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List of very strong typhoons

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Typhoon Kammuri making landfall in the Philippines on December 2019

A Very strong typhoon is the second highest category used by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) to classify tropical cyclones that has reached typhoon intensity in the Northwest Pacific basin. The basin is limited to the north of the equator between the 100th meridian east and the 180th meridian. The category of a violent typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute sustained wind speeds between 85 and 105 knots (157–193 km/h; 97–121 mph) or greater.

Background

RSMC Tokyo's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
Category Sustained winds
Violent typhoon ≥105 knots
≥194 km/h
Very strong typhoon 85–104 knots
157–193 km/h
Typhoon 64–84 knots
118–156 km/h
Severe tropical storm 48–63 knots
89–117 km/h
Tropical storm 34–47 knots
62–88 km/h
Tropical depression ≤33 knots
≤61 km/h

The Northwest Pacific basin covers a vast area in the Pacific Ocean, located north of the equator, between 100°E and 180°E.[1] Several weather agencies monitor this basin, however it is officially monitored by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA, RSMC Tokyo), who is responsible for forecasting, naming and issuing warnings for tropical cyclones.[1] Unofficially, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, however these warnings measures 1-minute sustained wind speeds, comparing their scale to the Saffir–Simpson scale.[2] The JMA uses a simpler scale on classifying tropical cyclones adapted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee measuring 10-minute sustained wind speeds, ranging from a tropical depression, tropical storm, severe tropical storm and typhoon.[3] Furthermore, the JMA divides the typhoon category into three sub-categories for domestic purposes – a strong typhoon, very strong typhoon and violent typhoon.[3]

This article covers a list of systems developing in the Northwest Pacific basin that were classified by the JMA's category of a violent typhoon. The category of a violent typhoon ranges with 10-minute sustained winds of 105 kn (54 m/s; 121 mph; 194 km/h) or greater.[3]

Systems

Key
  • † Discontinuous duration (weakened below a "Very strong" typhoon then restrengthened to that classification at least once)

1990s

Name System dates Duration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)
Deaths Refs
Steve July 28 – 29, 1990 24 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Mike November 10 – 12, 1990 60 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, South China $389 million 798
Owen November 23 – 29, 1990 90† 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Micronesia None 2
Russ December 18 – 22, 1990 108 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Micronesia $120 million None
Walt May 10 – 14, 1991 114 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines None None
Amy July 18 – 19, 1991 30 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, South China Unknown 130
Ivy September 6 – 8, 1991 45 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan None 1
Orchid October 6 – 9, 1991 72 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Seth November 3 – 11, 1991 168† 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines Unknown Unknown
Bobbie June 26 – 28, 1992 33 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Japan $2.9 million None
Janis August 6 – 8, 1992 21 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan $45.6 million 2
Kent August 10 – 12, 1992 48 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Japan None 5
Omar August 29 – September 2, 1992 102 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines, Taiwan, China $561 million 15
Ryan September 6 – 8, 1992 48 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Sibyl September 11 – 12, 1992 36 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) None None None
Ward October 2 – 3, 1992 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) None None None
Yvette October 10 – 16, 1992 138 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Philippines None None
Dan November 1 – 2, 1992 24 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Marshall Islands None None
Hunt November 19 – 20, 1992 42 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Marshall Islands None None
Robyn August 6 – 8, 1993 66 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea $68 million 45
Keoni August 21 – 22, 1993 30 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Marshall Islands None None
Yancy September 1 – 3, 1993 42 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Japan $1.67 billion 48
Abe September 13, 1993 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan None None
Ed October 4 – 5, 1993 48 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands None None

2000s

Name System dates Duration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)
Deaths Refs
Damrey May 9 – 10, 2000 30 165 km/h (105 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) None None None
Kirogi July 5, 2000 18 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Japan $140 million 5
Jelawat August 3, 2000 24 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, East China Unknown None
Saomai September 9 – 12, 2000 57 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korean Peninsula $6.3 billion 28
Shanshan September 20 – 23, 2000 72 175 km/h (140 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) None None None
Wutip August 29 – 30, 2001 30 165 km/h (105 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) None None None
Danas September 8 – 9, 2001 30 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Japan $12.8 million 9
Francisco September 23 – 24, 2001 12 165 km/h (105 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) None None None
Podul October 23 – 26, 2001 90 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Caroline Islands None None
Mitag March 4 – 6, 2002 60 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Caroline Islands $150 million 2
Hagibis May 19 – 20, 2002 30 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Rammasun July 2 – 4, 2002 39 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korean Peninsula $100 million 97
Chataan July 5 – 9, 2002 84 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan $660 million 4
Halong July 12 – 13, 2002 30 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, Japan $89.8 million 10
Fengshen July 16 – 23, 2002 162 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Japan, East China $4 million 5
Phanfone August 15 – 16, 2002 30 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Japan None None
Ele August 30 – September 4, 2002 120 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) None None None
Higos September 29 – 30, 2002 42 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Japan $2.41 billion 12
Haishen November 23, 2002 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) None None None
Pongsona December 8 – 10, 2002 54 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mariana Islands $730 million 1
Kujira April 15 – 18, 2003 72 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan 230,000 3
Chan-hom May 23 – 24, 2003 30 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mariana Islands $16 million None
Imbudo July 20 – 21, 2003 36 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, China $383 million 5
Etau August 7, 2003 6 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Caroline Islands, Japan $295 million 20
Ketsana October 21 – 23, 2003 66 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) None None None
Parma October 23 – 30, 2003 84† 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) None None None
Lupit November 25 – 29, 2003 102 185 km/h (110 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Micronesia $1.7 million None
Sudal April 9 – 13, 2004 108 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Caroline Islands $14 million None
Nida May 16 – 18, 2004 66 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Japan $1.3 million 31
Dianmu June 15 – 20, 2004 120 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Japan $68.5 million 6
Mindulle June 28 – 30, 2004 54 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, East China, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula $833 million 56
Namtheun July 26 – 27, 2004 30 155 km/h (100 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Japan None None
Songda August 31 – September 6, 2004 150 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan $9 billion 28
Meari September 24 – 27, 2004 63† 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Caroline Islands, Japan $798 million 18
Ma-on October 7 – 9, 2004 45 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Japan $623 million 7
Tokage October 16 – 18, 2004 54 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Japan $2.3 billion 5
Nock-ten October 23 – 24, 2004 36 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Micronesia, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands None 3
Nanmadol December 1, 2004 24 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines $60.8 million 77
Sonca April 24 – 26, 2005 48 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Caroline Islands None None
Nesat June 2 – 6, 2005 96† 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Caroline Islands None None
Mawar August 24, 2005 18 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Japan None 2
Talim August 29 – 31, 2005 54 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Taiwan, East China $1.5 billion 157
Nabi August 31 – September 5, 2005 132 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Micronesia, Japan, Korean Peninsula 972 million 35
Khanun September 10, 2005 18 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula $1.22 billion 16
Longwang September 28 – October 1, 2005 84† 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China $971 million 149
Kirogi October 11 – 17, 2005 108 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) None None None
Chanchu May 14 – 17, 2006 66 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, East China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, South Korea $879 million 309
Ewiniar July 3 – 5, 2006 54 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Caroline Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula $1.4 billion 181
Xangsane September 27, 2006 6 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Indochina $750 million 318
Cimaron October 28 – November 2, 2006 54† 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Philippines $31 million 35
Chebi November 10 – 11, 2006 24 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines Unknown 1
Utor December 12, 2006 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Philippines $15.8 million 38
Yutu May 19 – 21, 2007 60 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) None None None
Man-yi July 11 – 13, 2007 42 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Japan $105,000 16
Usagi July 31 – August 2, 2007 36 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Japan, Korean Peninsula $225 million None
Nari September 14 – 15, 2007 33 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Japan, South Korea $393 million 23
Wipha September 17 – 18, 2007 36 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Taiwan, East China $1.3 billion 20
Kajiki October 20, 2007 18 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) None None None
Nakri May 29 – 30, 2008 42 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan None None
Fengshen June 21, 2008 12 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Philippines, South China $430 million 1,371
Sinlaku September 10 – 13, 2008 90 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, East China, Japan $1.1 billion 24
Hagupit September 23, 2008 24 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, South China, Vietnam $3 billion 67
Kujira May 4 – 5, 2009 18 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines $27 million 28
Vamco August 19 – 21, 2009 54 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) None None None
Parma September 30 – October 2, 2009 36 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam $617 million 500
Lupit October 17 – 19, 2009 60 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Japan None None

2010s

Compared to the last decade, only 46 typhoons have reached the very strong category as its peak strength from 2010 to 2019. Some notable very strong typhoons include Typhoon Bopha in December 2012 which ravaged the Philippines, killing 1,901 people. Typhoon Faxai of 2019 impacted Japan, costing damages of an estimated US$10 billion, making it the sixth costliest typhoon on record.[4] The longest duration of a storm to hold in a category of a very strong typhoon this decade was Typhoon Goni of 2015, the year where 12 very strong typhoons developed.

Name System dates Duration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)
Refs
Fanapi September 17 – 18, 2010 27 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Taiwan, East China 105 $1 billion
Malakas September 24, 2010 6 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) None None None
Chaba October 27 – 28, 2010 36 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Japan None None
Ma-on July 15 – 17, 2011 54 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan 5 $5 million
Muifa July 30 – August 5, 2011 144 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula 22 $480 million
Nanmadol August 25 – 27, 2011 42 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, East China 38 $1.49 billion
Roke September 20, 2011 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Japan 13 $1.2 billion
Nalgae September 30 – October 1, 2011 30 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam 18 $250 million
Guchol June 16 – 18, 2012 30 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Japan 3 $100 million
Bolaven August 24 – 26, 2012 42 185 km/h (115 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula, Northeastern China 96 $3.59 billion
Prapiroon October 10 – 12, 2012 30 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Japan 1 None
Guchol June 16 – 18, 2012 30 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Japan 3 $100 million
Son-Tinh October 27, 2012 30 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Vietnam, South China 42 $776 million
Guchol June 16 – 18, 2012 30 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Japan 3 $100 million
Bopha December 1 – 1, 2012 96† 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines 1,901 $1.16 billion
Soulik July 9 – 12, 2013 63† 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, East China 16 $600 million
Danas October 6 – 7, 2013 21 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Japan None $228,000
Wipha October 13 – 14, 2013 24 165 km/h (105 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Japan 41 $409 million
Neoguri July 5 – 8, 2014 75 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Japan 3 $632 million
Rammasun July 15 – 18, 2014 30† 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam 222 $8.03 billion
Phanfone October 2 – 5, 2014 90 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Japan 11 $100 million
Higos February 10, 2015 6 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) None None None
Dolphin May 15 – 18, 2015 60 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands 1 $13.5 million
Nangka July 7 – 15, 2015 132† 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan 2 $209 million
Chan-hom July 9 – 10, 2015 36 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan, East China, Korean Peninsula 18 $1.58 billion
Goni August 17 – 24, 2015 147† 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Korean Peninsula, East China 4 $1.05 billion
Atsani August 17 – 21, 2015 96 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) None None None
Krovanh September 17 – 18, 2015 18 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) None None None
Mujigae October 4, 2015 12 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.46 inHg) South China, Vietnam 29 $4.26 billion
Koppu October 16 – 18, 2015 48 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan 62 $313 million
Champi October 18 – 22, 2015 78† 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
In-fa November 20 – 22, 2015 48 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Caroline Islands None None
Melor December 13 – 15, 2015 36† 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines 51 $148 million
Lionrock August 24 – 29, 2016 96† 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Japan, North Korea 550 $3.94 billion
Malakas September 15 – 19, 2016 72† 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Taiwan, Japan 1 $300 million
Megi September 27, 2016 6 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, East China 52 $1.57 billion
Songda October 10 – 12, 2016 54 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Pacific Northwest None None
Sarika October 15, 2016 12 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam 37 $866 million
Noru July 30 – August 3, 2017 90 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Japan 2 $100 million
Talim September 13 – 15, 2017 42 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Taiwan, East China, Japan 5 $750 million
Lan October 20 – 22, 2017 54 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Japan 17 $2 billion
Soulik August 20 – 22, 2018 42 155 km/h (100 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Japan, Korean Peninsula 86 $125 million
Cimaron August 22, 2018 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Japan None $30.6 million
Lingling September 4 – 6, 2019 36 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula 8 $236 million
Faxai September 7 – 8, 2019 27 155 km/h (100 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Japan 3 $10 billion [4]
Bualoi October 21 – 23, 2019 66 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Fengshen November 15 – 16, 2019 36 155 km/h (100 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Kammuri December 2, 2019 18 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Philippines 12 $116 million

2020s

As of the 2020 season, only 6 typhoons have reached its peak strength to be classified as a very strong typhoon. The deadliest very strong typhoon so far is Vamco of November 2020, where it killed 73 people.

Name System dates Duration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)
Refs
Vongfong May 14, 2020 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Philippines 5 $50 million
Bavi August 26, 2020 12 155 km/h (100 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula 1 $1 million
Maysak August 31 – September 2, 2020 42 175 km/h (110 mph) 955 hPa (27.61 inHg) Japan, Korean Peninsula 32 $100 million
Molave October 27, 2020 24 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Indochina 71 $660 million
Vamco 155 km/h (100 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam 73 $214 million

Climatology

Very strong typhoons by month
Month Number of storms
January
0
February
1
March
1
April
3
May
11
June
6
July
20
August
24
September
29
October
28
November
11
December
7
Very strong typhoons by decade
Period Number of storms
1976–79
0
1980s
0
1990s
24
2000s
66
2010s
46
2020s
5

See also

References

  1. ^ a b WMO/ESCP Typhoon Committee (2019). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual Meteorological Component 2019 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 1–7, 33–34. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  2. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2008-03-31). "What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC?". Joint Typhoon Warning Center – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  3. ^ a b c Typhoon Committee (2015). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2015 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  4. ^ a b Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2019 Annual Report (PDF). AON Benfield (Report). AON Benfield. January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.