Jump to content

Ineos

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Dawkeye (talk | contribs) at 11:26, 24 January 2021 (fmt/update references). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the British cycling and America's cup challenger teams, see Team Ineos and Ineos Team UK.

INEOS Group Holdings S.A.
Company typePrivate limited company
IndustryChemicals
Founded1998
FounderSir Jim Ratcliffe
Headquarters
Key people
ProductsChemical substances, petrochemicals, plastics
RevenueDecrease €13.705 billion (2019)[1]
US$15 billion
2,001,300,000 Euro (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
Decrease €723.3 million (2019)[1]
Total assetsIncrease €12.909 billion (2019)[1]
Total equityDecrease €1.528 billion (2019)[1]
Number of employees
7,500 (2019)[1]
Websitewww.ineos.com

Ineos is a British multinational chemicals company headquartered and registered in London, England.

Ineos is organised into about 20 standalone business units, each with its own board and operating almost entirely independently, although founder Sir Jim Ratcliffe and his associates appear to occasionally sit on their boards.[2]

Name

The name Ineos is derived from INspec Ethylene Oxide Specialities, a previous name of the business.[3] It also incorporates one Latin and two Greek words. "Ineo" is Latin for a new beginning, "Eos" is the Greek goddess of dawn, and "neos" is Greek for something new and innovative. As well as being an acronym, Ineos states its name represents the "dawn of something new and innovative".[3]

History

Part of the Grangemouth petrochemical plant in Scotland; the site has been an oil refinery since 1924
Part of the Ineos facility in Wilhelmshaven, Germany

In 1992, Inspec was formed by Sir Jim Ratcliffe, previously a director of the U.S. private equity group Advent International, and by John Hollowood, for the purpose of executing a management buy-in of British Petroleum's (BP) chemicals arm.[4][5]

In 1995, Inspec bought BP's ethylene oxide, and glycol, businesses for £78 million, to become Inspec Ethylene Oxide Specialities.[6]

In 1998, Ratcliffe, then a director of Inspec, established Ineos for the purpose of purchasing Inspec's ethylene oxide facility in Antwerp, Belgium.[7][8] The £84 million purchase was funded by three entities: the Scottish investment house Murray Johnstone (£10 million), Ineos management (£1.5 million), and the investment bank BT Alex Brown (£72.5 million, raised through junk bonds).[6][7][9][10]

The company grew quickly through the acquisition of commodity chemical businesses from corporate giants such as BP, ICI and BASF.

There have been three distinct phases of Ineos's growth.[11] The first phase spanned over ten years, with Ineos acquiring 22 companies between 1998 and 2008. The two most notable of these were Innovene, the olefins and derivatives and refining subsidiary of BP, in October 2005 for $9 billion,[12] and ICI's commodity chemicals business in 2001.

The second phase between 2008 and 2010 saw a period of consolidation as the company tackled the impact of the global recession. As production of consumer goods, cars, and construction fell during this period, the company saw sales and earnings fall. During this period a major competitor LyondellBasell filed for bankruptcy.[13] Some predicted a similar fate for Ineos but the company emerged from this period intact.

The third phase commenced in 2011. In this phase the company has continued to grow through a series of strategic joint ventures.

In June 2011, the largest of these, Petroineos, was completed. It is a 50:50 joint venture between Ineos and PetroChina. It combines Ineos's refining interests at Grangemouth, Scotland, and at Lavéra near Martigues, France (about 30 miles west of Marseille), with PetroChina's access to upstream raw materials.[14]

In June 2011, Ineos and BASF combined their styrene businesses to form another 50:50 partnership, Styrolution.[15]

Ineos' growth has continued through this period, expanding production in the US and China. Most recently Ineos announced a joint venture with Solvay bringing together their European polyvinyl chloride businesses.[16]

Ineos's heritage is in a number of well-known blue chip chemical companies. These include Amoco, BASF, Bayer, Borealis, BP, Degussa, Dow Chemical Company, Enichem, Erdölchemie, Hoechst, ICI, Innovene, Lanxess, Monsanto, Norsk Hydro and Solvay. The company was formed in 1998 to implement a management buyout of the former BP petrochemicals assets in Antwerp, Belgium.[17] Since then, it has expanded by purchasing several other businesses. Several of its divisions formerly belonged to BP, and others that have been divested by large companies such as Amoco, BASF, ICI, Dow Chemical, Solvay and UCB, as they have looked to focus more closely on their main product lines. In October 2005 Ineos agreed to purchase Innovene, BP's olefins and derivatives and refining subsidiary, which had an estimated 2005 turnover of US$25 billion, for $9 billion.[12] The deal, which was completed on 14 December 2005, roughly quadrupled Ineos's turnover, which was previously around $8 billion.

In 2007 Ineos formed a joint venture with Lanxess and created Ineos ABS, comprising Lanxess's activities in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene production, located in Tarragona. Ineos paid €35 million in a first tranche.[18] In March 2010 Ineos Healthcare terminated its drug development programme for commercial reasons.

In February 2011 Ineos Bio broke ground on a landmark advanced biofuels facility in Florida. "INEOS Bio’s biorefinery will have the capacity to produce 8 million gallons of ethanol and 6 megawatts (gross) of electricity per year." "The INEOS Bio process can produce ethanol and renewable energy from numerous non-food feedstocks, including construction and municipal solid waste, forestry and agricultural waste."[19] In July 2013 Ineos Bio announced that the Florida plant is producing cellulosic ethanol on a commercial scale and claim to be the first in the world to do so using this new technology.[20]

On 23 October 2013 Ineos announced the closure of its petrochemical plant in Grangemouth, Scotland,[21] following a dispute with the Unite trade union over pensions and an attempt to impose a wage freeze and new contract on the workforce. However, by 25 October 2013 the union capitulated to the closure threats and agreed to all Ineos's demands meaning the plant would stay open and strike-free for three years.[22] In September 2016 the company completed a new headquarters building at Grangemouth as part of a "site rejuvenation plan".[23]

In April 2017, Ineos reached an agreement to buy the Forties pipeline system in the North Sea from BP for $250 million. The sale included termini at Dalmeny and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform.[24] Towards the start of 2019, in the wake of British MPs rejecting Theresa May's Brexit Deal, the company chose to fund a €3bn investment (£2.6bn) in petrochemical production in Antwerp, Belgium.[25]

In April 2020, during the Coronavirus outbreak, hand sanitiser was in short supply due to high demand. Ineos set up new plants to produce it using key ingredients the company had used to manufacture polymers, and provided it free to hospitals.[26][27][28] Ineos factories have the capability of producing a million bottles of hand sanitiser a month.[29]

In June 2020, Ineos signed an intent to acquire the petrochemicals unit of BP for $5 billion. The business is focused on aromatics and acetyls. It has interests in 14 plants in Asia, Europe and the U.S., and achieved production of 9.7 million metric tons 2019. The deal is expected to close prior to the end of 2020.[30]

In September 2020, Ineos inked a 10-year deal to acquire offshore wind power from Engie's Northern wind farm. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.[31]

In January 2021, it was announced that Ineos was to donate £100 million to Oxford University for a new research institute for tackling antibiotic resistance.[32][33][34]

Markets

Ineos provides products for many markets including: Fuels and Lubricants (23.3%), Packaging and Food (18.5%) and Construction (16.1%). Other markets include Automotive & Transport, White Goods & Durables, Pharmaceutical & Agrochemical and Textiles.[35] The majority of Ineos's geographic earnings are distributed across Germany (16.8%), USA (16.1%), UK (12.3%), France (11.6%) and Benelux (10.8%).[35]

Ineos is involved in renewable energy and is one of the world's leading pioneers in the development of generating sustainable energy from waste material.[36]

Ineos reportedly runs operations with minimal head office management, feeling that "work teams" are better suited for handling of the workflow day to day, without middle-management.[37]

In November 2014, Ineos announced plans to invest up to £640m in shale gas exploration in the UK. The company plans to use the gas as a raw material for its chemicals plants, including Grangemouth near Falkirk.[38] Ineos CEO, Jim Ratcliffe, has criticized restrictions on fracking in the UK.[39]

Joint ventures

Petroineos

Petroineos is a refining and trading joint venture between Ineos and PetroChina formed in 2011. It is Europe's leading independent crude oil refiner, with a turnover of $15 billion. It has two refineries, one in Lavéra (part of Martigues), France, and one in Grangemouth, Scotland.[40] The value of the Grangemouth chemicals plant, which Ineos had once valued at 400 million pounds was written down to nothing by them in October 2013 during conflict with the union. Later that month it was reported that PetroChina was unhappy with the return on the billion dollars cash they had paid for a 50% stake in the Grangemouth, Scotland and Lavera, France refineries. According to a Hong Kong business analyst: "The European refineries are pretty much loss making. In future there won't be any similar investments".[41]

In May 2020 Petroineos sought a £500 million bailout from the UK government for its Grangemouth refinery, due to declining oil sales. But environmental groups wrote to the Scottish first minister and the UK's prime minister, urging them to reject the appeal. The request came a year after Sir Jim Ratcliffe, who is said to be the UK's third-wealthiest person, relocated to Monaco, apparently for tax reasons.[42][43]

Other ventures

PQ Corporation is a joint venture between Ineos (31%), CCMP (58%), and PQ management (11%). PQ is a global producer of inorganic chemicals, catalysts and engineered glass products.[44]

Most recently, Solvay and Ineos are to create a 50:50 joint venture which will see them combine their chlorvinyls sites in Europe. This joint venture will become the world's third largest producer of PVC.[16]

Ineos Automotive

Ineos Grenadier
Further information: Ineos Grenadier

Ineos Automotive Ltd. was formed in 2017 by Jim Ratcliffe in order to develop and manufacture an off-road utility vehicle, intended as a "spiritual successor" to the Land Rover Defender, under the codename Projekt Grenadier.[45] In September 2019, it was initially announced that vehicle, now officially named Ineos Grenadier, would be manufactured in two new factories in Estarreja, Portugal (chassis and body) and Bridgend, South Wales (final assembly), with powertrains supplied by BMW. Launch is planned for 2021.[46] In December it was announced the Final assembly would take place in Hambach, France instead of South Wales.[47] The announcement was condemned by Welsh Labour MP Chris Elmore, who contrasted the decision to relocate production to the European Union with Ineos CEO Sir Jim Ratcliffe's support for Brexit.[48]

Products

Ineos manufactures and distributes a wide range of petrochemicals, speciality chemicals and oil products:[35]

Business Products
Ammonia/nitric acid * Ammonia and nitric acid
Baleycourt * Esters, biodiesel, and chlorinated paraffins
Chlorotoluenes * Benzyl alcohol, benzyl chloride, benzaldehyde, benzoyl chloride, benzotrichloride, dibenzyloxide, ortho-chlorobenzyl chloride and ortho-chlorobenzaldehyde
Compounds * PVC compounds
Ethanol * Ethanol
Inovyn Brine, caustic soda, chlorinated solvents, chlorine derivatives, chlorine, EDC, ethylene, propylene, PVC, Recycled PVC and VCM
Melamines * Formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resin
Nitriles Acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, ammonium sulfate, hydrogen cyanide and maleic anhydride catalyst
Olefins and Polymers Europe Benzene, butadiene, ethylene, HDPE, LDPE compounds, LDPE, LLDPE, polymerisation Ziegler catalysts, polypropylene, propylene and toluene
Olefins and Polymers USA Butadiene, butane, crude benzene, ethane/propane mix, ethylene, fuel oil, HDPE, mixed butenes, other bottoms liquids, polypropylene, propane, and propylene
Oligomers DIB, the dimer of isobutylene (isoolefins/isoparafins), IA (isoamylene/TAME), linear alpha olefins, poly alpha olefins, polyisobutene, Technikum (cyclopentane, CP70, methylpropadiene)
Oxide Acetate, acetate esters, alkoxilates, alkoxylates, ENB & glycol ethers, EOAs, ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, glycol ethers, oxo alcohols, propylene glycol, and propylene oxide
Paraform * Cyanates, dimethoxymethane, formaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine, paraformaldehyde, and triallylcyanurate
Phenol Acetone, alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), cumene and phenol
Salt * Granular salt, pure dried vacuum salt, salt tablets, and undried vacuum salt
Solvents * Diisopropyl ether, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, and s-butyl alcohol
Styrolution ABS, AMSAN, ASA Resin, compounded grades, ethylbenzene, general purpose polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, NAS, polyethylbenzene, polystyrene polymers - HIPS, SAN, SBC (StyroFlex), specialty compounding, styrene, and styrene monomer
Sulphur Chemicals * Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, and ultra pure acid
Technologies Licenses world class petrochemical technology for: polyethylene, polystyrene, vinyls, polypropylene, acrylonitrile, chlor-alkali
Trading and Shipping Trades and supplies petrochemical feedstocks, hydrocarbons, energy and carbon credits for both internal and external customers
Upsteam Shale Natural gas, exploration and production of natural gas from on-shore shale deposits. Produces UK gas on the national grid.
Upstream Breagh Supplies natural gas to one in ten UK households.

*Ineos Enterprises consists of the following sub-businesses: ammonia/nitric acid, Baleycourt, chlorotoluenes, compounds, ethanol, melamines, paraform, salt, solvents and sulphur chemicals.

Industrial relations controversy

2008

In April 2008 Ineos, which was experiencing adverse economic conditions, was at the centre of an industrial relations dispute with Unite over pension entitlements of the workforce at its Grangemouth Refinery, when the company decided to close the final salary pension scheme to new employees. Unite claimed the Grangemouth workers were paid £6,000 less than those at comparable facilities.[49] The 48-hour strike that followed caused panic buying of petrol throughout the country and the Forties production pipeline, a third of Britain's North Sea oil production, being closed.[50] Ineos has been accused by some of buying assets then cutting costs through the introduction of new working practices, lower wages, and terminating pension schemes.[49] According to Ratcliffe, some 65 per cent of salary costs at Grangemouth related to pensions.[51][52]

2013

Stephen Deans, convener for Unite union at the Grangemouth plant where he worked, and also head of the Falkirk branch of the Labour party, was suspended from his employment at Grangemouth by Ineos in the summer of 2013, while they investigated what they said were accusations he had been using company resources for political campaigning; related to recruitment of Unite members in Ineos workforce to the local Labour branch, where the selection of a new parliamentary candidate was taking place after the de-selection of Eric Joyce. A Labour Party head office investigation into allegations that people had been made new members without them knowing or signing cleared Deans of the accusations, who had been suspended from the Labour party pending the investigation as well as the Unite candidate he was supporting.[50][53][54][55][56]

Unite said Deans was being subjected to "sinister" treatment, and in October an overtime ban at Grangemouth plant, which according to Ineos had operated at a loss of £150 million per year for the previous four years, started in protest.[50][55][56][57] A 48-hour strike was set for 20 October. Ineos announced the plant would be shut down before the strike and put forward a new deal direct to the workforce, warning that the plant might close permanently if it was rejected. Two-thirds of workers voted against accepting Ineos's proposal, which would have reduced pension, shift pay and redundancy entitlements in addition to a pay freeze. On 23 October Ineos announced the permanent closure of the petrochemical site at Grangemouth.[58] The next day the Unite union reversed its position and agreed to Ineos's proposals, which included an undertaking not to strike for three years.[59] Deans resigned from his job at Grangemouth on 28 October 2013 after Ineos presented its findings to his team.[60][61][62]

Criticism

In March 2016, Ineos's Port of Runcorn ChlorVinyls facility was found guilty of releasing caustic soda into the Manchester Ship Canal. The company was ordered to pay a fine of £166,650.[63]

In 2018, Ineos applied for a test core drilling for shale gas at Woodsetts (United Kingdom). It was met by protests of residents.[64][65] New plans for drilling at Woodsetts and Harthill had been applied and eventually approved by the Planning Inspectorate.[66]

Sports

Ineos sponsors the Ineos Grenadiers cycling team and the Ineos Team UK sailing team. Ineos is also a principal sponsor of the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team. On Friday 18 December 2020, it was confirmed that Ineos would become one third shareholder of the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "INEOS 2019 Financial Report" (PDF). INEOS. 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  2. ^ Pfeifer, Sylvia (20 November 2014). "Jim D. Ratcliffe". Financial Times.
  3. ^ a b "Jim's a Leader in His Field". Inch. No. 4. Ineos AG. 2013.
  4. ^ Marsh, Virginia; Rivlin, Richard (18 September 1999). "Ratcliffe in joint bid for ICI's acrylics arm". Financial Times. London, UK. p. 26.
  5. ^ Jury, Jennifer (1 June 1998). "Murray Johnstone Backs Jim Ratcliffe in Ineos Buyout". UK Venture Capital Journal. p. 1.
  6. ^ a b Mortished, Carl (15 April 1998). "Inspec sells Antwerp to managers". The Times. London, UK. p. 25.
  7. ^ a b Taylor, Roger (15 April 1998). "Director to lead £84m buy-out of Inspec arm". Financial Times. London, UK. p. 25.
  8. ^ "INEOS: Company Structure Information". ICIS. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  9. ^ Clark, Michael (15 April 1998). "Finance sector leads index to another record high". The Times. London, UK. p. 26.
  10. ^ Luce, Edward (29 April 1998). "EDC in $500m five-year deal". Financial Times. London, UK. p. 44.
  11. ^ Dey, Iain (12 May 2013). "What Jim Ratcliffe did next". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  12. ^ a b Catan, Thomas (7 October 2005). "BP to sell Innovene to Ineos in $9bn deal". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  13. ^ "Lyondell Files for Bankruptcy". The New York Times. 6 January 2009.
  14. ^ "PetroChina and INEOS announce plans for new trading and refining JV in Europe". INEOS Chlorvinyls. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  15. ^ "BASF and INEOS sign joint venture contract for Styrolution". BASF. 31 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  16. ^ a b "Solvay and INEOS join forces to create a world-class PVC producer". Solvay. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Ratcliffe, the alchemist". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 12 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  18. ^ "European Commission approves joint venture for Lustran Polymers business". Lustran Polymers. 7 August 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2007.
  19. ^ "INEOS Bio breaks ground on landmark advanced biofuels facility in Florida". Biofuels Digest. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  20. ^ "First facility in the world using new advanced bioenergy technology to convert waste to renewable fuel and electricity". Ineos. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  21. ^ "Grangemouth dispute: Ineos says petrochemical plant will close". BBC News. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  22. ^ Fraser, Douglas (23 October 2013). "Q&A: Grangemouth - What now?". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  23. ^ "INEOS completes construction of its new, state of the art Grangemouth Headquarters as part of its site rejuvention plan". INEOS. Grangemouth. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  24. ^ "BP sells Forties North Sea pipeline to Ineos". BBC News. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  25. ^ "Ineos chooses Antwerp for €3bn petrochemical investment". Financial Times. 16 January 2019.
  26. ^ Lingle, Rick (23 April 2020). "Dow and Ineos Make Hand Sanitizer to Fight COVID-19". Plastics Today. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  27. ^ "INEOS hand sanitiser factory up and running". The Engineer. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  28. ^ Hegarty, Stephanie (2 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Where has all the hand sanitiser gone?". BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  29. ^ "Beating Coronavirus". Guido Fawkes. 27 March 2020.
  30. ^ Taboada, Jaime Llinares (29 June 2020). "BP sells petrochemicals unit to INEOS for $5B". MarketWatch. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  31. ^ "Ineos signs Belgian offshore wind power deal with Engie". Reuters. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  32. ^ Coughlan, Sean (19 January 2021). "Oxford research tackles threat of antibiotic resistance". BBC News. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  33. ^ "Ineos gives Oxford £100m to set up antibiotic research institute". Financial Times. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  34. ^ Rice, Liam (19 January 2021). "INEOS donates £100 million to new Oxford University institute". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  35. ^ a b c "INEOS is a world class producer of Petrochemicals and speciality chemicals". INEOS. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Florida Plant to Produce Advanced Ethanol". The Wall Street Journal. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  37. ^ "Big Cut in UK Firms' Carcinogenic Emissions". Environment News Service. 6 March 2002. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  38. ^ "Ineos to invest £640m in UK shale gas exploration". BBC News. 20 November 2014.
  39. ^ "Fracking boss Jim Ratcliffe hits out at 'pathetic' government". BBC News. 1 May 2019.
  40. ^ "PetroChina completes $1bn Ineos deal". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  41. ^ Song Yen Ling (21 October 2013). "China abandons downstream investments on poor returns". S&P Global Platts.
  42. ^ Burns, Hamish (28 May 2020). "Sturgeon urged to block government bailout for Grangemouth operator Petroineos". The Insider. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  43. ^ Kleinman, Mark (12 May 2020). "Coronavirus: Ineos tycoon's venture seeks government loan". Sky News. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  44. ^ "News: CCMP Completes Investment In PQ Corporation". CCMP Capital. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016.
  45. ^ Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (19 September 2017). "Unofficial Land Rover Defender successor gets a name". Motor Authority. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  46. ^ Overland, Colin (18 September 2019). "Ineos Grenadier: Brit-built 'spiritual heir' to old Defender arrives 2021". Car Magazine. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  47. ^ Neate, Rupert (8 December 2020). "Ineos boss opts to build 'British' heir to Land Rover Defender in France". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  48. ^ "Sir Jim Ratcliffe confirms new vehicle to be made in France". BBC News. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  49. ^ a b Doward, Jamie; Hinsliff, Gaby; Campbell, Denis (27 April 2008). "Drivers are told not to panic buy as strike at oil refinery starts to bite". The Observer. p. 5.
  50. ^ a b c Hutcheon, Paul (28 July 2013). "Trade union threatened to shut Grangemouth refinery over Falkirk chairman's suspension". Sunday Herald.
  51. ^ King, YaShekia (19 August 2011). "INEOS Financing on Bioenergy Plant Will Create Almost 400 Jobs". U.S. Green Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  52. ^ Osbourne, Alistair (6 September 2013). "Britain is not an attractive place to manufacture, says Ineos chief Jim Ratcliffe". The Daily Telegraph.
  53. ^ "Falkirk row: Unite union vindicated, says Len McCluskey". BBC News. 8 September 2013.
  54. ^ "Labour: Falkirk Candidate Karie Murphy Quits". Sky News. 6 September 2013.
  55. ^ a b "Old wound threatens to reopen at Grangemouth". Financial Times.
  56. ^ a b "Grangemouth dispute: The key players". BBC News. 23 October 2013.
  57. ^ Barnes, Eddie (24 October 2013). "Grangemouth: How downfall began with bar-room brawl". The Scotsman.
  58. ^ "Grangemouth: timeline of the dispute". The Daily Telegraph. 23 October 2013.
  59. ^ "Grangemouth dispute: Hopes rise after Unite accepts survival plan". BBC News. 24 October 2013.
  60. ^ Farrell, Sean; Syal, Rajeev (28 October 2013). "Grangemouth Unite official quits before he gets the boot". The Guardian.
  61. ^ "Unite official Stevie Deans resigns from Grangemouth role". The Courier. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.
  62. ^ Scottish Television News, 28 October 2013
  63. ^ "Runcorn chemical giant loses appeal over chemical spill fine". Liverpool Echo. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  64. ^ Hayhurst, Ruth (11 June 2019). "Shale gas opponents protest outside inquiry at Ineos drilling plans". DrillOrDrop.com.
  65. ^ "INEOS Shale disappointed by council's decision on Woodsetts". INEOS Shale. 8 March 2018.
  66. ^ "New INEOS plans for Woodsetts and Harthill drilling approved". Woodsetts Against Fracking. 7 June 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to INEOS.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ineos&oldid=1002425511"