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1953 in spaceflight

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1953 in spaceflight
Launch of a Deacon Rockoon; several such launches occurred in 1953
Rockets
Maiden flightsSoviet Union R-5 Pobeda
RetirementsUnited States Aerobee XASR-SC-2
1953 in spaceflight
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The year 1953 saw the rockoon join the stable of sounding rockets capable of reaching beyond the 100 kilometres (62 mi) boundary of space (as defined by the World Air Sports Federation).[1] Employed by both the University of Iowa and the Naval Research Laboratory, 22 total were launched from the decks of the USS Staten Island and the USCGC Eastwind this year. All branches of the United States military continued their program of Aerobee sounding rocket launches, a total of 23 were launched throughout 1953. The Soviet Union launched no sounding rockets in 1953; however, the Soviet Union did conduct several series of missile test launches.

Both the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics continued their development of ballistic missiles: the United States Air Force with its Atlas ICBM, the United States Army with its Redstone SRBM, the Soviet OKB-1 with its R-5 IRBM, and Soviet Factory 586 with its R-12 IRBM. None entered active service during 1953.

The first meeting of the Comité Speciale de l'Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), a special committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), began preliminary coordination of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), scheduled for 1957–58.

Space exploration highlights

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US Navy

[edit]

On 25 May 1953, Viking 10, originally planned to be the last of the Naval Research Laboratory-built Viking rockets, arrived at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. A successful static firing on 18 June cleared the way for a 30 June launch date, a schedule that had been made months prior, before the rocket had even left the Glenn L. Martin Company plant where it had been built. At the moment of liftoff, the tail of Viking 10 exploded, setting the rocket afire. Water was immediately flooded into the rocket's base in an attempt to extinguish the fire, but flames continued to burn in the East Quadrant of the firing platform. Half an hour after launch, two of the launch team under manager Milton Rosen were dispatched to put out the fire to salvage what remained of the rocket.

Though successful, these efforts were then threatened by a slow leak in the propellant tank. The vacuum created by the departing fuel was causing the tank to dimple with the danger of implosion that would cause the rocket to collapse. Lieutenant Joseph Pitts, a member of the launch team, shot a rifle round into the tank, equalizing the pressure and saving the rocket. Three hours after the attempted launch, the last of the alcohol propellant had been drained from Viking 10. The launch team was able to salvage the instrument package of cameras, including X-ray detectors, cosmic ray emulsions, and a radio-frequency mass-spectrometer, valued at tens of thousands of dollars, although there was concern that the rocket was irreparable.

A thorough investigation of the explosion began in July, but a conclusive cause could not be determined. In a reported presented in September, Milton Rosen noted that a similar occurrence had not happened in more than 100 prior tests of the Viking motor. It was decided to rebuild Viking 10, and a program for closer monitoring of potential fail points was implemented for the next launch, scheduled for 1954.[2]

American civilian efforts

[edit]

After the successful field tests of balloon-launched rockets (rockoons) the previous year, a University of Iowa physics team embarked on a second rockoon expedition aboard the USS Staten Island in summer 1953 with improved equipment. The new Skyhook balloons increased the rocket firing altitude from 40,000 feet (12,000 m) to 50,000 feet (15,000 m) affording a peak rocket altitude of 57 miles (92 km). The total payload weights were increased by 2 pounds (0.91 kg) to 30 pounds (14 kg). Between 18 July and 4 September, the Iowa team launched 16 rockoons from a variety of latitudes, 7 of which reached useful altitudes and returned usable data. An NRL team aboard the same vessel launched six rockoons, of which half were complete successes. Data from these launches provided the first evidence of radiation associated with aurora borealis.[3]

Spacecraft development

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US Air Force

[edit]

Development of the Atlas, the nation's first ICBM proceeded slowly throughout 1953. Without firm figures as to the weight and dimension of a thermonuclear device (the US tested its first H-bomb in November 1952, the USSR announced their first successful test in August 1953), it was not known if the Atlas could deliver an atomic bomb payload.

In spring 1953, Colonel Bernard Schriever, an assistant in development planning at The Pentagon and a proponent of long-ranged ballistic missiles, pushed to obtain accurate characteristics of a nuclear payload. Trevor Gardner, special assistant for research and development to the new Secretary of the Air Force, Harold Talbott, responded by organizing the Strategic Missiles Evaluation Committee or "Teapot Committee" comprising eleven of the top scientists and engineers in the country. Their goal would be to determine if a nuclear payload could be made small enough to fit on the Atlas rocket. If so, the importance of the committee's members would allow such findings to accelerate Atlas development. By October, committee member John von Neumann had completed his report on weights and figures indicating that smaller, more powerful warheads within Atlas' launch capability would soon be available. Pending test verification of von Neumann's theoretical results, the Air Force began revising the Atlas design for the projected nuclear payload.[4]

US Army

[edit]

The first production Redstone, a surface-to-surface missile capable of delivering nuclear or conventional warheads to a range of 200 miles (320 km), was delivered on 27 July 1953. A Redstone R&D missile was flight tested on 20 August 1953.[5]

Soviet Union

[edit]

The R-5 missile, able to carry the same 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) payload as the R-1 and R-2 but over a distance of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi)[6]: 242  underwent its first series of eight test launches from 15 March to 23 May 1953. After two failures, the third rocket, launched 2 April, marked the beginning of streak of success. Seven more missiles were launched between 30 October and December, all of which reached their targets. A final series of launches, designed to test modifications made in response to issues with the first series, was scheduled for mid-1954.[7]: 100–101 

In his brief tenure as Director of NII-88, responsible for the production of all Soviet ballistic missiles, engineer Mikhail Yangel chafed professionally with OKB-1 (formerly NII-88 Section 3) Chief Designer, Sergei Korolev, whom he had previously reported to as Deputy Chief Designer of the bureau. To relieve this tension, on 4 October 1953, Yangel was demoted to NII-88 Chief Engineer and assigned responsibility for production of missiles at State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk. This plant under, Vasiliy Budnik, had been tasked on 13 February 1953 with developing the R-12 missile, possessing a performance similar to that of the R-5 (range of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) vs. 1,200 kilometres (750 mi)) but using storable propellants so that it could be stored at firing readiness for extended periods of time.[7]: 113–114 

At the end of 1953, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, it was determined that a transportable thermonuclear device be developed (as opposed to the one detonated in August, which was stationary). It was further determined that an ICBM be developed to carry said bomb. As no ICBMs existed at the time, in reality or even in planning, development of a nuclear capable R-5 (dubbed the "R-5M") was ordered.[6]: 275 

The International Geophysical Year

[edit]

July 1953 saw the first meeting of the Comité Speciale de l'Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), a special committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) tasked with coordinating the International Geophysical Year (IGY), set for 1957–58. This international effort would undertake simultaneous observations of geophysical phenomena over the entire surface of the Earth including such farflung regions as the Arctic and Antarctica. At its first meeting, CSAGI invited the world's nations to participate in the IGY. Response from most prominent nations was quick. The National Research Council of the US National Academy of Sciences set up a US National Committee for the IGY, with Joseph Kaplan serving as chairman and Hugh Odishaw as executive director. The only key nation slow in committing to the IGY was Soviet Union, which did not signal its involvement until spring 1955.[3]: 69–70 

Launches

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February

[edit]
February launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
10 February
21:09 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 12 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy / Cosmic Radiation 10 February Successful
Apogee: 137.0 kilometres (85.1 mi)[8]: 305 
12 February
07:09 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 13 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy / Cosmic Radiation 12 February Successful
Apogee: 137.3 kilometres (85.3 mi)[8]: 305 
18 February
06:50 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-2 SC 27 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesGrenades SCEL Suborbital Aeronomy 18 February Successful
Apogee: 108.6 kilometres (67.5 mi)[8]: 240–241 
18 February
17:42 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 34 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
AFCRC Suborbital Rocket performance test 18 February Successful
Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)[8]: 111–112 

March

[edit]
March launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 March Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 March Successful[9]
5 March Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 5 March Successful[9]
15 March Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 March Partial failure [7]
Maiden flight of R-5[10]
18 March Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 18 March Partial failure [10][7]
19 March Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 19 March Successful[9]

April

[edit]
April launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
2 April Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 2 April Successful
First successful R-5 launch[10]
8 April Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 8 April Partial failure[10]
14 April
15:47 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 35 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
AFCRC Suborbital Rocket performance test 14 April Successful
Apogee: 122 kilometres (76 mi)[8]: 113–114 
19 April Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 19 April Successful[10]
23 April
19:33 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-2 SC 30 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesSphere SCEL / University of Michigan Suborbital Aeronomy 23 April Successful
Apogee: 123.3 kilometres (76.6 mi)[8]: 246–247 
24 April
10:19 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-2 SC 28 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesGrenades SCEL Suborbital Aeronomy 24 April Successful
Apogee: 108 kilometres (67 mi)[8]: 242–243 
24 April Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 April Partial failure[10]

May

[edit]
May launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
11 May Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 11 May Successful[9]
13 May Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 13 May Successful[10]
20 May
14:04 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 36 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesAirglow 3 AFCRC Suborbital Sky Brightness 20 May Successful
Apogee: 114 kilometres (71 mi)[8]: 115–116 
21 May
15:57 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 37 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesAirglow 4 AFCRC Suborbital Sky Brightness 21 May Successful
Apogee: 114 kilometres (71 mi)[8]: 117–118 
23 May Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 23 May Successful
Contained 4 supplementary combat compartments; end of 1st set of experimental launches[10]

June

[edit]
June launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
26 June
19:10 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 38 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesIonosphere 3 AFCRC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 26 June Successful
Apogee: 135 kilometres (84 mi)[8]: 119–120 
30 June United StatesViking (second model) United StatesWhite Sands LC-33 United StatesUS Navy
United StatesViking 10 NRL Suborbital Aeronomy / Ionospheric 30 June Launch Failure
Apogee: 0 kilometres (0 mi), tail exploded on launch pad; rocket rebuilt and launched successfully on 7 May 1954

July

[edit]
July launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 July
17:52 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 39 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesIonosphere 4 AFCRC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 1 July Successful
Apogee: 138 kilometres (86 mi)[8]: 121–122 
6 July Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 6 July Successful[9]
14 July
15:30 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 40 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Rhode Island Suborbital Solar UV 14 July Successful
Apogee: 103 kilometres (64 mi)[8]: 123–124 
18 July
22:27 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 8 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Boston United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 18 July Launch failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 22.0 kilometres (13.7 mi), rocket failed to fire[8]: 313 
19 July
10:30 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 9 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 19 July Launch failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 22.2 kilometres (13.8 mi), rocket failed to fire[8]: 313 
19 July
15:53 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 10 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 19 July Launch failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 22.2 kilometres (13.8 mi), rocket failed to fire[8]: 313 
19 July
21:57 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 11 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 19 July Launch failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 23.2 kilometres (14.4 mi), rocket failed to fire[8]: 314 
22 July
09:47 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 41 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
AFCRC Suborbital Aeronomy 23 July Successful
Apogee: 95.6 kilometres (59.4 mi)[8]: 125–126 
24 July
16:40 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 12 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Labrador Sea United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 24 July Launch failure
Balloon cut down, rocket failed to fire[8]: 314 
28 July
09:41 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 13 United StatesUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait, near Baffin Island United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 28 July Successful
Apogee: 88.4 kilometres (54.9 mi)[8]: 314 

August

[edit]
August launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
3 August
18:28 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 14 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Frobisher Bay United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 3 August Successful
Apogee uncertain[8]: 314 
5 August
21:54 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 1 United StatesUSS Staten Island, southern Davis Strait, near Baffin Island United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 5 August
Apogee: 79.2 kilometres (49.2 mi);[8]: 311  first of six 1953 NRL flights, three of which reached altitude and returned data[3]
6 August
15:07 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 15 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Davis Strait United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 6 August Successful
Apogee: 65.5 kilometres (40.7 mi)[8]: 314 
6 August
18:40 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 16 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Davis Strait United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 6 August Successful
Apogee uncertain[8]: 315 
8 August
15:09 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 2 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Baffin Bay United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 8 August
Apogee uncertain;[8]: 311  second of six 1953 NRL flights, three of which reached altitude and returned data[3]
9 August
05:54 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 17 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Baffin Bay United StatesUS Navy
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 9 August Successful
Apogee: 99.1 kilometres (61.6 mi)[8]: 315 
9 August
19:15 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 3 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Baffin Bay United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 9 August Launch failure
Apogee: 38.1 kilometres (23.7 mi);[8]: 311  third of six 1953 NRL flights, three of which reached altitude and returned data[3]
11 August
17:09 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 4 United StatesUSS Staten Island, Baffin Bay United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 11 August
Apogee: 80.8 kilometres (50.2 mi);[8]: 311  fourth of six 1953 NRL flights, three of which reached altitude and returned data[3]
30 August
14:00 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 18 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Labrador Sea United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 30 August Launch failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 13.4 kilometres (8.3 mi), rocket failed to fire[8]: 315 
30 August
16:20 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 19 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Labrador Sea United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 30 August Launch failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 19.2 kilometres (11.9 mi), rocket failed to fire[8]: 315 
30 August
20:46 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 20 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Labrador Sea United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 30 August Successful
Apogee: 103.6 kilometres (64.4 mi)[8]: 315 

September

[edit]
September launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 September
05:10 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-2 SC 32 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesGrenades SCEL Suborbital Aeronomy 1 September Successful
Apogee: 107.3 kilometres (66.7 mi), final flight of the Aerobee XASR-SC-2[8]: 251–252 
3 September
09:50 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 21 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Atlantic Ocean, east of Nova Scotia United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 3 September Successful
Apogee uncertain[8]: 316 
3 September
11:51 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 22 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Atlantic Ocean, east of Nova Scotia United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 3 September Successful
Apogee: 103.6 kilometres (64.4 mi)[8]: 316 
3 September
14:05 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon SUI 23 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Atlantic Ocean, east of Nova Scotia United StatesUS Coast Guard
University of Iowa Suborbital Cosmic Radiation 3 September Successful
Apogee: 99.1 kilometres (61.6 mi)[8]: 316 
4 September
03:59 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 5 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Atlantic Ocean, east of Nova Scotia United StatesUS Coast Guard
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 4 September
Apogee: 67.1 kilometres (41.7 mi);[8]: 311  fifth of six 1953 NRL flights, three of which reached altitude and returned data[3]
4 September
15:51 		United StatesDeacon Rockoon NRL Rockoon 6 United StatesUSCGC Eastwind, Atlantic Ocean, near Nova Scotia United StatesUS Coast Guard
NRL Suborbital Aeronomy 4 September Launch Failure
(Balloon) Apogee: 13.7 kilometres (8.5 mi), rocket failed to fire;[8]: 311  sixth of six 1953 NRL flights, three of which reached altitude and returned data[3]
5 September
05:35 		United StatesAerobee XASR-SC-1 SC 33 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesGrenades SCEL Suborbital Aeronomy 5 September Successful
Apogee: 114 kilometres (71 mi)[8]: 253–254 
15 September
15:02 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 42 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesAirglow 5 AFCRC Suborbital Sky Brightness 15 September Launch failure
Apogee: 32 kilometres (20 mi), early cut-off due to a thrust chamber burn-through[8]: 127–128 
29 September
20:50 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a SC 31 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Army
United StatesSphere SCEL / University of Michigan Suborbital Aeronomy 29 September Successful
Apogee: 58 kilometres (36 mi)[8]: 249–250 

October

[edit]
October launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 October Successful[11]
1 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 October Successful[11]
1 October Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 October Successful[12]
1 October Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 October Successful[12]
7 October
17:00 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 43 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
AFCRC / University of Colorado Suborbital Solar UV 7 October Successful
Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)[8]: 129–130 
10 October Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 10 October Successful[12]
16 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 16 October Successful[9]
17 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 17 October Successful[9]
19 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 19 October Successful[9]
20 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 20 October Successful[9]
24 October Soviet UnionR-2 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 October Successful[12]
26 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 26 October Successful[9]
27 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 27 October Successful[9]
28 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 October Successful[9]
28 October Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 28 October Successful[9]
30 October Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 30 October Successful
Beginning of 2nd stage of experimental launches[10]

November

[edit]
November launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 November Successful[11]
1 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 November Successful[11]
1 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 November Successful[11]
1 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 1 November Successful[11]
2 November
18:32 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 44 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesIonosphere 5 AFCRC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 2 November Successful
Apogee: 121 kilometres (75 mi)[8]: 131–132 
3 November Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 3 November Successful[10]
3 November
18:15 		United StatesAerobee RTV-A-1a USAF 45 United StatesHolloman LC-A United StatesUS Air Force
United StatesIonosphere 6 AFCRC / University of Utah Suborbital Ionospheric 3 November Successful
Apogee: 121.5 kilometres (75.5 mi)[8]: 133–134 
12 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 12 November Successful[9]
15 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 November Successful[11]
15 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 15 November Successful[9]
17 November Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 17 November Successful[10]
19 November
22:40 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 14 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar X-Ray / Solar UV / Aeronomy 19 November Successful
Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)[13]
21 November Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 21 November Successful[10]
24 November Soviet UnionR-1 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 24 November Successful[9]
25 November
15:46 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 15 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar X-Ray / Solar UV / Aeronomy 25 November Successful
Apogee: 95 kilometres (59 mi)[13]
26 November Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 26 November Partial failure[10]

December

[edit]
December launches
Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks
1 December
15:30 		United StatesAerobee RTV-N-10 NRL 16 United StatesWhite Sands LC-35 United StatesUS Navy
NRL Suborbital Solar X-Ray / Solar UV / Aeronomy 1 December Successful
Apogee: 129 kilometres (80 mi)[13]
5 December Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 5 December Successful[10]
9 December Soviet UnionR-5 Soviet UnionKapustin Yar Soviet UnionOKB-1
OKB-1 Suborbital Missile test 9 December Successful
End of second experimental flight series[10]

Suborbital launch summary

[edit]

By country

[edit]
United States: 46Soviet Union: 42
Launches by country
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
 United States 46 34 12 0
 Soviet Union 42 37 0 5

By rocket

[edit]
Launches by rocket
Rocket Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures 		Remarks
Viking (second model)  United States 1 0 1 0
Aerobee RTV-N-10  United States 5 5 0 0
Aerobee XASR-SC-1  United States 1 1 0 0
Aerobee XASR-SC-2  United States 4 4 0 0 Retired
Aerobee RTV-A-1a  United States 13 12 1 0
Deacon rockoon (SUI)  United States 16 9 7 0
Deacon rockoon (NRL)  United States 6 3 3 0
R-1  Soviet Union 23 23 0 0
R-2  Soviet Union 4 4 0 0
R-5  Soviet Union 15 10 0 5 Maiden flight

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link‍]
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link‍]
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link‍]
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Voosen, Paul (24 July 2018). "Outer space may have just gotten a bit closer". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau8822. S2CID 126154837. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  2. ^ Milton W. Rosen (1955). The Viking Rocket Story. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 204–221. OCLC 317524549.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h George Ludwig (2011). Opening Space Research. Washington D.C.: geopress. pp. 18–32. OCLC 845256256.
  4. ^ John L. Chapman (1960). Atlas The Story of a Missile. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 71–73. OCLC 492591218.
  5. ^ "Installation History 1953 – 1955". U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command. 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b Boris Chertok (June 2006). Rockets and People, Volume II: Creating a Rocket Industry. Washington D.C.: NASA. OCLC 946818748.
  7. ^ a b c d Asif A. Siddiqi. Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 (PDF). Washington D.C.: NASA. OCLC 1001823253. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Charles P. Smith Jr. (April 1958). Naval Research Laboratory Report No. 4276: Upper Atmosphere Research Report No. XXI, Summary of Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Firings (pdf). Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Wade, Mark. "R-1 8A11". Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Asif Siddiqi (2021). "R-5 Launches 1953-1959". Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Wade, Mark. "R-1". Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d Wade, Mark. "R-2". Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  13. ^ a b c McDowell, Jonathan C. "General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects, Launches, Aerobee". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2022.


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