Sardinian Action Party
Sardinian Action Party Partidu Sardu – Partito Sardo d'Azione | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Secretary | Christian Solinas |
| President | Antonio Moro |
| Founder | Emilio Lussu |
| Founded | 17 April 1921 |
| Headquarters | Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy |
| Newspaper | Il Solco |
| Ideology | Sardinian nationalism Regionalism[1] Autonomism Social liberalism[1] Historical: Separatism[1] Social democracy |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing Historical: Centre-left to left-wing |
| National affiliation | League Centre-right coalition |
| European affiliation | European Free Alliance (expelled in 2020)[2] |
| Colours | Black Red |
| Chamber of Deputies | 0 / 630 |
| Senate | 1 / 315 |
| European Parliament | 0 / 73 |
| Regional Council of Sardinia | 8 / 60 |
| Regional Presidents | 1 / 20 |
| Website | |
| www.psdaz.net | |
The Sardinian Action Party (Template:Lang-sc, Template:Lang-it, PSd'Az or PSdA) is a Sardinian nationalist, regionalist[3] and separatist[4] political party in Sardinia. While being traditionally part of the Sardinian centre-left, the party has also sided with the centre-right coalition and, more recently, with the League.
The PSd'Az is one of the oldest stateless nationalist parties active in Europe that promotes autonomy towards the ideal of independence.[5][6] As such, the party was a founding member of the European Free Alliance in 1984,[7][8] but was expelled in 2020 because of its alliance with the League.[2]
Christian Solinas, who has led the party since 2015, was elected senator in the 2018 general election and President of Sardinia in the 2019 regional election, the first Sardist to do so since Mario Melis in 1984–1989.
History
The party was founded in April 1921, but soon banned under fascism, and was re-organized after World War II by Emilio Lussu, secretary for Southern Italy of the Action Party during the war, and other veterans from the Sassari brigade and anti-fascists,[7][9] a social-democratic group of the Italian resistance movement. Lussu left the party in 1948 to found the short-lived Sardinian Socialist Action Party (PSd'AzS), which joined the Italian Socialist Party in 1949, along with many other PSd'Az members.[7][10] Consequently, the PSd'Az started to cooperate with Christian Democracy and was quite a stable until the 1980s.[7]
The PSd'Az and the PSd'AzS won 10.5% and 6.6% respectively in the first regional election in 1949.[7]
After a decline in term of votes in the 1960s and 1970s, the party re-gained strength in the 1980s (13.8% in 1984 and 12.4% in 1989). Following these results, Sardist Mario Melis was President of Sardinia between 1984 and 1989 at the head of a five-party coalition composed also by the Italian Communist Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Italian Republican Party. This was the highest point in party history: the PSd'Az was represented in the Italian Parliament from 1983 to 1994, and Melis was a MEP for the Rainbow Group from 1989 to 1994.[11]
The party was affiliated to The Olive Tree during the 1996 general election.[12] However, the party congress rejected a continuation of the alliance ahead the 2001 general election.[13]
In the 2004 Sardinian regional election the PSd'Az won 3.9% of the vote and 2 regional councillors.
In the 2006 general election leader Giacomo Sanna, due to an electoral pact named Pact for the Autonomies, was a candidate of the Lega Nord (LN) for the Senate in Lombardy, but failed to get elected.
The party ran by itself in the 2008 general election, winning a mere 1.5% in the Region.[14]
In the 2009 regional election the PSd'Az joined the centre-right coalition, provoking the split of the party's left that formed the Red Moors.[7] Cappellacci won and the PSd'Az won 4.3% of the vote (having its strongholds in the traditionally left-wing Provinces of Nuoro and Carbonia-Iglesias, where it gained 7.5 and 7.1%, respectively)[15] and four regional councillors plus one (Giacomo Sanna) elected in Cappellacci's regional list.[16] The Red Moors won 2.5% and one councillor. In the 2010 provincial elections the party was strongest in Nuoro (12.8%), Sassari (6.9%), Olbia-Tempio (6.7%) and Cagliari (6.4%).[17]
In 2013 the PSd'Az broke with Cappellacci and the centre-right,[18] but re-joined the coalition in time for the 2014 regional election. In the election Cappellacci was defeated and the PSd'Az won 4.7% of the vote and two regional councillors.[19]
In the run-up of the 2018 general election the party formed once again an electoral pact with the League,[20][21][22][23] which presented itself as "Lega" all around the country. The alliance managed to get 10.8% of the vote and Christian Solinas, leader of the PSd'Az, was elected to the Senate,[24] while Guido De Martini, a local activist of the LN,[25] was elected to the Chamber. This marked the return of the PSd'Az to the Italian Parliament after 22 years.[26] In August 2018 the party was suspended from the European Free Alliance because of its alliance with the League.[27]
In the 2019 regional election Solinas was elected President of Sardinia with 47.8% of the vote, while the PSd'Az won 9.9%.
Popular support
The party has failed to regain the electoral support it enjoyed upon its foundation (e.g. 36% of the popular vote in 1921 general election).[28]
The party has been mostly marginal in the Sardinan political scene since the post-war period and this marginalisation has increased with the Italian establishment of a bipolar political system in the 1990s.[29] Eve Hepburn, a political scientist, has suggested the reasons for the party's failure in getting electoral success and influence can be identified in different factors that include its ideological incoherence, its consequent erratic choices of coalition partners, its inability to adapt to multi-level politics (e.g. its inability to devise coherent strategies at the Sardinian, Italian and European level).[28]
The electoral results of the PSd'Az in regional and Chamber of Deputies elections in Sardinia since 1946 are shown in the chart below. For 1953 only the regional election's result is shown. In the general elections of 1972, 1976, 1979 and 2006 the party did not run lists for the Chamber of Deputies.
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Electoral results
Regional Council of Sardinia
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 60,525 | 10.4 | 7 / 60
|
 7 |
|
| 1953 | 43,215 | 7.0 | 4 / 65
|
 3 |
|
| 1957 | 40,214 | 6.0 | 5 / 70
|
1 |
|
| 1961 | 50,039 (with PRI) | 7.2 | 5 / 72
|
||
| 1965 | 44,621 (with PRI) | 6.4 | 5 / 72
|
||
| 1969 | 33,220 | 4.4 | 3 / 74
|
2 |
|
| 1974 | 24,780 | 3.1 | 1 / 75
|
2 |
|
| 1979 | 30,238 | 3.3 | 3 / 80
|
2 |
|
| 1984 | 136,720 | 13.8 | 12 / 81
|
9 |
|
| 1989 | 128,025 | 12.4 | 10 / 80
|
2 |
|
| 1994 | 47,000 | 5.1 | 4 / 64
|
6 |
|
| 1999 | 38,422 | 4.5 | 3 / 64
|
1 |
|
| 2004 | 32,859 | 3.9 | 3 / 85
|
||
| 2009 | 35,428 | 4.3 | 4 / 80
|
1 |
|
| 2014 | 31,886 | 4.7 | 3 / 60
|
1 |
|
| 2019 | 69,964 | 9.9 | 8 / 60
|
5 |
Italian Parliament
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 | 35,108 | 0.53 | 4 / 535
|
||
| 1924 | 24,059 | 0.34 | 2 / 535
|
2 |
|
| 1946 | 78,554 | 0.34 | 2 / 556
|
||
| 1948 | 61,928 | 0.24 | 1 / 574
|
1 |
|
| 1953 | 27,231 | 0.10 | 0 / 590
|
||
| 1958 | 173,227 (with MC–PCd'I) | 0.59 | 0 / 596
|
||
| 1968 | 27,228 | 0.09 | 0 / 630
|
||
| 1979 | 17,673 | 0.05 | 0 / 630
|
||
| 1983 | 91,923 | 0.25 | 1 / 630
|
1 |
|
| 1987 | 169,978 | 0.44 | 2 / 630
|
1 |
|
| 1992 | 154,621 (with Federalism) | 0.39 | 1 / 630
|
1 |
|
| 1996 | 38,002 | 0.10 | 0 / 630
|
1 |
|
| 2001 | 34,412 (with SN) | 0.09 | 0 / 630
|
||
| 2006 | Into LN–MpA | – | 0 / 630
|
||
| 2008 | 14,856 | 0.04 | 0 / 630
|
||
| 2013 | 18,585 | 0.05 | 0 / 630
|
||
| 2018 | Into League | – | 0 / 630
|
||
| Senate of the Republic | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 65,743 | 0.29 | 1 / 237
|
1 |
|
| 1953 | 34,484 | 0.14 | 0 / 237
|
1 |
|
| 1958 | 45,952 | 0.18 | 0 / 246
|
||
| 1963 | 34,954 | 0.13 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 1968 | 25,891 | 0.09 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 1972 | 189,534 (with PCI–PSIUP) | 0.63 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 1979 | 15,766 | 0.05 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 1983 | 76,797 | 0.25 | 1 / 315
|
1 |
|
| 1987 | 124,266 | 0.38 | 1 / 315
|
||
| 1992 | 174,713 (with Federalism) | 0.52 | 0 / 315
|
1 |
|
| 1994 | 88,225 | 0.27 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 1996 | 421,331 (with The Olive Tree) | 1.19 | 1 / 315
|
1 |
|
| 2001 | 32,822 (with SN) | 0.10 | 0 / 315
|
1 |
|
| 2006 | 16,733 | 0.06 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 2008 | 15,292 | 0.05 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 2013 | 18,602 | 0.06 | 0 / 315
|
||
| 2018 | Into League | – | 1 / 315
|
1 |
|
European Parliament
| European Parliament | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 193,430 (with UV) | 0.55 | 1 / 81
|
1 |
|
| 1989 | 207,739 (with Federalism) | 0.60 | 1 / 87
|
||
| 1994 | Did not run | – | 0 / 87
|
1 |
|
| 1999 | 61,185 (with LAV–CU) | 0.2 | 0 / 87
|
– | |
| 2004 | 159,098 (with LAL–LFV–UfS) | 0.49 | 0 / 78
|
||
Leadership
- Secretary: Camillo Bellieni (1921–1922), Paolo Pili (1922), Luigi Oggiano (1922–1923), Salvatore Sale (1923–1925), Ugo Pais (1925–1926), Luigi Battista Puggioni (1926–1945), Giovanni Battista Melis (1945–1948), Piero Soggiu (1948–1951), Giovanni Battista Melis (1951–1953), Pietro Mastino (1953–1957), Giovanni Battista Melis (1957–1974), Michele Columbu (1974–1979), Carlo Sanna (1979–1990), Efisio Pilleri (1990–1991), Giorgio Ladu (1991–1992), Italo Ortu (1992–1994), Giancarlo Acciaro (1994), Cecilia Contu (1994–1995), Lorenzo Palermo (1995–1997), Antonio Delitala (1997–1999), Giacomo Sanna (2000–2006), Efisio Trincas (2006–2009), Giovanni Colli (2009–2014), Giovanni Columbu (2015), Christian Solinas (2015–present)
- President: unknown (1921–unknown), Franco Meloni (unknown–2000), Lorenzo Palermo (2000–2004), Silvano Cadoni (2004–2006), Giacomo Sanna (2006–2015), Giovanni Columbu (2015–2017), Antonio Moro (2018–present)
Symbols
-
Official logo -
Electoral logo
References
- ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Sardinia/Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Efa-Ale (European Free Alliance) expels the Sardinian Action Party". L'Unione Sarda. 2020.
- ^ John A. Agnew (2002). Place and Politics in Modern Italy. University of Chicago Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-226-01051-9.
- ^ Sardinian Action Party Statute - About the party: Art.1: Il “Partidu Sardu – Partito Sardo d’Azione” è la libera associazione di coloro che si propongono, attraverso l’azione politica, di affermare la sovranità del popolo sardo sul proprio territorio, e di condurre la Nazione Sarda all’indipendenza.
- ^ Elias (A.) et Tronconi (F.), From protest to power. Autonomist parties and the challenges of representation, Vienna, Braumüller, 2011
- ^ "Sardinians - World Directory of Minorities". Faqs.org.
- ^ a b c d e f Eve Hepburn (2010). "Explaining Failure: Sardinian Nationalism". In Eve Hepburn (ed.). New Challenges for Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties. Routledge. pp. 116–121. ISBN 978-1-317-96596-1.
- ^ "30 years EFA" (PDF). E-f-a.org. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ Antonio Sorge (2015). Legacies of Violence: History, Society, and the State in Sardinia. University of Toronto Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4426-2174-9.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Mario MELIS". Europarl.europa.eu.
- ^ James Newell (2002). The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4.
- ^ Eve Hepburn (2010). Using Europe: Territorial Party Strategies in a Multi-level System. Manchester University Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-1-84779-764-3.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Risultati per circoscrizione-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna". Regione.sardegna.it.
- ^ "Elezioni del XIV Consiglio regionale e del Presidente della Regione . Proclamati Eletti Dall' Ufficio Centrale Regionale" (PDF). Regione.sardegna.it. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Ministry of the Interior". Archived from the original on 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Sardegna Oggi: Notizie e informazione regionale". Sardegnaoggi.it.
- ^ "Sardegna - Elezioni Regionali del 16 febbraio 2014". Repubblica.it.
- ^ "Lega-Psd'Az, arriva l'accordo: Salvini a Cagliari - Politica". L'Unione Sarda.it. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "LEGA - PSD'AZ, I NOSTRI OBIETTIVI: 10 PUNTI PER LA SARDEGNA". Sito Ufficiale del Partidu Sardu - Partito Sardo d'Azione. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ Salvini: "Nel 2018 Italia federale". Accordo Lega-Partito Sardo d'Azione, Affaritaliani.it
- ^ Rojch, Luca (23 January 2018). "Psd'Az: "Noi e la Lega? Giusto così. Proteste insignificanti" - Cronaca". la Nuova Sardegna. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Parlamentari al primo mandato e uscenti che tornano a Roma: i 25 eletti". Sardiniapost.it. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Sardegna Reporter - Ultime Notizie Sardegna". Sardegna Reporter. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Psd'Az di nuovo in Parlamento dopo 22 anni grazie a Salvini: eletti Solinas e De Martini". Sardiniapost.it. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Member Parties". EFA - European Free Alliance. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ a b Hepburn, E. (2009) 'Explaining Failure: the Highs and Lows of Sardinian Nationalism', Regional & Federal Studies, 19(4/5)
- ^ Hepburn, Eve (1 December 2009). "Explaining Failure: the Highs and Lows of Sardinian Nationalism" (PDF). Regional & Federal Studies. 19 (4–5): 595–618. doi:10.1080/13597560903310378.
