The West Wing
| The West Wing | |
|---|---|
| File:TheWestWing.JPG The West Wing Title Screen | |
| Created by | Aaron Sorkin |
| Starring | Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford |
| Country of origin | USA |
| No. of episodes | 146 (as of 22 January 2006) |
| Production | |
| Running time | Approx. 42 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | September 22, 1999 – May 14, 2006 |
The West Wing is a popular and widely acclaimed American television serial drama created by Aaron Sorkin and produced and co-written by John Wells. The series is set in the West Wing of the White House, the location of the Oval Office and offices of presidential senior staff, during the fictional Democratic administration of Josiah Bartlet (Martin Sheen).
The West Wing is produced by Warner Bros. and is now in its seventh and final season. It first aired on NBC in 1999, and has been picked up by networks in other countries, including the United Kingdom and Japan. On January 22, 2006, NBC announced that the series would end its seven year run on May 14, 2006. [31]
The show has received positive reviews from television critics, political science professors, and former White House staffers. Overall, The West Wing has won 24 Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. [18] Despite recent drops in popularity, it remains one of the most popular shows among high-income viewers. [23]
Cast
The West Wing employs a broad ensemble cast to portray the large number of positions involved in the daily work of the federal government. The President, the First Lady, and the President's senior staff and advisors form the core of this cast. Numerous secondary characters, appearing intermittently, complement storylines that generally revolve around this core group.
The following table summarizes the main cast of The West Wing. The position listed is the job that the character held in the first season, before any changes took place.
| Actor/Actress | Character | Position (1st season) |
| Stockard Channing | Abigail Bartlet | First Lady |
| Dulé Hill | Charlie Young | Personal Aide to the President |
| Allison Janney | C.J. Cregg | Press Secretary |
| Moira Kelly | Mandy Hampton | White House Media Consultant |
| Rob Lowe | Sam Seaborn | Deputy Communications Director |
| Janel Moloney | Donna Moss | Special Assistant to Josh Lyman |
| Richard Schiff | Toby Ziegler | Communications Director |
| Martin Sheen | Josiah Bartlet | President of the United States |
| John Spencer | Leo McGarry | Chief of Staff |
| Bradley Whitford | Josh Lyman | Deputy Chief of Staff |
Additions to the cast following the first season include Kristin Chenoweth as Annabeth Schott, Joshua Malina as Will Bailey, Mary McCormack as Kate Harper, Jimmy Smits as Congressman Matt Santos, and Alan Alda as Senator Arnold Vinick.
Each of the principal characters makes approximately $75,000 an episode, with Sheen's most recently confirmed salary being $300,000. [24][27] Rob Lowe also had a six-figure salary, reported to be $100,000, because his character originally was supposed to have a more central role. [28] Disparities in cast salaries have led to very public contract disputes, particularly by Janney, Schiff, Spencer, and Whitford. During contract negotiations in 2001, the four were threatened with breach-of-contract suits by Warner Bros. However, by banding together, they were able to convince the studio to more than double their salaries. [24] Two years later, the four again demanded a doubling of their salaries, a few months after Warner Bros. had signed new licensing deals with NBC and Bravo. [29]
Plot
The West Wing, like many serial dramas, stretches storylines over several episodes or entire seasons. In addition to these larger storylines, each episode also contains smaller arcs which usually begin and end within an episode. Plot synopses, both for individual episodes and overall seasons, are included with a list of The West Wing episodes.
Each episode follows President Bartlet and his staff through particular legislative or political issues. Plots can range from behind-closed-doors negotiating with Congress ("Five Votes Down") to personal issues like sex ("Pilot", "Take Out The Trash Day") and drugs (a major plotline throughout the first and second seasons). The typical episode loosely follows the president and his staff through their day. A large, fully connected set of the White House allows the producers to create shots with very few cuts and long continuous master shots of staff members walking and talking through the hallways, a show trademark.
In the first season, the administration is entering its second year and is still having issues settling in and making ground on legislative issues. The second season brings scandal as the White House is rocked by allegations of criminal conduct and the president must decide whether he will run again. The third and fourth season take an in-depth look at the campaign trail and the specter of terrorism, foreign and domestic. In the fifth season, the president begins to see more issues on the foreign front, while at home he must face off with the newly elected Speaker of the House over the future of the federal budget. The sixth season chronicles the quest to replace Bartlet in the next election, following the primary campaign of several candidates from both parties. In the seventh season, the president must face a leak of confidential information from inside the White House, while the Democratic and Republican candidates battle to replace him in the general election.
Show's evolution
The series developed from the 1995 theatrical film The American President, for which Aaron Sorkin wrote the screenplay. Unused plot elements from the film inspired Sorkin to create The West Wing.
Sorkin intended to center around Sam Seaborn, Bartlet's deputy communications director, with the president in an unseen or a secondary role. However, Bartlet's screen time gradually increased, and his role expanded as the series progressed. Positive critical and public reaction to Sheen's sometimes Clintonesque performance raised his character's profile, decreasing Lowe's perceived significance. This shift is one of the reasons for Lowe's eventual departure from the show.[2]
For the first four seasons, Sorkin wrote almost every episode of the series, reusing many of the same plot elements, character names, and actors from his previous work, Sports Night.[3] His hectic writing schedule often led to cost overruns and schedule slips. [25] Sorkin opted to leave the show after the fourth season, following increasing personal problems, including a very public arrest for possession of illegal drugs. Following his departure, many expected the show to shift from a liberal to more bipartisan footing.
The perceived switch of emphasis from Sorkin's dialogue-centric style of writing to John Wells' focus on plot-driven drama has angered some of the show's fan base. Some dislike the switch so passionately that they are actively campaigning for the series to be cancelled, citing Sorkin's departure as the sole cause of its "decline".[4] However, many viewers continue to tune into The West Wing regularly, with the show currently averaging eight million viewers a week. [17]
Critical reactions
The West Wing offers a rare glimpse into the inner workings of America's most powerful address, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Many criticisms have been written concerning the show's legitimacy, political slant, and film merits.
Legitimacy
The West Wing is not completely accurate in its portrayal of the actual West Wing because of the certain amount of melodrama that must be added to each episode to captivate viewers. [5] However, former White House staffers agree that the show "captures the feel [of the West Wing], shorn of a thousand undramatic details." [6]
Former White House Press Secretary Dee Dee Myers as well as expert pollster Patrick Caddell have served as consultants for the show since the beginning, helping writers and actors depict the West Wing accurately. Other former White House staffers, such as Peggy Noonan and Gene Sperling, have served as consultants for briefer periods.
A documentary special in the third season attempts to lend legitimacy to the show's depiction of the real West Wing. Many former West Wing denizens applauded the show's depiction of the real West Wing, including advisor David Gergen, Press Secretary Dee Dee Myers, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Chief of Staff Leon Panetta, Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove, and former Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton.
Social impact
Despite acclaim for the veracity of the series, Sorkin believes, "My obligation isn't to the truth ... my obligation is to captivate you for however long I've asked for your attention." Former White House aide Matthew Miller notes that Sorkin "captivates viewers by making the human side of politics more real than life—or at least more real than the picture we get from the news." Miller also notes that by portraying politicians with empathy, the show has created a "subversive competitor" to the cynical views of politics in media.[6] In the essay "The West Wing and the West Wing", author Myron Levine agrees, stating that the series "presents an essentially positive view of public service and a healthy corrective to anti-Washington stereotypes and public cynicism." [5]
Dr. Staci L. Beavers, associate professor of political science at California State University, San Marcos, wrote a short essay, The West Wing as a Pedagogical Tool, concerning the viability of The West Wing as a teaching tool. She concludes, "While the series’ purpose is for-profit entertainment, The West Wing presents great pedagogical potential." The West Wing, in her opinion, gives greater depth to the political process usually espoused only in stilted talking points on shows like Face the Nation and Meet the Press. However, the merits of a particular argument may be obscured by the viewer's opinion of the character. Beavers also notes that characters with opposing viewpoints are often set up to be "bad people" in the viewer's eyes. These characters are assigned undesirable characteristics having nothing to do with their political opinions, such as being romantically involved with a main character's love interest. In Beaver's opinion, a critical analysis of the show's political views can present a worthwhile learning experience to the viewer.[7]
The Left Wing
The West Wing is often seen as The Left Wing because of its portrayal of the ideal liberal administration. Some view the show as a revisionist look at the Clinton presidency: an attempt to solidify the Clinton legacy and to make America forget the Whitewater and Lewinsky scandals. [8] On the other hand, many Republicans have admired the show since its inception, regardless of the departure of Sorkin and the show's resulting shift toward the center.[9] In his 2001 article "Real Liberals versus the West Wing", Mackubin Owens pointed out,
"Although his administration is reliably liberal, President Bartlet possesses virtues even a conservative could admire. He obeys the Constitution and the law. He is devoted to his wife and daughter. Being unfaithful to his wife would never cross his mind. He is no wimp when it comes to foreign policy—no quid pro quo for him."[10]
Some praise the show for helping to bridge the gap between the left and the right in America. By showing Democratic views on issues and the debate surrounding them, the series has provided many Republicans with a useful insight to the views of the left.[6]
Film criticism
In its first season, The West Wing attracted critical attention in the film community with a record nine Emmy wins. The show has been praised for its high production values and continuously recognized for its cinematic achievements. [18] With a budget of $6 million per episode, many consider each week's show to be a small feature film. [26] However, many in the film community believe that the true genius of the show was Sorkin's rapid-fire and witty scripts. [19]
The West Wing is noted for its steadicam tracking shots, long sequences showing staff members walking down hallways. In a typical tracking shot, the camera follows two characters down the halls as they converse, known by many fans as pedeconferencing [30]. One of these characters generally breaks off and the remaining character is joined by another character who initiates another conversation as they continue walking. These long shots allow the show to make long eloquent statements through many characters, despite the scripts's fractured dialogue. [22]
While some critics often praise The West Wing for its writing, others fault the show for its unrealistic optimism in the face of all odds. [20] A large part of this criticism rises from the perceived naiveté of the characters. Television critic Heather Havrilesky asks "...how do you go from innocent millipede to White House staffer without becoming soiled or disillusioned by the dirty realities of politics along the way?" [21] However, many fans believe that the show's scripts have changed since Sorkin left the show in 2003. [4]
Awards
In its first season, The West Wing garnered nine Emmys, a record for most won by a series in a single season. In addition the series has received the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003, tying Hill Street Blues and L.A. Law for most won in this category. Nineteen individual Emmys have been awarded to writers, actors, and crew members. The West Wing currently ranks 8th all-time in number of Emmy Awards won by a series. W.G. "Snuffy" Walden received an Emmy Award for Main Title Design in 2000 for "The West Wing Opening Theme". Additionally, the show has won two Screen Actors Guild (SAG) Awards, in 2000 and 2001.
The following table summarizes award wins by cast members.
| Actor | Awards won |
|---|---|
| Stockard Channing | Emmy, Best Supporting Actress (2002) |
| Allison Janney | Emmy, Best Supporting Actress (2000, 2001) |
| Emmy, Best Actress (2002, 2004) | |
| SAG Award, Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series (2000, 2001) | |
| Richard Schiff | Emmy, Best Supporting Actor (2000) |
| Martin Sheen | Golden Globe, Best Actor in a Dramatic Television Series (2001) |
| SAG Award, Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series (2000, 2001) | |
| John Spencer | Emmy, Best Supporting Actor (2002) |
| Bradley Whitford | Emmy, Best Supporting Actor (2001) |
Exploration of real world issues
The West Wing often features extensive discussion of current or recent political issues. After the real-world election of Republican President George W. Bush in 2000, many wondered whether the liberal show could retain its relevance and topicality. However, by exploring many of the same issues facing the Bush administration from a Democratic point of view, the show continued to appeal to a broad audience of both Democrats and Republicans.
The show gained notoriety in its second season when President Bartlet admonished fictional radio host Dr. Jenna Jacobs for her views regarding homosexuality at a private gathering at the White House. Dr. Jacobs is a caricature of radio personality Dr. Laura Schlessinger, who strongly disagrees with homosexuality. Many of the president's biblical references in his comments to Dr. Jacobs, which can be heard here, are thought to have come from a letter circulated online in early May 2000.[11]
The Bartlet administration experienced a scandal during the second and third seasons that has been compared to the Monica Lewinsky affair.[12] President Bartlet was diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) in 1992. The scandal centered around President Bartlet's nondisclosure of his illness to the electorate during the election. He is investigated by an opposition Congress for defrauding the public and eventually accepted a Congressional censure. Multiple sclerosis advocacy groups have praised the show for its accurate portrayal of the symptoms of MS and stressing that it is not fatal. The National MS Society commented:
"For the first time on national television or even in film, the public encountered a lead character with both an MS diagnosis and the hope for a continued productive life. Because [The] West Wing is a fictional drama and not a medical documentary, writers could have greatly distorted MS facts to further their story line [but did not]."[13]
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the start of the third season was postponed for a week, as were most American television premieres that year. A script for a special episode was quickly written and began filming on September 21. The episode "Isaac and Ishmael" aired on October 3 and addressed the sobering reality of terrorism in America and the wider world, albeit with no specific reference to September 11. While "Isaac and Ishmael" received mixed critical reviews, it illustrated the show's flexibility in addressing current events. The episode is not part of The West Wing continuity.
In the sixth and seventh seasons, The West Wing explores a leak of top-secret information by a senior staffer at the White House. This leak has been compared to the events surrounding the Valerie Plame affair.[14][15] In the storyline, The International Space Station is damaged and can no longer produce oxygen for the astronauts to breathe. With other methods of rescue unavailable, the president is notified of the existence of a military space shuttle. Following the president's inaction, Toby Ziegler leaks the shuttle story to a White House reporter, Greg Brock (analogous to Judith Miller), who prints the story in the New York Times. Brock will not reveal his source and goes to jail for failing to do so, as did Miller. In order to stop the investigation, Ziegler admits his involvement, and the President is forced to dismiss him. In comparison, the Plame affair is still under investigation, but charges have been brought against Lewis Libby, the vice president's chief of staff, who has since resigned.
Other issues explored in The West Wing include:
- North Korean and Iranian nuclear ambitions
- Strained relations and a state of brinksmanship between India and Pakistan
- Legislation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement
- The formation of the Minuteman Project
- Peacemaking and terrorism in Israel, Palestine and the Gaza Strip
- The genocide occurring in Darfur, Sudan
The West Wing universe
Sorkin, the show's creator, has noted in a DVD commentary track for the second season episode "18th and Potomac" that he has tried to avoid tying The West Wing to a specific period of time. Despite this, real years are occasionally mentioned, usually in the context of elections and President Bartlet's two-term administration.
The September 11th attacks did not occur in The West Wing, but the country has entered into a variation of the War on Terrorism. The war began in the show's third season, when a plot to blow up the Golden Gate Bridge was uncovered. At the end of the fourth season, the conflict escalated when Muslim extremists kidnapped Zoey Bartlet (Elisabeth Moss), the president's youngest daughter. The result of this kidnapping was the bombing of Qumar, a terror-supporting Muslim country. This bombing was similar to the real-world U.S. invasion of Afghanistan as it brought the Middle East to the forefront of U.S. foreign relations and elevated terrorism as a serious threat in The West Wing universe.
Other recent historical events from the real world that are mentioned in The West Wing include the U.S. invasion of Grenada in 1983, the Gulf War, U.S. military operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the 1998 Irish Good Friday Agreement.
Domestic
Politicians, cabinet members, and Supreme Court justices are necessary to create a believable political drama. President Bartlet has made three appointments to the fictional Supreme Court and maintains a full cabinet, although the names and terms of all members have not been revealed. Some cabinet members, such as the Secretary of Defense, appear more often than others. The full presidential line of succession for the Bartlet administration, including all cabinet members, is also available.
Foreign
Several real-world leaders exist in the show's universe, but most foreign countries are given fictional rulers. Some persons from the real world mentioned in The West Wing include Muammar al-Qaddafi, Yasser Arafat, Fidel Castro, Queen Elizabeth II, and Osama bin Laden. However, when a peace accord was worked out between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the start of the show's sixth season, the Chairman of the Palestinian Authority was Nizar Farad, not Arafat.
Entire countries are invented as composite pictures that epitomize many of the problems that plague real nations in certain areas of the world. Qumar, a terrorist-sponsoring Middle Eastern state is repeatedly a source of trouble for the Bartlet administration. According to maps on the show, Qumar appears to consist of a small part of southern Iran, including the important Strait of Hormuz. Elsewhere, Equatorial Kundu is an African nation blighted by AIDS and a civil war resembling the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
Presidential elections
Timeline skew
The passage of time on the show relative to that of the real world has always been somewhat ambiguous. The show's presidential elections have been held in 2002 and 2006. In real life, U.S. presidential elections are held in years divisible by four, that is, 1996, 2000, and 2004. Although, at one point, the timeline in The West Wing matched up with that of the real world, it appears that in the middle of the fifth season a year was lost. For example, the filing deadline for the New Hampshire primary, which would normally fall in January 2006, appeared in an episode airing in January 2005.
In interviews John Wells stated that the series began one and a half years into Bartlet's first term and that the election to replace Bartlet was being held at the correct time.[16] There is evidence against this claim, which is discussed further in the main article.
1998 presidential election
Bartlet's first campaign for president has never been significantly explained in the series. Bartlet won the election with 48% of the popular vote, 48 million votes, and a 303–235 margin in the Electoral College. Bartlet faced three debates with his Republican opponent. It is mentioned that Bartlet won the third and final debate and that this helped swing a close election in his favour.
The campaign for the Democratic nomination was extensively addressed. In the episodes "In the Shadow of Two Gunmen" and "Bartlet for America", flashbacks are used to tell how Bartlet defeated Texas Senator John Hoynes (Tim Matheson) and Washington Senator William Wiley for the Democratic nomination. The flashbacks also revealed how Leo McGarry convinced Bartlet, who was then governor of New Hampshire, to run for president and how he ultimately selected John Hoynes as his choice as running mate.
2002 presidential election
The West Wing's 2002 presidential election pitted Bartlet and Vice President John Hoynes against Florida Governor Robert Ritchie (James Brolin) and his running mate, Jeff Heston. Bartlet was unopposed for renomination, while Ritchie, not originally expected to contend for the nomination, emerged from a field of seven other Republican candidates by appealing to the party's conservative base with simple, homey sound bites.
Bartlet's staff contemplated replacing Vice President John Hoynes on the ticket with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Percy Fitzwallace (John Amos), among others. After it was clear that Ritchie would be the Republican nominee, Bartlet dismissed the idea, declaring that he wanted Hoynes in the number two spot, "Because I could die."
Throughout the season it was anticipated that the race would be close, but a stellar performance by Bartlet in the sole debate between the candidates gave Bartlet a landslide victory in both the popular and electoral vote.
2006 presidential election
A speed-up in The West Wing's timeline, in part due to the expiration of many cast members' contracts and a desire to continue the program with lower production costs, has resulted in the omission of the 2004 midterm elections and an election during the seventh season. The sixth season extensively detailed the Democratic and Republican primaries. The seventh season covers the lead-up to the general election, the election, and presumably the transition to a new administration. The timeline will slow down to concentrate on the general election race. The election, normally held in November, will take place in an episode airing in March 2006.
Congressman Matt Santos (D-TX) was nominated on the fourth ballot at the Democratic National Convention, staged as the sixth season finale. Santos was planning to leave Congress before being recruited to run for the presidency by Josh Lyman. Santos polled in the low single digits in the Iowa caucus and was virtually out of the running in the New Hampshire primary before a last-ditch direct television appeal vaulted him to a third-place finish with 19% of the vote. Following allusions during the Bartlet administration, Josh Lyman, Santos's campaign manager, convinced Leo McGarry to become Santos's running mate. However, John Spencer, the actor portraying Leo McGarry, died on December 16, 2005, and it is unknown how the story arc will be affected.
Senator Arnold Vinick (R-CA) secured the Republican nomination, defeating Glen Allen Walken (John Goodman) and Reverend Don Butler (Don S. Davis), among others. Initially, Vinick wanted Butler to become his running mate. However, Butler did not want to be considered, citing the differences in their abortion rights views. Instead, West Virginia Governor Ray Sullivan (Brett Cullen) was chosen as Vinick's running mate. Vinick was portrayed throughout the sixth season as virtually unbeatable because of his popularity in California, a typically Democratic state, his moderate views, and his wide crossover appeal. However, Vinick, a pro-choice candidate, has faced difficulty with the pro-life members of his party, causing problems for his campaign. Template:Endspoiler
See also
- List of The West Wing broadcasters and home video releases
- Big Block of Cheese Day
- Commander in Chief, an ABC series about a female President that has drawn comparisons to The West Wing
- Sports Night, Aaron Sorkin's first television series. Many of its storylines were recycled in The West Wing.
- Yes, Minister, 1980s satire of British government
References
- The West Wing. Created by Aaron Sorkin. 1999–present. Broadcast and DVD.
- ^ "Lowe confirms West Wing exit." BBC News. 25 July 2002.
- ^ Overlaps between West Wing & Other Sorkin Writings. West Wing Continuity Guide.
- ^ Don't Save Our Show. Accessed December 1.
- ^ a Levine, Myron A. "The West Wing and the West Wing." Reprinted in The West Wing: The American Presidency as Television Drama. Edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. Connor. 2003.
- ^ a b Miller, Matthew. "The Real White House." Brill's Content. Reprinted at Bartlet4America. 1 March 2000.
- ^ Beavers, Staci L. "The West Wing as a Pedagogical Tool." PS: Political Science & Politics. 24 December 2001. Reprinted in The West Wing: The American Presidency as Television Drama. Edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. Connor. 2003.
- ^ Lehman, Chris. "The Feel-Good Presidency: The Pseudo-Politics of The West Wing." Reprinted in The West Wing: The American Presidency as Television Drama. Edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. Connor. 2003.
- ^ "‘West Wing’ goes more bipartisan" MSNBC.com. September 18 2003.
- ^ Owens, Mackubin T. "Real Liberals versus the West Wing." John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University. February 2001.
- ^ Mikkelson, Barbara "Letter to Dr. Laura." Snopes.com. 2004.
- ^ Sepinwall, Alan "Exit poll: West Wing is sinking. Why?" NJ.com. Reprinted at Bartlet4America. 6 November 2002.
- ^ Kerr, Gail. "West Wing aids MS awareness." All About Multiple Sclerosis. 24 December 2001.
- ^ Clabby, Consuela. "Leaky Politics: The West Wing versus The Bush Administration." SMRT-TV. 31 October 2005.
- ^ "'The Ticket': Leak Investigation" FootnoteTV. 25 September 2005.
- ^ Elber, Lynn. "West Wing Eyes Successor for Bartlet." Yahoo! Entertainment. 13 October 2004.
- ^ CalendarLive.com "Pope movies draw less than a huge flock". Accessed 9 December 2005.
- ^ "Awards for The West Wing" IMDB.com. Accessed 10 December 2005.
- ^ "Next week on The West Wing ... erm " Guardian Unlimited. Accessed 10 December 2005.
- ^ Millman, Joyce. "Don't blame me, I voted for Martin Sheen!". Salon.com. 11 September 2000. Accessed 10 December 2005.
- ^ Havrilesky, Heather. "Will The West Wing go south?". 14 May 2003. Accessed 10 December 2005.
- ^ Smith, Greg M. "The Left Takes Back the Flag." Accessed 10 December 2005.
- ^ Byrne, Bridget. "Will NBC Reelect West Wing?" Originally printed in E!Online. 10 October 2002. Reprinted at Bartlet4America. Accessed 12 December 2005.
- ^ Errico, Marcus. "Détente on West Wing Set." E!Online. 21 July 2001. Accessed 12 December 2005.
- ^ Carter, Bill. "The West Wing Comes to Terms With the G.O.P." New York Time. 23 September 2003. Reprinted at Bartlet 4 America. Accessed 12 December 2005.
- ^ Richmond, Ray. "West Wing 100th episode." JoshLyman.com. 7 January 2004. Accessed 12 December 2005.
- ^ "Biography of Martin Sheen." IMDB.com Accessed 13 December 2005.
- ^ "Biography of Rob Lowe." IMDB.com Accessed 13 December 2005.
- ^ Haberman, Lia. "West Wing Salarygate." 28 July 2003. Accessed 16 December 2005.
- ^ "What the heck is "pedeconferencing"?." Television Without Pity. Accessed 31 December 2005.
- ^ Bauder, David. "NBC Cancels 'West Wing' After 7 Seasons." The Washington Post. 22 January 2006. Accessed 22 January 2006.
External links
- Official websites
- United States: NBC, Bravo, and Warner Bros
- United Kingdom: More4 (Channel Four) and Warner Bros
- Japan: NHK Season 1, 2, and 3
- General
- The West Wing at IMDb
- The West Wing Transcripts or Fan Transcribed Scripts
- The West Wing Episode Guide
- Major fansites
- The West Wing Continuity Guide includes directory of other West Wing related websites.
- Television Without Pity Discussion thought to be the inspiration for lemonlyman.com storyline. Aaron Sorkin posted on this forum in 2001 under the user name Benjamin.
- Articles