Isotopes of tungsten

Isotopes of tungsten (₇₄W)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(W)
	183.84±0.01; 183.84±0.01 (abridged);
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Naturally occurring tungsten (₇₄W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (¹⁸²W, ¹⁸³W, ¹⁸⁴W, and ¹⁸⁶W) and one is slightly radioactive, ¹⁸⁰W, with an extremely long half-life of 1.8 ± 0.2 exayears (10¹⁸ years). On average, two alpha decays of ¹⁸⁰W occur per gram of natural tungsten per year, so for most practical purposes, tungsten can be considered stable. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only ¹⁸⁰W has been observed to do so. The other naturally occurring isotopes have not been observed to decay (they are observationally stable), and lower bounds for their half-lives have been established:

¹⁸²W, t_1/2 > 7.7×10²¹ years

¹⁸³W, t_1/2 > 4.1×10²¹ years

¹⁸⁴W, t_1/2 > 8.9×10²¹ years

¹⁸⁶W, t_1/2 > 8.2×10²¹ years

Thirty-three artificial radioisotopes of tungsten have been characterized with mass numbers ranging from 157 to 194, the most stable of which are ¹⁸¹W with a half-life of 121.2 days, ¹⁸⁵W with a half-life of 75.1 days, ¹⁸⁸W with a half-life of 69.4 days and ¹⁷⁸W with a half-life of 21.6 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 24 hours, and most of these have half-lives that are less than 8 minutes. Tungsten also has 11 meta states with mass numbers of 158, 179, with 3, 180, with 2, 183, 185, 186, with 2, and 190, the most stable being ^179m1W (t_1/2 6.4 minutes).

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁵⁷W^[3]	74	83		275(40) ms	β⁺	¹⁵⁷Ta	(7/2−)
¹⁵⁸W	74	84	157.97456(54)#	1.37(17) ms	α	¹⁵⁴Hf	0+
^158mW	1889(8) keV			143(19) μs	α	¹⁵⁴Hf	8+
¹⁵⁹W	74	85	158.97292(43)#	8.2(7) ms	α (82%)	¹⁵⁵Hf	7/2−#
¹⁵⁹W	74	85	158.97292(43)#	8.2(7) ms	β⁺ (18%)	¹⁵⁹Ta	7/2−#
¹⁶⁰W	74	86	159.96848(22)	90(5) ms	α (87%)	¹⁵⁶Hf	0+
¹⁶⁰W	74	86	159.96848(22)	90(5) ms	β⁺ (14%)	¹⁶⁰Ta	0+
¹⁶¹W	74	87	160.96736(21)#	409(16) ms	α (73%)	¹⁵⁷Hf	7/2−#
¹⁶¹W	74	87	160.96736(21)#	409(16) ms	β⁺ (23%)	¹⁶¹Ta	7/2−#
¹⁶²W	74	88	161.963497(19)	1.36(7) s	β⁺ (53%)	¹⁶²Ta	0+
¹⁶²W	74	88	161.963497(19)	1.36(7) s	α (47%)	¹⁵⁸Hf	0+
¹⁶³W	74	89	162.96252(6)	2.8(2) s	β⁺ (59%)	¹⁶³Ta	3/2−#
¹⁶³W	74	89	162.96252(6)	2.8(2) s	α (41%)	¹⁵⁹Hf	3/2−#
¹⁶⁴W	74	90	163.958954(13)	6.3(2) s	β⁺ (97.4%)	¹⁶⁴Ta	0+
¹⁶⁴W	74	90	163.958954(13)	6.3(2) s	α (2.6%)	¹⁶⁰Hf	0+
¹⁶⁵W	74	91	164.958280(27)	5.1(5) s	β⁺ (99.8%)	¹⁶⁵Ta	3/2−#
¹⁶⁵W	74	91	164.958280(27)	5.1(5) s	α (.2%)	¹⁶¹Hf	3/2−#
¹⁶⁶W	74	92	165.955027(11)	19.2(6) s	β⁺ (99.96%)	¹⁶⁶Ta	0+
¹⁶⁶W	74	92	165.955027(11)	19.2(6) s	α (.035%)	¹⁶²Hf	0+
¹⁶⁷W	74	93	166.954816(21)	19.9(5) s	β⁺ (>99.9%)	¹⁶⁷Ta	3/2−#
¹⁶⁷W	74	93	166.954816(21)	19.9(5) s	α (<.1%)	¹⁶³Hf	3/2−#
¹⁶⁸W	74	94	167.951808(17)	51(2) s	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁶⁸Ta	0+
¹⁶⁸W	74	94	167.951808(17)	51(2) s	α (.0319%)	¹⁶⁴Hf	0+
¹⁶⁹W	74	95	168.951779(17)	76(6) s	β⁺	¹⁶⁹Ta	(5/2−)
¹⁷⁰W	74	96	169.949228(16)	2.42(4) min	β⁺(99%)	¹⁷⁰Ta	0+
¹⁷⁰W	74	96	169.949228(16)	2.42(4) min	α (1%)	¹⁶⁶Hf	0+
¹⁷¹W	74	97	170.94945(3)	2.38(4) min	β⁺	¹⁷¹Ta	(5/2−)
¹⁷²W	74	98	171.94729(3)	6.6(9) min	β⁺	¹⁷²Ta	0+
¹⁷³W	74	99	172.94769(3)	7.6(2) min	β⁺	¹⁷³Ta	5/2−
¹⁷⁴W	74	100	173.94608(3)	33.2(21) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁴Ta	0+
¹⁷⁵W	74	101	174.94672(3)	35.2(6) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁵Ta	(1/2−)
¹⁷⁶W	74	102	175.94563(3)	2.5(1) h	EC	¹⁷⁶Ta	0+
¹⁷⁷W	74	103	176.94664(3)	132(2) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁷Ta	1/2−
¹⁷⁸W	74	104	177.945876(16)	21.6(3) d	EC	¹⁷⁸Ta	0+
¹⁷⁹W	74	105	178.947070(17)	37.05(16) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁹Ta	(7/2)−
^179m1W	221.926(8) keV			6.40(7) min	IT (99.72%)	¹⁷⁹W	(1/2)−
^179m1W	221.926(8) keV			6.40(7) min	β⁺ (.28%)	¹⁷⁹Ta	(1/2)−
^179m2W	1631.90(8) keV			390(30) ns			(21/2+)
^179m3W	3348.45(16) keV			750(80) ns			(35/2−)
¹⁸⁰W^{[n 10]}	74	106	179.946704(4)	1.8(0.2)×10¹⁸ y	α	¹⁷⁶Hf	0+	0.0012(1)
^180m1W	1529.04(3) keV			5.47(9) ms	IT	¹⁸⁰W	8−
^180m2W	3264.56(21) keV			2.33(19) μs			14−
¹⁸¹W	74	107	180.948197(5)	121.2(2) d	EC	¹⁸¹Ta	9/2+
¹⁸²W	74	108	181.9482042(9)	Observationally Stable^{[n 11]}			0+	0.2650(16)
¹⁸³W	74	109	182.9502230(9)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			1/2−	0.1431(4)
^183mW	309.493(3) keV			5.2(3) s	IT	¹⁸³W	11/2+
¹⁸⁴W	74	110	183.9509312(9)	Observationally Stable^{[n 13]}			0+	0.3064(2)
¹⁸⁵W	74	111	184.9534193(10)	75.1(3) d	β⁻	¹⁸⁵Re	3/2−
^185mW	197.43(5) keV			1.597(4) min	IT	¹⁸⁵W	11/2+
¹⁸⁶W	74	112	185.9543641(19)	Observationally Stable^{[n 14]}			0+	0.2843(19)
^186m1W	1517.2(6) keV			18(1) μs			(7−)
^186m2W	3542.8(21) keV			>3 ms			(16+)
¹⁸⁷W	74	113	186.9571605(19)	23.72(6) h	β⁻	¹⁸⁷Re	3/2−
¹⁸⁸W	74	114	187.958489(4)	69.78(5) d	β⁻	¹⁸⁸Re	0+
¹⁸⁹W	74	115	188.96191(21)	11.6(3) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁹Re	(3/2−)
¹⁹⁰W	74	116	189.96318(18)	30.0(15) min	β⁻	¹⁹⁰Re	0+
^190mW	2381(5) keV			<3.1 ms			(10−)
¹⁹¹W	74	117	190.96660(21)#	20# s [>300 ns]			3/2−#
¹⁹²W	74	118	191.96817(64)#	10# s [>300 ns]			0+
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mW – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
^ ^a ^b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ Primordial radionuclide
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁸Hf with a half-life over 7.7×10²¹ y
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁹Hf with a half-life over 4.1×10²¹ y
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸⁰Hf with a half-life over 8.9×10²¹ y
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸²Hf or β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁸⁶Os with a half-life over 8.2×10²¹ y

References

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten". CIAAW. 1991.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Bianco, L.; Page, R. D.; Darby, I. G.; Joss, D. T.; Simpson, J.; Al-Khalili, J. S.; Cannon, A. J.; Cederwall, B.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Ertürk, S.; Gall, B.; Hornillos, M. B. Gómez; Grahn, T.; Greenlees, P. T.; Hadinia, B.; Heyde, K.; Jakobsson, U.; Jones, P. M.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Ketelhut, S.; Labiche, M.; Leino, M.; Leppänen, A. -P.; Nyman, M.; O'Donnell, D.; Paul, E. S.; Petri, M.; Peura, P.; Puurunen, A.; Rahkila, P.; Ruotsalainen, P.; Sandzelius, M.; Sapple, P. J.; Sarén, J.; Scholey, C.; Smirnova, N. A.; Steer, A. N.; Stevenson, P. D.; Suckling, E. B.; Thomson, J.; Uusitalo, J.; Venhart, M. (7 June 2010). "Discovery of 157W and 161Os" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 690 (1): 15–18. Bibcode:2010PhLB..690...15B. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.04.056. ISSN 0370-2693. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[3] W – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[6] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[TNN-7] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[8] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

[9] Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[13] Primordial radionuclide

[14] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁸Hf with a half-life over 7.7×10²¹ y

[15] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁹Hf with a half-life over 4.1×10²¹ y

[16] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸⁰Hf with a half-life over 8.9×10²¹ y

[17] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸²Hf or β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁸⁶Os with a half-life over 8.2×10²¹ y

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten". CIAAW. 1991.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[12] Bianco, L.; Page, R. D.; Darby, I. G.; Joss, D. T.; Simpson, J.; Al-Khalili, J. S.; Cannon, A. J.; Cederwall, B.; Eeckhaudt, S.; Ertürk, S.; Gall, B.; Hornillos, M. B. Gómez; Grahn, T.; Greenlees, P. T.; Hadinia, B.; Heyde, K.; Jakobsson, U.; Jones, P. M.; Julin, R.; Juutinen, S.; Ketelhut, S.; Labiche, M.; Leino, M.; Leppänen, A. -P.; Nyman, M.; O'Donnell, D.; Paul, E. S.; Petri, M.; Peura, P.; Puurunen, A.; Rahkila, P.; Ruotsalainen, P.; Sandzelius, M.; Sapple, P. J.; Sarén, J.; Scholey, C.; Smirnova, N. A.; Steer, A. N.; Stevenson, P. D.; Suckling, E. B.; Thomson, J.; Uusitalo, J.; Venhart, M. (7 June 2010). "Discovery of 157W and 161Os" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 690 (1): 15–18. Bibcode:2010PhLB..690...15B. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.04.056. ISSN 0370-2693. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

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