Jump to content

Russian war crimes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by ClueBot NG (talk | contribs) at 13:14, 26 January 2021 (Reverting possible vandalism by Yoooooolooooo to version by Pahunkat. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (3878386) (Bot)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

A Russian soldier walking over the mass grave of Chechens in Komsomolskoye, 2001

Russian war crimes are the violations of the law of war, including the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the Geneva Conventions, consisting out of war crimes and crimes against humanity, of which the official armed and paramilitary forces of the Russian Federation are accused of committing since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This also extends to include aiding and abetting crimes of proto-states or client states armed and financed by Russia, including Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic. These have included the summary execution of captured enemy combatants, the mistreatment of prisoners during interrogation (torture), and the use of violence against civilian non-combatants, including rape. Russia is the only country still involved in all post-Soviet wars in the 21st century Europe.

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have recorded Russian war crimes in Chechnya,[1][2][3] Georgia,[4][5] Ukraine[6][7] and Syria.[8][9][10][11] Médecins Sans Frontières also documented war crimes in Chechnya.[12] Moreover, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in its 2017 report confirmed that Russia used cluster and incendiary weapons in Syria, constituting the war crime of indiscriminate attacks in a civilian populated area.[13] By 2009, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) issued 115 verdicts (including in Baysayeva v. Russia case) finding the Russian government guilty of enforced disappearances, murder, torture, and for failing to properly investigate these crimes in Chechnya.[14] In 2021, the ECHR also separately found Russia guilty of murder, torture, looting and destruction of homes in Georgia, as well as preventing the return of 20,000 displaced Georgians to their territory.[15][16][17]

As a consequence of its involvement in the war in eastern Ukraine, wide-scale international sanctions have been imposed against Russian officials in 2014 by numerous countries.[18] When the International Criminal Court (ICC) started to investigate Russia's annexation of Crimea for possible violations of international law, Russia abruptly withdrew its membership in 2016.[19][20]

Chechnya

Main articles: First Chechen War, Second Chechen War, Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism, 1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya, Chernokozovo detention center, and Death of Nura Luluyeva
A mass grave in Chechnya

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared independence from the Russian Federation. The Russian officials refused their independence declaration, sparking tensions. This ultimately escalated into a full war when 25,000 Russian soldiers crossed into Chechnya on 11 December 1994.[21] The war ended with Chechen de facto independence and Russian troop withdrawal in 1996. The second conflict escalated again in 1999, and its counterinsurgency waged until 2009. It concluded by Russia taking full control of Chechnya and instaling a pro-Russian government. Numerous war crimes were recorded, mostly by the Russian armed forces.[22][23]

During the two wars, the Chechens were dehumanized and depicted by Russian propaganda as "blacks", "bandits", "terrorists", "cockroaches" and "bedbugs". The Russian armed forces perpetrated numerous war crimes.[24]

These included the following: the use of prohibited cluster bombs in the 1995 Shali cluster bomb attack, which targeted a market, a gas station and a hospital.[25][26][27] The April 1995 Samashki massacre, where over a 100 Chechen civilians were killed by OMON forces.[23][28] During the First Battle of Grozny, Russian air raids and artillery bombardments were described as the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since the destruction of Dresden.[29] In its report released on 26 March 1996, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) accused the Russian troops of firing on and killing civilians at checkpoints and summarily executing captured Chechen men, both civilians and fighters.[23] Two cases involved Russian soldiers murdering humanitarian aid workers who tried to save a civilian from execution on a street in Grozny. Russian Ministry of Interior forces officers fired into a group of soldiers who refused to kill the civilian population. The war caused displacement of 450,000 people, 45 percent of Chechnya's population, while 2,000 children died.[23]

A building damaged during the war in Grozny

The Second Chechen War led to another round of war crimes and attacks against civilians. The 1999 Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack against civilians.[30][31] The Grozny ballistic missile attack targeted a crowded market, leaving over a hundred civilians dead.[32] The Russian Air Force perpetrated rocket attacks on a convoy of refugees trying to enter Ingushetia.[33] This was repeated in December 1999 when Russian soldiers shot at refugees fleeing Grozny.[34] The Alkhan-Yurt massacre and Novye Aldi massacre involved murder, looting and rape of Chechens by Russian soldiers.[3][35][36] Staropromyslovsky massacre occurred in January 2000.[37][38] The bombing of Katyr-Yurt occurred on 4–6 February 2000. The 1999–2000 siege and bombardments of Grozny caused thousands of civilians to perish.[39][40]

The Russian armed forces also used imprecise Fuel-Air Explosive bombs, also known as "vacuum bombs", which destroy shelters, buildings and bunkers, making it impossible to protect the civilians from their destructive nature in the populated areas. Their pressure wave kills through a subsequent rarefaction, a vacuum, which ruptures the lungs[41] or causes people to suffocate. They were used in the southern mountains of Chechnya.[42]

A Chechen woman with a wounded child

On 17 December 1996, six delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) were killed in an attack by masked gunmen at the ICRC hospital in Novye Atagi, near Grozny.[43] In 2010, Russian special forces officer, Major Aleksi Potyomkin, claimed that the murders were perpetrated by FSB agents.[44] A 2004 report identified Russian soldiers using rape as means of torture against the Chechens.[45] Out of 428 villages in Chechnya, 380 were bombed in the conflicts, leaving a 70% destruction of households behind.[46]

Amnesty International estimated that between 20,000 and 30,000 civilians have been killed in the First Chechen War alone, mostly by indiscriminate attacks by Russian forces on densely populated areas.[47] Meanwhile, in 1996, the then Russian National Security chief Aleksandr Lebed said that 80,000 people died in the first war.[48] Combined with the military forces, historians estimate that up to a tenth of the entire Chechen population died in the first war,[49] a 100,000 people out of a million.[50] Conservative estimates assume that at least 100,000–150,000 people died in the two conflicts.[51] Higher estimates by Chechen officials and nationals assume that up to 200,000–300,000 died in the two wars.[52][53] Since the start of the conflicts, there have been 57 recorded mass graves in Chechnya. [54]

Some scholars estimated that the brutality of the Russian attacks on such a small ethnic group amounted to a crime of genocide.[55][56] The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya.[57]

Human Rights Watch additionally recorded between 3,000 and 5,000 forced disappearances in Chechnya between 1999 and 2005, and classified it as a crime against humanity.[2]

Georgia

Main articles: 2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia, Russo-Georgian War, and Occupied territories of Georgia
Two men looking at a missile lying across a sofa
Nearly-intact Russian missile booster in the bedroom of a Gori house, an example of a possible indiscriminate attack in civilian areas

Following a 7 August 2008 escalation between the break-away region of South Ossetia and Georgia, the Russian forces crossed the international border on 8 August and attacked Georgian soldiers in support of South Ossetia.[58] Russian soldiers also crossed into the other break-away region of Abkhazia, even though no fighting was recorded there. The war ended on 12 August with a ceasefire brokered by international diplomats. The Russian government recognized South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent countries, though some scholars described that the two regions actually became Russian protectorates.[59]

HRW reported that no proof of intentional attacks on non-combatants by Georgian troops had been discovered.[60]

Russia deliberately attacked fleeing civilians in South Ossetia and the Gori district of Georgia.[4] Russian warplanes bombed civilian population centres in Georgia proper and villages of ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia.[4] Armed militias engaged in plundering, burning and kidnappings. Attacks by militias compelled Georgian civilians to run away.[4]

The use of cluster bombs by the Russians caused fatalities among civilians.[61] Amnesty International accused Russia of deliberately bombarding and attacking civilian areas and infrastructure, which is a war crime.[5] Russia denied using cluster bombs.[62] 228 Georgian civilians perished in the conflict.[58]

Additionally, the Russian military did nothing to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia in the area under its control.[63][64]

Ukraine

Main articles: War in Donbass, Russian military intervention in Ukraine, International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis, and Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbass

Following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the pro-Russian Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, was ousted and fled to Russia, while the new Ukrainian government adopted a pro-European perspective. Russia responded with the annexation of Crimea, which was declared illegal by the UN General Assembly in its resolution 68/262,[65] while pro-Russian separatists declared the unrecognized proto-state Novorossiya, intending a secession from Ukraine, and an insurgency which eventually led to war in Donbass, the eastern parts of Ukraine. While Russia denied involvement in the war in Donbass, numerous evidence pointed at its support of the pro-Russian separatists. Amnesty International accused Russia of "fuelling separatist crimes" and called upon on "all parties, including Russia, to stop violations of the laws of war".[7]

Damaged building in Kurakhove, 26 November 2014

Human Rights Watch stated that pro-Russian insurgents "failed to take all feasible precautions to avoid deploying in civilian areas" and in one case "actually moved closer to populated areas as a response to government shelling".[66] HRW called on all sides to stop using the "notoriously imprecise" Grad rockets.[66]

Another report by Human Rights Watch said that the insurgents had been "running amok...taking, beating and torturing hostages, as well as wantonly threatening and beating people who are pro-Kiev".[67] It also said that the insurgents had destroyed medical equipment, threatened medical staff, and occupied hospitals. A member of Human Rights Watch witnessed the exhumation of a "mass grave" in Sloviansk that was uncovered after insurgents retreated from the city.[67]

Insurgents with bayonet-equipped automatic rifles in the city of Donetsk paraded captured Ukrainian soldiers through the streets on 24 August, the Independence Day of Ukraine.[68][69] During the parade, Russian nationalistic songs were played from loudspeakers, and members of the crowd jeered at the prisoners with epithets like "fascist". Street cleaning machines followed the protesters, "cleansing" the ground they were paraded on.[68] Human Rights Watch said that this was in clear violation of the common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The article forbids "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment". They further said that the parade "may be considered a war crime".[68]

A mural of Ukrainian soldiers and police officers who died "defending Ukrainian unity" in Kyiv

A map of human rights violations committed by the separatists, called the "Map of Death", was published by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) in October 2014.[70][71][72] The reported violations included detention camps and mass graves. Subsequently, on 15 October, the SBU opened a case on "crimes against humanity" perpetrated by insurgent forces.[73]

A mid-October report by Amnesty International documented cases of summary executions by pro-Russian forces.[74] A report by Human Rights Watch documented use of cluster munitions by anti-government forces.[75]

In October 2014, Aleksey Mozgovoy organised a "people's court" in Alchevsk that issued a death sentence by a show of hands to a man accused of rape.[76]

At a press conference in Kyiv on 15 December 2015, UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations committed during the conflict were carried out by the separatists.[77]

Amnesty International reported that it had found "new evidence" of summary killings of Ukrainian soldiers on 9 April 2015. Having reviewed video footage, it determined that at least four Ukrainian soldiers had been shot dead "execution style". AI deputy director for Europe and Central Asia Denis Krivosheev said that "the new evidence of these summary killings confirms what we have suspected for a long time".[78] AI also said that a recording released by Kyiv Post of a man, allegedly separatist leader Arseny Pavlov, claiming to have killed fifteen Ukrainian prisoners of war was a "chilling confession", and that it highlighted "the urgent need for an independent investigation into this and all other allegations of abuses".[78][79] Russia's actions in Ukraine have been described as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity (Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shoot down).[80]

In 2019, the Ukrainian government considered 7% of Ukraine's territory to be under occupation.[81] The United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, adopted on December 17, 2018, mostly concurred and designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[82]

The United Nations recorded that the war claimed the lives of over 3,000 civilians.[83]

Syria

Main articles: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War and Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign
Russian aircraft drop firebombs in northern Aleppo in June 2016.

On 30 September 2015, Russian military intervened directly in the Syrian Civil War on the side of the pro-Russian government of Bashar al-Assad. According to Amnesty International, in late February 2016 Russian warplanes deliberately targeted civilians and rescue workers during their bombing campaign.[84] The human rights group has documented attacks on schools, hospitals and civilian homes. Amnesty International also said that "Russia is guilty of some the most egregious war crimes" it had seen in decades. The director of Amnesty's crisis response program, Tirana Hassan, said that after bombing civilian targets, the Russian warplanes "loop around" for a second attack to target the humanitarian workers and civilians who are trying to help those have been injured in the first sortie.[84]

In February 2016, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported extensive use of cluster munitions by Syria and Russia, in violation of United Nations resolution 2139 of 22 February 2014, which demanded that all parties end "indiscriminate employment of weapons in populated areas". HRW said that "Russian or Syrian forces were responsible for the attacks" and that the munitions were "manufactured in the former Soviet Union or Russia" and that some were of a type that had "not been documented as used in Syria" prior to Russia's involvement in the war, which they claimed, suggested that "either Russian aircraft dropped them or Russian authorities recently provided the Syrian government with more cluster munitions, or both".[9] HRW also noted that while neither Russia nor Syria are parties to the Cluster Munitions Convention, the use of such munitions contradicts statements issued by the Syrian government that they would refrain from using them.[9] Russian indiscriminate bombings against civilians, using banned cluster bombs or firebombing, were often deemed as a violation of international law, mostly during the battle of Aleppo[11][10] and siege of Eastern Ghouta.[85] Several parallels were drawn between the 2016 destructions in Aleppo with those from Grozny in 2000,[39] described by some as indicating a joint policy of "take no prisoners".[40] Between May and July 2019, heavy Russian bombardments killed 544 civlians in the assualt on Idlib.[86] On 22 July 2019, the Ma'arrat al-Numan market bombing killed 43 civilians.[87] On 16 August 2019, Russian fighter jets perpetrated an airstrike on Hass refugee camp, killing 20 civilians.[88][89]

On 6 March 2018, the United Nations Human Rights Council published a public report confirming that the Atarib market bombing was perpetrated by the Russian military. A Russian fixed-wing aircraft using unguided weapons, including blast weapons, were used against this location. The report concluded that using such heavy weapons on densely populated civilian areas may amount to a war crime.[90][91] On 2 February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) issued a report on the battle of Aleppo, confirming that Russia used cluster and incendiary weapons. It concluded that their use on densely populated area in eastern Aleppo "amounts to the use of an inherently indiscriminate weapon, constituting the war crime of indiscriminate attacks in a civilian populated area".[13]

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that Russian air strikes and artillery shells have killed 18,000 people, including nearly 8,000 civilians, in Syria by 1 October 2018.[92]

See also: Mikheyev v. Russia; Musayev, Labazanova and Magomadov v. Russia; and Estamirov and Others v. Russia

The Russian government tried to effectively block or prevent any kind of international prosecution of its role in suspected war crimes by an international court, using even its seat at the Security Council to veto resolutions which called for an investigation and bringing accountability of the downing the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Donetsk Oblast[93] and for crimes being committed in Syria.[94] It even denied that a chemical attack had taken place in Douma on 7 April 2018, but this was nonetheless confirmed in a report by the UN-backed Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.[95]

The Russian government also denied accountability in its local courts. While thousands of investigations were undertaken, only one person was convicted for crimes against the Chechens in the Chechen wars—Yuri Budanov, convicted by a Russian court of kidnapping and murder of Elza Kungaeva and sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2003[96]—which led Amnesty International to conclude that there is "no accountability" and that a Russian "lack of prosecution has resulted in a climate of impunity".[97] Due to such impunity, hundreds of victims of abuse have filed applications with the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). By 2009, the ECHR issued 115 verdicts (including in Baysayeva v. Russia case) finding the Russian government guilty of enforced disappearances, extrajudicial executions, torture, and for failing to properly investigate these crimes in Chechnya.[14]

On 29 March 2005 Sergey Lapin was sentenced to 11 years for torture of Chechen student Zelimkhan Murdalov in police custody, who disappeared since.[98] In December 2007, Lt Yevgeny Khudyakov and Lt Sergei Arakcheyev were sentenced to 17 and 15 years for killing three Chechen construction workers near a Grozny checkpoint in January 2003.[99]

In 2019, former FSB employee Igor Strelkov was indicted by Dutch prosecutors for murder

On 24 May 2018, after extensive comparative research, the Dutch investigation concluded that the Buk that shot down the 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 came from the Russian 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade in Kursk.[100] In a statement by the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs of 5 July 2017, it was announced that several countries will prosecute any suspects identified in the downing of flight MH17 in the Netherlands and under Dutch law.[101] A future treaty between the Netherlands and Ukraine will make it possible for the Netherlands to prosecute in the cases of all 298 victims, regardless of their nationality. This treaty was signed on 7 July 2017.[102] On 21 March 2018, the Dutch government sent legislation to the parliament, allowing the suspects involved to be prosecuted in the Netherlands under Dutch law.[103][104] On 19 June 2019, Dutch prosecutors charged four people over the deaths in the MH17 crash: three Russians—Igor Strelkov, a former FSB employee; Sergey Dubinskiy and Oleg Pulatov; former GRU operatives—and one Ukrainian—Leonid Kharchenko—associated with the Donetsk People's Republic.[105][106][107] The Dutch authorities sent out international arrest warrants for the suspects they aim to prosecute.[108]

On 29 August 2003, a Dutch court (Rechtbank's Gravenhage) found that the Samashki massacre of 250 Chechen civilians was a crime against humanity.[109]

International Criminal Court building in The Hague

When the International Criminal Court (ICC) started to investigate Russia's annexation of Crimea for possible violations of international law, Russia abruptly withdrew its membership on 16 November 2016.[19] Nonetheless, in its preliminary 2017 report, the ICC found that "the situation within the territory of Crimea and Sevastopol would amount to an international armed conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation" as well that it "factually amounts to an ongoing state of occupation".[110] It further found that there is credible evidence that at least 10 people have disappeared and are believed to have been killed on Crimea for opposing the change of its status.[111] In January 2016, the ICC also opened an investigation into possible war crimes perpetrated during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.[112]

On 21 January 2021, the ECHR also separately found Russia guilty of murder, torture, looting and destruction of homes in Georgia, as well as preventing the return of 20,000 displaced Georgians to their territory.[15][16][17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "No progress in Chechnya without accountability". Amnesty International. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Worse Than a War: "Disappearances" in Chechnya—a Crime Against Humanity". Human Rights Watch. March 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b "NO HAPPINESS REMAINS" CIVILIAN KILLINGS, PILLAGE, AND RAPE IN ALKHAN-YURT, CHECHNYA, Human Rights Watch investigation report, April 2000
  4. ^ a b c d "Georgia: International Groups Should Send Missions". Human Rights Watch. 18 August 2008.
  5. ^ a b Amnesty International 2009, p. 25—26.
  6. ^ "Ukraine: Rebel Forces Detain, Torture Civilians - Dire Concern for Safety of Captives". Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Ukraine: Mounting evidence of war crimes and Russian involvement". Amnesty International. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  8. ^ "Syria: Russia's shameful failure to acknowledge civilian killings". Amnesty International. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  9. ^ a b c "Russia/Syria: Extensive Recent Use of Cluster Munitions | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Syria/Russia: Incendiary Weapons Burn in Aleppo, Idlib". Human Rights Watch. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Russia/Syria: War Crimes in Month of Bombing Aleppo". Human Rights Watch. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  12. ^ Binet 2016, p. 29—31, 97, 136.
  13. ^ a b OHCHR & 2 February 2017, p. 20

    Between July and December 2016, Syrian and Russian forces carried out daily air strikes, claiming hundreds of lives and reducing hospitals, schools and markets to rubble... Syrian and Russian air forces conducted daily air strikes in Aleppo throughout most of the period under review, exclusively employing, as far as the Commission could determine, unguided air-delivered munitions...

  14. ^ a b ""Who Will Tell Me What Happened to My Son?" - Russia's Implementation of European Court of Human Rights Judgments on Chechnya". Human Rights Watch. 27 September 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  15. ^ a b Luke Harding (21 January 2021). "Russia committed human rights violation in Georgia war, ECHR rules". Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  16. ^ a b "Court Condemns Russia for Violating Human Rights After 2008 Georgia War". The Moscow Times. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  17. ^ a b "European court: Russia must answer for abuses in 2008 Georgia war". Reuters. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  18. ^ "EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Russia withdraws from International Criminal Court treaty". BBC News. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Russia's withdrawal from International Criminal Court statute is 'completely cynical'". Amnesty International. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  21. ^ Binet 2016, p. 19.
  22. ^ "War Crimes In Chechnya and the Response of the West". Human Rights Watch. 29 February 2000. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  23. ^ a b c d The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation - Report of the Secretary-General UNCHR (26 March 1996) Archived 20 July 1997 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Gilligan 2009, p. 6.
  25. ^ Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya, Human Rights Watch, February 1995
  26. ^ Yeltsin Orders Bombing Halt On Rebel City, The New York Times, January 5, 1995
  27. ^ 'These People Can Never Be Pacified': A Report From The Besieged City, Where Russian Bombs Haven't Dented Chechen Resolve, Newsweek, January 16, 1995
  28. ^ Russians' Killing of 100 Civilians In a Chechen Town Stirs Outrage, The New York Times, May 8, 1995
  29. ^ Williams, Bryan Glyn (2001).The Russo-Chechen War: A Threat to Stability in the Middle East and Eurasia?. Middle East Policy 8.1.
  30. ^ CARPET BOMBARDMENT OF THE ELISTANJI VILLAGE, OCTOBER 7, 1999, Memorial, 26.10.1999
  31. ^ The attack on the village of Elistanzhi (7 October), Amnesty International, 1 December 1999
  32. ^ Russians in disarray over Grozny strike, The Guardian, October 23, 1999
  33. ^ Russian Federation (Chechnya): For the motherland: Reported grave breaches of international humanitarian law. Attack on a civilian convoy near Shami-Yurt (29 October) Archived 2005-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International, 1 December 1999
  34. ^ 'Russians fired on refugees' BBC News, 4 December 1999
  35. ^ Bush Meets Russian Faulted For Atrocities, Washington Post, March 29, 2007
  36. ^ Russian atrocities in Chechnya detailed Human Rights Watch, June 2, 2000 (ReliefWeb)
  37. ^ Putin Urged to Act on Summary Executions: Deaths of Sixteen More Civilians Confirmed, Total now Thirty-Eight, Human Rights Watch, February 10, 2000
  38. ^ Civilian killings in Staropromyslovski district of Grozny, Human Rights Watch / United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report, February 2000
  39. ^ a b "Grozny and Aleppo: a look at the historical parallels". The National. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  40. ^ a b Galeotti, Mark (29 September 2016). "Putin Is Playing by Grozny Rules in Aleppo". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  41. ^ "Backgrounder on Russian Fuel Air Explosives ("Vacuum Bombs")". Human Rights Watch. 1 February 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  42. ^ Ian Traynor (28 December 1999). "Russian drop 'vacuum' bombs". Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  43. ^ "17 December 1996 : Six ICRC delegates assassinated in Chechnya". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  44. ^ Nicoll, Ruaridh (25 November 2010). "How the Chechnyan Red Cross murders affected central Africa". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  45. ^ Parfitt, Tom (2004). "Russian soldiers blamed for civilian rape in Chechnya". The Lancet. 363 (9417): 1291. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16036-4. PMID 15101379. S2CID 30551028.
  46. ^ Callaway & Harrelson-Stephens 2010, p. 85.
  47. ^ "Brief summary of concerns about human rights violations in the Chechen Republic" (PDF). Amnesty International. April 1996. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  48. ^ Michael R. Gordon (4 September 1996). "Chechnya Toll Is Far Higher, 80,000 Dead, Lebed Asserts". New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  49. ^ Moorcraft & Taylor 2008, p. 145.
  50. ^ Reardon & Hans 2018, p. 201.
  51. ^ Hawkins 2016, p. 27.
  52. ^ "200,000 killed in Chechnya in 10 years". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 29 November 2004.
  53. ^ "Official: Chechen wars killed 300,000". Al Jazeera. 26 June 2005.
  54. ^ "Russia: Chechen Mass Grave Found". New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  55. ^ Haque, Mozammel (1999). "Genocide in Chechnya and the World Community". Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. 52 (4): 15–29. JSTOR 41394437.
  56. ^ Jones, Adam (2011). "Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus". Journal of Genocide Research. 13 (1): 199–202. doi:10.1080/14623528.2011.554083. S2CID 71276051.
  57. ^ Sarah Reinke: Schleichender Völkermord in Tschetschenien. Verschwindenlassen – ethnische Verfolgung in Russland – Scheitern der internationalen Politik. Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 2005, page 8 (PDF Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine)
  58. ^ a b "2008 Georgia Russia Conflict Fast Facts". CNN. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  59. ^ Gerrits, Andre W. M.; Bader, Max (2016). "Russian patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia: implications for conflict resolution". East European Politics. 32 (3): 297–313. doi:10.1080/21599165.2016.1166104.
  60. ^ "Executive Summary". Up in Flames. Human Rights Watch. 23 January 2009.
  61. ^ Thomas Hammarberg (8 September 2008). "Human Rights in Areas Affected by the South Ossetia Conflict. Special Mission to Georgia and Russian Federation". Council of Europe.
  62. ^ "The human cost of war in Georgia". Amnesty International. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008.
  63. ^ Kim Sengupta, Shaun Walker (20 August 2008). "Georgians tell of ethnic cleansing". The Independent.
  64. ^ "Resolution 1647 (2009) - Implementation of Resolution 1633 (2008) on the consequences of the war between Georgia and Russia". Council of Europe. 2009-11-22. Archived from the original on 2009-11-22.
  65. ^ Crawford, Emily (2014). "Introductory Note to United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the Territorial Integrity of Ukraine". International Legal Materials. 53 (5): 927–932. doi:10.5305/intelegamate.53.5.0927. JSTOR 10.5305/intelegamate.53.5.0927.
  66. ^ a b "Ukraine: Unguided Rockets Killing Civilians" (Press release). Human Rights Watch. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  67. ^ a b "Ukraine: Russia Must Recognize Ukraine Rebels' Human Rights Abuses" (Press release). Human Rights Watch. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  68. ^ a b c "Marking Ukrainian Independence Day with a Laws-of-War Violation" (Press release). Human Rights Watch. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  69. ^ "In Eastern Ukraine, Rebel Mockery Amid Independence Celebration". The New York Times. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  70. ^ СБУ показала карту преступлений российских боевиков в Донбассе [SBU published a list of war crimes of Russian insurgents in Donetsk] (in Russian). Liga.net. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  71. ^ Злочини проти людяності на території Луганської та Донецької областей з 14 квітня по 1 жовтня 2014 року [Crimes against humanity in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions from April 14 to October 1, 2014] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  72. ^ "Security Service to Create "Death Map" of Mass Graves and Terrorist Concentration Camps". Censor.net. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  73. ^ СБУ розслідує злочини терористів проти людяності [SBU is investigating terrorist crimes against humanity]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 15 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  74. ^ "Eastern Ukraine conflict: Summary killings, misrecorded and misreported" (Press release). Amnesty International. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  75. ^ "Ukraine: Widespread Use of Cluster Munitions" (Press release). Human Rights Watch. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  76. ^ "Rebels in Ukraine 'post video of people's court sentencing man to death'". Telegraph. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  77. ^ "UN accuses Ukraine forces, pro-Russia rebels of 'torture'". Yahoo News. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  78. ^ a b "New evidence of summary killings of Ukrainian soldiers must spark urgent investigations" (Press release). Amnesty International. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  79. ^ Oleg Sukhov (6 April 2015). "Russian fighter's confession of killing prisoners might become evidence of war crimes (AUDIO)". Kyiv Post.
  80. ^ Merezhko 2018, p. 118.
  81. ^ "Speakers Urge Peaceful Settlement to Conflict in Ukraine, Underline Support for Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity of Crimea, Donbas Region". United Nations. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  82. ^ "General Assembly Adopts Resolution Urging Russian Federation to Withdraw Its Armed Forces from Crimea, Expressing Grave Concern about Rising Military Presence". United Nations. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  83. ^ "Ukraine: Temperatures plunge amid rising humanitarian needs". UN News. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  84. ^ a b Peter Yeung. "Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers, says Amnesty International | Middle East | News". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  85. ^ "Syria: Relentless bombing of civilians in Eastern Ghouta amounts to war crimes". Amnesty International. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  86. ^ Suleiman Al-Khalidi (7 July 2019). "Russian-led assault in Syria leaves over 500 civilians dead: rights groups, rescuers". Reuters. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  87. ^ United Nations Human Rights Council 2020, p. 6.
  88. ^ "Syria-Russia Attack on Refuge an Apparent War Crime". Human Rights Watch. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  89. ^ Malachy Browne, Christiaan Triebert, Evan Hill and Dmitriy Khavin (1 December 2019). "A Civilian Camp in Syria Was Bombed. Here's How We Traced the Culprit". New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ "Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 1 February 2018. p. 17. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  91. ^ Nick Cumming-Bruce (6 March 2018). "U.N. Panel Links Russia to Potential War Crime in Syria". New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  92. ^ Daragahi, Borzou (1 October 2018). "Russia has killed at least 18,000 people since it intervened militarily in Syria three years ago, says monitoring group". The Independent. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  93. ^ "Security Council fails to adopt proposal to create tribunal on crash of Malaysian Airlines flight MH17". UN News. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  94. ^ "Russia, China block Security Council referral of Syria to International Criminal Court". UN News. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  95. ^ "Security Council discusses chemical weapons use in Syria following latest global watchdog report". UN News. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  96. ^ Wei, Fred (26 July 2003). "Russian officer is finally jailed for murder of Chechen". The Independent. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  97. ^ Amnesty International 2007, p. 17.
  98. ^ "Sergei Lain". Trianinternational.org. 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  99. ^ "Russia jails troops over Chechnya". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  100. ^ "Update in criminal investigation MH17 disaster". Openbaar Ministerie. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  101. ^ "Statement by the minister of Foreign Affairs on MH17, 5 July 2017". Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 July 2017.
  102. ^ "JIT-landen kiezen Nederland voor vervolging neerhalen MH17". Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Ministry of Security and Justice. 7 July 2017.
  103. ^ "Legislation Clears Way for MH17 Trials in the Netherlands". Bloomberg.com. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  104. ^ "Dutch court may be allowed to prosecute those involved in MH17 crash by video link". Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  105. ^ "Three Russians and one Ukrainian to face MH17 murder charges". Guardian. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  106. ^ "Investigators officially accuse 4 pro-Russian military officers of missile attack that shot down MH17". Business Insider. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  107. ^ Anton Troianovski (19 June 2019). "Investigation into downing of Flight MH17 names four Russian, Ukrainian suspects". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  108. ^ "4 people charged with murder over downing of flight MH17". The Journal. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  109. ^ Dubler & Kalyk 2018, p. 609.
  110. ^ International Criminal Court 2017, p. 20.
  111. ^ International Criminal Court 2017, p. 22.
  112. ^ "ICC authorises Russia-Georgia war crimes investigation". BBC News. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2018.

Publications

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_war_crimes&oldid=1002880839"