Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States
From July 1824 to September 1825, the last surviving French general of the Revolutionary War, the Marquis de Lafayette, made a tour of the 24 states in the United States. At many stops on this tour he was received by the populace with a hero's welcome, and many honors and monuments were presented to commemorate and memorialize the Marquis de Lafayette's visit.
Reason for the visit
The Marquis de Lafayette led troops alongside George Washington in the American Revolution over 40 years earlier. He fought in several crucial battles including the Battle of Brandywine in Pennsylvania, and the Siege of Yorktown in Virginia.
The Marquis had returned to France and pursued a political career championing the ideals of liberty that the fledgling U.S. republic represented. While the Bourbon constitutional monarchy had been in place in France for at least ten years, in the spring of 1824, King Louis XVIII was wheelchair bound and suffering from severe health issues that would prove fatal by late summer.[1] Further, Lafayette was being monitored by the dying King.[2] After the Marquis left the French legislature in 1824, President James Monroe invited him to tour the United States, partly to instill the "spirit of 1776" in the next generation of Americans[3] and partly to celebrate the nation's 50th anniversary.[4]
The traveling party
During his trip, he visited all of the American states and travelled more than 6,000 miles (9,656 km).[5][6] Lafayette was accompanied by, among others, his son Georges Washington de La Fayette.[3] For part of the journey, Lafayette was also accompanied by social reformer Fanny Wright.[7] The main means of transportation for the party were stagecoach, horseback, canal barge and steamboat.[8]
Welcoming celebrations
Different cities celebrated in different ways. Some held parades or conducted an artillery salute. In some places schoolchildren were brought to welcome the Marquis. Veterans from the war, some of whom were in their sixties and seventies, welcomed the Marquis, and some dined with him. While touring Yorktown, he recognized and embraced James Armistead Lafayette, a free negro who adopted his last name to honour the Marquis (he was the first US double agent spy); the story of the event was reported by the Richmond Enquirer.[9]
General timeline
He left France on an American merchant vessel, the Cadmus, on July 13, 1824. Lafayette's extended tour began on August 15, 1824, when he arrived at Staten Island, New York. Lafayette toured the northern and eastern states in the fall of 1824, including stops at Monticello to visit Thomas Jefferson and Washington, D.C., where he was received at the White House by President James Monroe. Lafayette began his tour of the Southern United States in March 1825, arriving at the Fort Mitchell crossing of the Chattahoochee River on March 31.[3]
Detailed timeline
1824
- July 13 – Lafayette leaves France.
- August 15 – Lafayette arrives at Staten Island, New York.
- August 20 – Leaves New York City[10] and travels to Bridgeport, Connecticut, stopping along the way in Harlem, New Rochelle,[10] Byram Bridge and Putnam Hill in Greenwich, Stamford, Norwalk, Saugatuck (Westport) and Fairfield before reaching Bridgeport and staying at the Washington Hotel.[11]
- August 21–24 – Travels through and makes stops in New Haven, Connecticut; Providence, Rhode Island; Stoughton, Massachusetts; and Boston.[10]
- August 25 – Arrives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[10] During the following days he visits former President John Adams at the latter's estate, Peacefield, in Quincy.
- August 31 – Leaves Boston, travels through and makes stops at Lexington, Concord, Salem, Marblehead, and Newburyport, Massachusetts.[10]
- September 1 – Visits Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[10]
- September 2 – Visits Boston and Lexington, Massachusetts.[10]
- September 3 – Visits Worcester, Massachusetts, and Tolland, Connecticut.[10]
- September 4 – Visits Hartford and Middletown, Connecticut.[10]
- September 5 – Arrives in New York City.[10]
- September 11 – Celebrates the 47th anniversary of the Battle of Brandywine with French residents in New York.[12]
- September 28 – Visit to Philadelphia with speech at the State House (Independence Hall) under Philadelphian architect William Strickland's Triumphal Arches.
- October 6 – Lafayette escorted to Wilmington, Delaware, by the Grand Lodge of Delaware Masons.[13]
- October 12 – Lafayette arrives in the District of Columbia.[14]
- October 15 – Spends the entire evening at Arlington House, although he returns to his hotel in Washington D.C. at night.[15]
- October 17 – In Virginia, Lafayette visits Mount Vernon and George Washington's tomb.
- October 18–19 – Lafayette arrives by steamer in Petersburg, Virginia, for visit to Yorktown for festivities marking the 43rd anniversary of the battle.
- October 19–22 – Lafayette visits Williamsburg, Virginia, and the College of William & Mary.
- October 22 – Lafayette arrives in Norfolk, Virginia, via steamer from Petersburg and spends four days there and in Portsmouth.[16][17][18]
- October – Arrives in Richmond, Virginia, on a steamer from Norfolk.[19] Edgar Allan Poe is in the youth honor guard in Richmond that welcomed him when he arrived.
- November 4 – Lafayette visits former President Thomas Jefferson at Monticello.
- November 8 – Lafayette attends a public banquet at the University of Virginia in nearby Charlottesville.[20]
- Early December – Lafayette stays in Washington, D.C., visiting the White House, meeting several times with President James Monroe, as well as George Washington's relatives. Visits the Navy Yard and Columbian College. On December 8 and 9 he makes official visits to the Senate and addresses the U.S. Congress at the House of Representatives.[12]
- December 15 – Lafayette is feted at the first commencement ceremony of George Washington University in Washington.[21]
- December 17 - Lafayette arrives at Annapolis, Maryland, at 3:00 pm, is received in the Senate chamber and visits Fort Severn. He attends a ball that night. He is formally received at the State House on December 20.[22]
- December 24 - Layayette arrives at the "Jug Bridge" crossing the Monocacy River on the National Pike east of Frederick, Maryland.
1825
January 1825
- January 1 – Attends a banquet hosted by Congress.[14]
- January 19 – Visits Baltimore and leaves January 20 on a steamboat bound for Norfolk, on his way to visit the legislature of Virginia at Richmond.[23]
February 1825
- February 23, 1825 - Lafayette set off on the southern leg of his tour. [24] Because the route from Richmond to Raleigh was by carriage over poor roads, the traveling party was obliged to take the sandy "Lower Road" by Suffolk and Halifax. [25]
- February 25 -- "On February 25, 1825, Lafayette granted "Poulson's Advertiser," one of Philadelphia's leading newspapers, an interview. Lafayette recalled receiving his wound at Brandywine" [26]
- February 26 -- Lafayette’s first overnight stop in North Carolina was at the Indian Queen Inn in Murfreesboro. [27]
- February 27 - In the morning, Lafayette traveled about twenty miles to Northampton Court House (now the town of Jackson) where he met up with the official North Carolina greeting party [28] and stayed at Eagle Tavern in Halifax. [29]
- February 28 - The party traveled through Enfield, North Carolina [30] and across the Tar River at the falls [31] (the falls are at present day Rocky Mount). They spent the night at Col. Allen Rogers's Tavern at Rogers Crossroads in eastern Wake County. They soon moved on to Raleigh. [32]
March 1825
- March 1. Lafayette and his entourage travel from Raleigh to his namesake town Fayetteville. [33]
- March 2–3 – Stays in Raleigh, North Carolina: Lafayette is reunited with Colonel William Polk who fought beside him at the Battle of Brandywine where both were wounded.[34]
- March 15 - Lafayette arrives in Charleston, South Carolina, and enjoys three days of balls, fireworks and reunions. The reunion with Francis Huger, son of his comrade Benjamin Huger, is particularly significant in Charleston, since Francis had tried to free Lafayette from an Austrian prison around 1795.[35]
- March 18 – Lafayette arrives in Beaufort, South Carolina, to a 13-gun salute and speaks to citizens from the John Mark Verdier House.[36]
- March 19 – Lafayette arrives in Savannah, Georgia.
- March 21 – In a ceremony on Johnson Square, Lafayette lays the cornerstone for a memorial dedicated to Revolutionary War hero General Nathanael Greene.[37]
- March 23 - The party travels up the Savannah River by steamboat and arrives in Augusta.[38]
- March 25 - the party travels along the Milledgeville Stage Road to Warrenton, Georgia [39]
- March 26 - Lafayette continued on to Sparta, Georgia [40]
- March 27 – Lafayette arrives in Milledgeville, Georgia (the capital of Georgia since 1804) [41] where he meets with the governor, George Troup [42] in an elaborate reception and feast at the Capitol grounds. [43] Lafayette spends the night at the Gachet house, Lamar County, Georgia.[37]
- March 29 - Lafayette leaves the capital early in the morning, and reaches Macon, Georgia by noon. He then enters Creek Indian territory and visits the Old Creek indian agency in Crawford County, Georgia. [44]
- March 30 - Still travelling through Creek country, the traveling party spends the night in a bark-covered log cabins in present day Chattahoochee County. [45]
- March 31 – Lafayette crosses the Chattahoochee River into Alabama and stays in Fort Mitchell. After staying overnight at the fort, they begin their route west to Montgomery via military escort through Creek territory.[3]
April 1825
- April 3 – Lafayette arrives in Montgomery.
- April 4–6 – Lafayette's party boards two boats, the Balize and the Henderson, and makes its way over the Alabama River through Selma, through the ill-fated, newly platted capital city of Cahaba, and then meet with members of the French Vine and Olive refugee colony (from near present-day Demopolis). The party makes a brief stop in Claiborne.[3]
- April 7 – Lafayette arrives in Mobile.[3]
- April 8 – Governor Pickens accompanies Lafayette by steamboat down Mobile Bay to Mobile Point, where he joins an official welcoming party from Louisiana. He boards the original steamer Natchez (built in 1823) which takes him to New Orleans to continue his tour of America.[3]
- April 11 – Lafayette arrives in Chalmette, Louisiana (site of the 1815 Battle of New Orleans).[46] Remaining in New Orleans for several days of festivities, he lodges in the Cabildo[46] (the site of the Louisiana Purchase transfer ceremonies in 1803).
- April 15 – Lafayette departs New Orleans on the steamer Natchez up the Mississippi River towards Baton Rouge.[46]
- April 16 – After stopping briefly at Duncan's Point, eight miles below Baton Rouge, Lafayette is received in Baton Rouge for a reception and banquet, leaving just before nightfall.[46][47][48]
- April 29–30 - Visits St. Louis, Missouri.[49]
May 1825
- May 4 – Lafayette arrives in Nashville, Tennessee.
- May 8–9 – The steamboat Mechanic, conveying Lafayette and party to Louisville, Kentucky, sinks on the Ohio. All passengers reach shore safely, but Lafayette loses property and money.[50] The party is picked up the following day by the passing steamboat Paragon.[8][51]
- May 11–13 – Lafayette stays in Louisville.
- May 14 – Attends dinner and a ball in Frankfort, Kentucky.
- May 15 – Spent the night at the home of Major John Keene, five miles from Lexington, Kentucky.
- May 16–17 – Attends a military parade and speaks at Transylvania University and the Lexington Female Academy in Lexington.[52]
- May 18 – Arrives in Georgetown, Kentucky.
- May 19–20 – Stays in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- May 21 – Arrives in Maysville, Kentucky.
- May 24 – Visits Wheeling, Virginia.[8]
- May 25 – Visits Washington, Pennsylvania,[8] dining at the Pioneer Grill (The George Washington Hotel) and staying at the Globe Inn.[53]
- May 29 – Visits Braddock, Pennsylvania.[8]
- May 30–31 – Stays in Pittsburgh[8]
June 1825
- June 1 – Arrives in Butler, Pennsylvania. Stays overnight.
- June 4 – Lafayette gives speech at Eagle Tavern, Lafayette Square, Buffalo. Lafayette follows part of the route of the still-uncompleted Erie Canal from Buffalo across New York.[12]
- June 7 – Lafayette meets local Revolutionary War veterans at Silvius Hoard's Tavern, Rochester, New York.
- June 17- Lafayette lays the cornerstone of Bunker Hill Monument during celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, in Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts. He is accompanied by Daniel Webster, who gives a rousing speech.[12]
- June 27—Lafayette arrives late (~10 p.m.) in Claremont, New Hampshire.[54]
- June 28—Early morning, Lafayette crosses into Vermont at the Cornish Bridge. He travels north, passing through Woodstock at 11 a.m., taking a stagecoach through the mountains to Barnard and Royalton, Vermont. He passes through Randolph; here he is said to have met a young Justin S. Morrill and eventual Senator Dudley Chase. He is escorted with Governor Cornelius P. Van Ness and others through Barre to large festivities in Montpelier that include speeches by Supreme Court Judge Elijah Paine and others. He spends the night in Montpelier at The Pavilion.[54]
- June 29—Lafayette meets with women's groups and then departs Montpelier for Burlington, Vermont, and Whitehall, New York.[54]
July 1825
- July 14 - Lafayette attends a banquet held in his honor at Sansay House in Morristown, New Jersey.[55]
- July 15 - Lafayette attends a reception at Waverly House in then Bottle Hill, now Madison, New Jersey, on his way to Springfield.[56][57][58]
- July 20 – Lafayette visits Germantown and Chestnut Hill, near Philadelphia.[10][59]
- July 25 – Lafayette again visits Wilmington, Delaware.[13]
- July 26 – Lafayette departs Chester, Pennsylvania, for the Brandywine Battlefield, ending the day in West Chester.[10]
- July 27 – Departs West Chester for Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
- Late July – Departs Lancaster for Baltimore, Maryland, via Port Deposit and Havre de Grace, Maryland. Spends two days in Baltimore.[10]
August 1825
- Late August – Lafayette returns to Mount Vernon.[60]
September 1825
- September 6 – Lafayette arrives in Washington, D.C., where he meets the new U.S. President John Quincy Adams, addresses a joint session of Congress and celebrates his 68th birthday at a White House banquet with President Adams.[12]
- September 7 – Lafayette leaves Washington and returns to France on the frigate USS Brandywine.[5]
Honors received during the trip
Fayetteville, North Carolina, was named after him. The College of William and Mary on October 20, 1824, conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Late in the trip, he again received honorary citizenship of Maryland.[a] He was voted, by the U.S. Congress, the sum of $200,000 and a township of land in Tallahassee, Florida, to be known as the Lafayette Land Grant.[62][63]
1825: Conveying Marquis de Lafayette back to France
The Marquis had expressed his intention of sailing for home sometime in the late summer or early autumn of 1825. President John Quincy Adams decided to have an American warship carry the Marquis de Lafayette back to Europe. Adams chose a recently built 44-gun frigate (originally named Susquehanna) for this honor, and accordingly, as a gesture of the nation's affection for Lafayette, the frigate was renamed Brandywine to commemorate the battle in which the Frenchman had shed his blood for American freedom. Launched on June 16, 1825, and christened by Sailing Master Marmaduke Dove, Brandywine was commissioned on August 25, 1825, Capt. Charles Morris in command.
Lafayette enjoyed a last state dinner to celebrate his 68th birthday on the evening of September 6, and then embarked in the steamboat Mount Vernon on the 7th for the trip downriver to join Brandywine. On the 8th, the frigate stood out of the Potomac River and sailed down Chesapeake Bay toward the open ocean.
As he sat on the Brandywine ready to depart, General Isaac Fletcher conveyed Revolutionary War compatriot General William Barton's greetings as well as Barton's situation with respect to being in debtor's prison in Danville, Vermont, for 14 years. Lafayette promptly paid Barton's fine and thus allowed him to return to his family in Rhode Island.[64]
After a stormy three weeks at sea, the warship arrived off Le Havre, France, early in October, and, following some initial trepidation about the government's attitude toward Lafayette's return to a France now ruled by King Charles X, Brandywine's honored passenger returned home.
Notes
References
- ^ "1824." The People's Chronology. Ed. Jason M. Everett. Vol. 1. Gale Cengage, 2006. eNotes.com. 12 December 2012.
- ^ Kent, Emerson. "The Man With 'Great Zeal to the Cause of Liberty'". Emerson Kent. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
Lafayette was very much against the Bourbon Restoration, including their excessive spending, and began to plot against the King, who in turn tried to monitor him closely.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Lafayette's Visit to Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. 2012-05-18. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Glatthaar, Joseph T.; James Kirby Martin (2007). Forgotten Allies, The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8090-4600-3., p.3
- ^ a b Clary, David (2007). Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution. New York, New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-80435-5., pp. 443-444
- ^ Loveland, Anne (1971). Emblem of Liberty: The Image of Lafayette in the American Mind. LSU Press. ISBN 0-8071-2462-1., p. 3
- ^ "Frances Wright". Monticello.org. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ a b c d e f Barcousky, Len (March 9, 2008). "Eyewitness 1825: Pittsburgh honors 'The Nation's Guest'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ Kimball, Gregg D. (2000). "4. The Shaping of Black Memory in Antebellum Virginia 1790-1860". In William Fitzhugh Brundage (ed.). "Richmond+Enquirer"&source=bl&ots=Ux15ekQeWl&sig=7yG3WwLB-33l1-KewUf10UqAI3A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NRRGU-GxE4PZigfXl4GICw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=James Lafayette "Richmond Enquirer"&f=false Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity. UNC Press Books. p. 60. Retrieved April 2014.
{{cite book}}: Check|url=value (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Levasseur, Auguste. Alan R. Hoffman (trans.) Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825. Lafayette Press, Manchester, NH (2006).
- ^ An Officer in the Late Army A Complete History of Marquis de Lafayette Major-General in the American Army in the War of the Revolution. Columbus: J. & H. Miller, Publishers, 1858.
- ^ a b c d e William Jones (November 2007). "Rekindling the Spark of Liberty: Lafayette's Visit to the United States, 1824-1825". Retrieved September 13, 2011.
- ^ a b "Gould's History of Freemasonry Throughout the World - Volume 5". Phoenixmasonry.org. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ a b Clark, Allen C. (1919). "General Roger Chew Weightman". In John B. Larner (ed.). Records of the Columbia Historical Society. pp. 67–75.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Customs Today". Cbp.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "History's Safe Harbor, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia" (PDF). Pps.k12.va.us. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes". Historyengine.richmond.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "Newspaper Article: The Life of Edgar Allan Poe - Part 2". Richmondthenandnow.com. 1935-01-13. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ "''Marquis de Lafayette'', Th. Jefferson Encyclopedia, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc". Wiki.monticello.org. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ "Lafayette Hall - GWUEncyc". Encyclopedia.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Niles' Register Dec. 25, 1824, 27:259.
- ^ Niles' Register Jan. 22, 1825, 27:386.
- ^ http://www.knowla.org/entry/725/
- ^ http://ncpedia.org/lafayettes-visit
- ^ http://www.ushistory.org/march/other/lafwound.htm
- ^ http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=A-65
- ^ http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=A-65
- ^ http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?MarkerId=E-68
- ^ http://ncpedia.org/lafayettes-visit
- ^ http://ncpedia.org/lafayettes-visit
- ^ http://ncpedia.org/lafayettes-visit
- ^ http://ncpedia.org/lafayettes-visit
- ^ Murray, Elizabeth Reid (1983). Wake. Vol. Vol. 1. Raleigh, North Carolina: Capital County Publishing Company. pp. Pages 222–226. ASIN B000M0ZYF4.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Levasseur, Auguste Reid (1829). Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825. Vol. Vol. 2. Philadelphia, PA: Carey and Lea.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Beaufort: A History. The History Press. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
- ^ a b "Georgia History Timeline / Chronology 1825". Ourgeorgiahistory.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Rg8ZD0XhkRMC&lpg=PA238&ots=W1SMDacbAQ&dq=march%201825%20lafayette%20georgia&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q=march%201825%20lafayette%20georgia&f=false
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/marquis-de-lafayette-georgia
- ^ a b c d "Lafayette in Louisiana | Entries | KnowLA, Encyclopedia of Louisiana". Knowla.org. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Fortier, Alcée (1904). A History of Louisiana. New York: Manzi, Joyant & Co., vol. 3, p. 207.
- ^ "General Lafayette's 1825 Visit to Baton Rouge". Historical Baton Rouge blog. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ [2]
- ^ Lloyd's Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the Western Waters, Cincinnati, Ohio; James T. Lloyd & Co, 1856, pages 260-261; cited by gendisasters.com, "Cannelton (Lafayette Spring), IN Steamer MECHANIC Sinking, May 1825". Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ Rietveld, Ronald D. (2006). "Abraham Lincoln's Thomas Jefferson". In Pederson, William D. and Williams, Frank J. (ed.). The Great Presidential Triumvirate at Home and Abroad: Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln. New York, NY: Nova Science Publ. p. 42. ISBN 1600213189.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Kleber, John E., The Kentucky Encyclopedia, University Press of Kentucky, 1992, pp. 528-529
- ^ "A City of Presidents. A Self-Guided Walking Tour" (Issuu). Washington & Jefferson College. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
- ^ a b c Jay Read Pember, A Day with Lafayette in Vermont (1911.) [3]
- ^ http://www.morristourism.org/stop09.php
- ^ William P. Tuttle, Bottle Hill and Madison (1916)
- ^ Frank Esposito, The Madison Heritage Trail (1985)
- ^ Tuttle, Samuel B. A History of the Presbyterian Church, Madison, N.J. A Discourse Delivered on Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1854. M. W. Dodd. p. 117
- ^ Lafayette's Visit to Germantown, July 20, 1825: An Address ..." By Charles Francis Jenkins http://books.google.com/books?id=c9MwAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lafayette%27s+Visit+to+Germantown,+July+20,+1825&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Baq8Ucz3B4P89QSutYG4Dw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA
- ^ Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens. "Washington & Lafayette". Washington & Lafayette. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
- ^ Speare, Morris Edmund (September 7, 1919). "Lafayette, Citizen of America". New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ "Historic Markers Program of America". Historicmarkers.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ Holbrook, Sabra (1977). Lafayette, Man in the Middle. Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-30585-0., p. 177
- ^ Jay Read Pember, A Day with Lafayette in Vermont (1911) http://books.google.com/books?id=tLhAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Day+with+Lafayette+in+Vermont++By+Jay+Read+Pember&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IKK8Ud6uOYi-9QSy6YHgAg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA pp 17-18
Sources
- Levasseur, Auguste (1829). Lafayette in America, in 1824 and 1825: or, Journal of travels, in the United States, Volume I. Philadelphia: White, Gallaher & White.
- Levasseur, Auguste (1829). Lafayette in America, in 1824 and 1825: or, Journal of travels, in the United States, Volume II. Philadelphia: White, Gallaher & White.
External links
- www.nndb.com
- www.georgiaencyclopedia.org
- His tour is the subject of an essay presented by writer Sarah Vowell in "Reunited", episode #291 of radio show This American Life.