-503186-5.
  51. ^ Miller, Edwin Haviland (1991). Salem is my Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 263. ISBN 0-87745-332-2.
  52. ^ "Herman Melville's Arrowhead". Berkshire Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2000-01-11. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  53. ^ Michael Shelden (2016), Melville in Love: The Secret Life of Herman Melville and the Muse of Moby-Dick. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. pp. 137-48. ISBN 9780062418982
  54. ^ Thoreau, Henry David; Howarth, William L. (1983). Thoreau In The Mountains: Writings By Henry David Thoreau. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. ISBN 0-374-27643-9.
  55. ^ Dwight, Timothy IV (Reprinted 1969) Travels in New England and New York Ed. Barbara Miller Solomon. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  56. ^ Van Wyck, Brian. "Mountain Day". Williams College Archives and Special Collections. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  57. ^ Fanto, Clarence (2007-08-07). "Williamstown". The Berkshire Eagle. Williamstown, MA: Media NewsGroup. Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  58. ^ "Chapter 166" (PDF). Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts 1885. The State Library of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  59. ^ Bascom, John (1907). Greylock Reservation. Press of the Sun. pp. 14–15.
  60. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  61. ^ "Massachusetts' First State Park". MassParks: Mount Greylock State Reservation. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  62. ^ see page 53, "Literary Luminaries of the Berkshires" 2015, Bernard A. Drew, History Press, Charleston SC
  63. ^ "Chapter 419" (PDF). Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts 1906. The State Library of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  64. ^ "Chapter 411" (PDF). Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts 1930. The State Library of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  65. ^ a b Bellow, Daniel (June 4, 2014). "Part I. Big, bad things that never came to pass: A short history of environmental activism in the Berkshires". Berkshire Edge.
  66. ^ Tague, William H. (1967). "The Rise and Evaporation of the Greylock Tramway Authority". Berkshire Review. III (1). Williams College.
  67. ^ "Chap. 444" (PDF). Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court of Massachusetts 1966. The State Library of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  68. ^ Comm. of MA, Chap. 676, Acts of 1985
  69. ^ "Pottermore - Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry". Retrieved 2016-06-28.
  70. ^ "A new J.K. Rowling story tells the origins of a magic school set in Massachusetts". Retrieved June 28, 2016.

External links

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