1925 in science

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The year 1925 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

July 21 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.
Approximate date – Extinction of the Bubal hartebeest in North Africa.

Cartography

Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection published by American cartographer Oscar Sherman Adams.^[1]

Chemistry

May – Rhenium is discovered by Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke in Berlin, the last stable, non-radioactive naturally-occurring element to be found.^[2]

History of science

Museum of the History of Science opens in the Old Ashmolean building in Oxford, set up by Robert Gunther based largely on the collection given by Dr Lewis Evans.^[3]
Pharmazie-Historisches Museum der Universität Basel established by donation of the collection of pharmacist Josef Anton Häfliger.
Edwin Arthur Burtt's The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science is published.

Physics

January – Wolfgang Pauli announces his exclusion principle.^[4]
Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan set out the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics.

Technology

June 13 – Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images are viewed by representatives of the Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Department of Commerce and others. Jenkins calls this "the first public demonstration of radiovision".
October 2 – John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first television pictures with a greyscale image, in London.^[5]
October 22 – Julius Edgar Lilienfeld files the first patent for a form of field-effect transistor.^[6]
November 4 – Charles F. Brannock files a patent for the Brannock Device for measuring shoe sizes.^[7]
late 1925 or early 1926 – Vladimir K. Zworykin demonstrates a cathode ray tube television system using Braun tubes at the Westinghouse Electric laboratories in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Other events

Sinclair Lewis's novel Arrowsmith is published in the United States, notable in having the culture of medical science as a principal theme.^[8]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
- Chemistry – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

Births

January 7 – Gerald Durrell (died 1995), wildlife conservationist (born in British India).
January 30 – Douglas Engelbart (died 2013), American pioneer in human–computer interaction.
February 28 – Louis Nirenberg, Canadian-born American mathematician.
May 1 – Scott Carpenter (died 2013), American astronaut.
May 27 – John L. Harper (died 2009), British biologist, specializing in ecology and plant population biology.
June 17 – Alexander Shulgin (died 2014), American psychopharmacologist.
July 8 – Norbert Pfennig (died 2008), German microbiologist.
July 26 – Joseph Engelberger (died 2015), American robotics engineer.
August 10 – Stanislav Brebera (died 2012), Czech chemist.
August 19 – Frederic Richards (died 2009), American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface.
September 27 – Robert G. Edwards (died 2013), British physiologist and pioneer of in vitro fertilisation; winner of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
September 30 – Arkady Ostashev (died 1998), Soviet Russian engineer and rocket scientist.
October 13 – Margaret Roberts (died 2013), chemist and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
October 29 – Klaus Roth (died 2015), German-born mathematician.
October 31 – John Pople (died 2004), British theoretical chemist; winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
December 1 – Martin Rodbell (died 1998), American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
December 11 – Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Deaths

February 3 – Oliver Heaviside (born 1850), English physicist.
February 22 – Sir Clifford Allbutt (born 1836), English physician, inventor of the clinical thermometer.
May 5 – Catharine van Tussenbroek (born 1852), Dutch physician.
June 3 – Camille Flammarion (born 1842), French astronomer.
June 22 – Felix Klein (born 1849), German mathematician.
July 26 – Gottlob Frege (born 1848), German philosopher, logician and mathematician.
October 31 – José Ingenieros (born 1877), Argentine polymath.

References

^ Fenna, Donald (2006), Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations, Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 357, ISBN 9780849381690.
^ Emsley, John (2001). "Rhenium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 358–360. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
^ Simcock, A. V., ed. (1985). Robert T. Gunther and the Old Ashmolean. Oxford: Museum of the History of Science. ISBN 0-903364-04-2.
^ "This Month in Physics History – January 1925: Wolfgang Pauli announces the exclusion principle". APS News. 16 (1). American Physical Society. January 2007. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
^ Burns, R. W. Television: An International History of the Formative Years. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 264. ISBN 9780852969144.
^ U.S. patent 1,745,175 Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents, first filed in Canada, describing a device similar to a MESFET. Granted 28 January 1930. Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits (New ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 167ff. ISBN 9780521835398.
^ "Foot-Measuring Instrument." U.S. Patent 1,682,366.
^ Fangerau, H. M. (2006). "The novel Arrowsmith, Paul de Kruif (1890-1971) and Jacques Loeb (1859–1924): a literary portrait of "medical science"". Medical Humanities. 32 (2): 82–87. doi:10.1136/jmh.2006.000230. PMID 23673799.

[1] Fenna, Donald (2006), Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations, Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 357, ISBN 9780849381690.

[2] Emsley, John (2001). "Rhenium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 358–360. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.

[3] Simcock, A. V., ed. (1985). Robert T. Gunther and the Old Ashmolean. Oxford: Museum of the History of Science. ISBN 0-903364-04-2.

[4] "This Month in Physics History – January 1925: Wolfgang Pauli announces the exclusion principle". APS News. 16 (1). American Physical Society. January 2007. Retrieved 2011-06-25.

[5] Burns, R. W. Television: An International History of the Formative Years. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 264. ISBN 9780852969144.

[6] U.S. patent 1,745,175 Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents, first filed in Canada, describing a device similar to a MESFET. Granted 28 January 1930. Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits (New ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 167ff. ISBN 9780521835398.

[7] "Foot-Measuring Instrument." U.S. Patent 1,682,366.

[8] Fangerau, H. M. (2006). "The novel Arrowsmith, Paul de Kruif (1890-1971) and Jacques Loeb (1859–1924): a literary portrait of "medical science"". Medical Humanities. 32 (2): 82–87. doi:10.1136/jmh.2006.000230. PMID 23673799.

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