Ilterish Qaghan
| Ilterish Qaghan 頡跌利施可汗 | |
|---|---|
| First Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate | |
| Reign | 682-692 |
| Predecessor | Position established Ashina Funian (claimant) |
| Successor | Qapaghan Qaghan |
| Regent | Tonyukuk |
| Born | Ashina Qutlug 阿史那骨篤祿 |
| Died | 692 |
| Spouse | El Bilga Khatun |
| Issue | Bilge Qaghan Kul Tegin Toŋa Tegin |
| House | Ashina |
| Father | Etmish Beg |
| Religion | Tengrism |
Ilterish Khaghan[1][2] (Template:Lang-otk,[3][4] Chinese: 頡跌利施可汗/颉跌利施可汗 Xiédiēlìshīkěhàn; personal name: Ashina Qutlugh, 阿史那骨篤祿/阿史那骨笃禄, āshǐnà gǔdǔlù, a-shih-na ku-tu-lu, d. 692) was the founder of the Second Turkic Khaganate (reigning 682–692).
He was a chieftain of Tujue in 650 inside Chanyu territory[5] (near modern Tsetserleg, Mongolia).[6] His father and grandfather served as tuduns.
Reign
After defeat of Ashina Funian, he left for the Mongolian steppe, from where he raised an army of 17 generals and 5,000 men. He started with an attack on Huige in 681. He reconquered most of the lands of the first Eastern Turkic Khaganate, founding the Second Turkic Khaganate. In 682 Xue Rengui was commissioned to attack Ashide Yuanzhen, now an aide of Ilterish. His presence intimidated Tujue soldiers, who had thought that he was long dead, and he scored a major victory over Ashide Yuanzhen.
Nevertheless in 683, the qaghan attacked Wei Prefecture (蔚州, roughly modern Datong, Shanxi) and killed its prefect, Li Sijian (李思儉). When Tang Xiujing's superior, Cui Zhibian (崔智辯) the commandant at Feng Prefecture, tried to intercept the qaghan at Mount Zhaona (朝那山, in modern Baotou, Inner Mongolia), he was defeated and captured. In response, Emperor Gaozong considered withdrawing from Feng Prefecture and moving its residents to Ling (靈州, roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Xia (夏州, roughly modern Yulin) Prefectures.
By 683, Wang Benli was serving as the commandant at Sheng Prefecture (勝州, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), khagan attacked the nearby Chanyu Protector General headquarters (單于總督府, also in modern Hohhot), capturing and killing the official Zhang Xingshi (張行師). Emperor Gaozong sent Wang, along with Li Chongyi (李崇義), the commandant at Xia Prefecture (夏州, roughly modern Yulin, Shaanxi), to defend against Tujue attack, but historical accounts did not indicate what the results were.
In 687, another invasion of Tang by khagan and Ashide Yuanzhen (阿史德元珍) began. Empress Dowager Wu commissioned the ethnically Baekje general Heichi Changzhi, assisted by Li Duozuo, to defend against Tujue attack and they were able to defeat Tujue forces at Huanghuadui (黃花堆, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), causing Tujue forces to flee.
In general, during his reign raids were frequent, reaching almost 40 invasions by Tujue, 20 of them were personally commanded by khagan himself. He appointed brothers Ashina Mochuo and Ashina Duoxifu as shads and yabgus. He was succeeded by his brother, Qapaghan Qaghan, because his son Bilge was too young.
Family
Ilterish Qaghan was the head of the Ashina and distantly related to the Khagans of the first Göktürk Khaganate.[7] His brothers were Ashina Mochuo and Ashina Duoxifu.
- Qaghatun
- Children
- Bilge Qaghan
- Kul Tegin
- Toŋa Tegin
Kultegin's memorial complex
Ilterish is mentioned also in 10 to 12 lines of the Kultegin inscription as follows:
...Then Turk Tengri above, Turkish holy Earth and Water said as follows: "In order to Turkish people would not go to ruin and in order to should be a nation again", They rose my father Ilterish Kagan and my mother Ilbilga Katun, to the top and sat them upwards on the throne. My father, the kagan gathered together seventeen brave Lords... Tengri gave them power. My father's army was like wolves, their enemies were like sheep..."[8]
Legacy
Kutlu, Kutluk, İlter and İlteriş are common masculine Turkish given names, which are used in memory of Ilterish Qaghan. Mihaly Dobrovits believes he changed lateral system of succession to primogeniture, thus trying to avoid fate of the First Turkic Khaganate.[9]
References
- ^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and sedentary societies in medieval Eurasia, American Historical Association, 1998, ISBN 978-0-87229-108-9, p. 25.
- ^ Scott Cameron Levi, Ron Sela, Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources, Indiana University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-253-22140-7, p. 54.
- ^ Kultegin’s Memorial Complex in the official website of TÜRIK BITIG
- ^ Elteris Елтеріс, Ethno Cultural Dictionary in the official website of TÜRIK BITIG
- ^ Ahmet., Taşağil (1995–2004). Gök-Türkler. Atatürk Kültür, Dil, ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu (Turkey). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975161113X. OCLC 33892575.
- ^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810860537.
- ^ Sinor, Denis, ed. (1994). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 310–311. ISBN 0-521-24304-1.
- ^ The Kultegin Inscription (1-40 lines) in the official website of TÜRIK BITIK.
- ^ Dobrovits,M.:“Textological Structure and Political Message of the Old Turkic Runic Inscriptions”, Talât Tekin Armağanı, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları 18 (2008), 149-153.
Sources
- Christian, David (1998). A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, Volume I. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20814-3.
External links
- Göktürks (Blue Turks) Kingdoms of Central Asia