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Saffronisation

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Saffronisation or saffronization is the right-wing policy approach that seeks to implement a Hindu nationalist agenda, for example onto school textbooks.[1] Critics have used this political neologism[2] to refer to the policies of Hindu nationalist governments in India that attempted to glorify Hindu contributions to Indian history while undermining other contributions.

Etymology

The word comes from the association of saffron colour with Hinduism.

Context of history textbook production in India

Under British rule in India, India's history was largely defined by British historians. A dominant narrative among British writers in colonial-era textbooks was colonial rule as an improving, structuring force. Emphasis was placed on the role of British rule in "civilizing" India.[3]

When India became independent in 1947, there was a push among the newly-autonomous Indian Parliament to produce textbooks which emphasized the harm of colonial rule, and showed the independent nation before British rule.[3] Parliament established the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in 1961 to fulfill the government's goal that all Indian citizens receive a unified Indian history education.

NCERT employed several prominent historians and historiographers to create a common syllabus of events to be covered in Indian history, with a focus on removing colonial narratives from history textbooks in India. The NCERT also aimed in its syllabus to approach Indian history from a secular perspective, angering many right-wing Hindu nationalists.[4]

Textbook saffronisation in early 21st century

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has said that several Indian history textbooks had overt Marxist or Eurocentric political overtones.[4] The BJP has had trouble changing the textbooks, because many states in which the BJP is not in power have blocked saffronisation efforts. The BJP, citing a rigid anti-Hindu agenda, restructured NCERT and the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) to make textbooks conform to the BJP's Hindu nationalist platform.[5] In states where the BJP had control of local government, textbooks were changed extensively to favor a Hindu nationalist narrative.[6] These changes included the omission of caste-based exclusion and violence throughout Indian history, and the exclusion or minimization of contributions to Indian society made by Muslims.[2]

After a rival political party, the Indian National Congress, the party that led India's freedom struggle came into power, efforts were undertaken in 2004 to reverse the saffronisation of textbooks previously made by BJP.[7]

When the Hindustan Times reviewed the issue of saffronisation of Indian text books in late 2014, it noted that right-wing efforts to change how textbooks recount history faced "some difficulty as it lacks credible historians to back its claims."[8] The medieval period in India is one such hotly-contested epoch among historians. Since there can be no true consensus about that era due to divided and deeply entrenched political motivations, history for that period is highly subjective and particularly vulnerable to the influence of the textbook writer's sympathies and outlook. "The choice of the textbook writer is more decisive than anything else," it was noted in a report in The Hindu.[9] Critics have said that the changes to the textbooks have portrayed the medieval period as "a dark age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu and Buddhist empires that preceded it".[7] Another trap in the politicisation of history relates to contention over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.[9]

By mid-2015, The Times of India reported that the National Council of Educational Research and Training, which is in charge of publishing textbooks, had participated in a meeting convened by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, and during that meeting, the issue of changing textbooks was discussed. An official from the ICHR complained that the theme of nationalism did not receive proper treatment in textbooks, setting the stage for possible textbook revisions.[6]

The state government of Rajasthan reportedly spent Rs 37 crore to reprint 36 textbooks used for classes 1 to 8 for the 2016–2017 academic session that will be based on an agenda that would promote Indian culture by including historical figures, such as Maharaja Surajmal, Hem Chandra, and Guru Gobind Singh. The text books that had been approved up to the 2012–13 academic session were rendered obsolete under the rewriting of history, and those books were auctioned off. In total, 5,66 crore new text books were ordered printed for an agenda that critics described was intent on supporting the saffronisation of textbooks. Rajasthan (primary and secondary) education minister Vasudev Devnani denied the charge of saffronisation, but educationists described his decision as the "Hinduisation of education" that occurs when right-wing forces come to power.[10]

The state government of Karnataka has reportedly ordered new textbooks for the 2017–18 academic session in an effort that academicians and critics have described as a "blatant attempt to saffronise textbooks".[11]

Saffronisation has also been attempted to portray Mahatma Gandhi's Hindu-nationalist assassin Nathuram Godse in a heroic manner,[12][13] as well as other Hindutva leaders like Vinayak Damodar Savarkar,[14][15] and M. S. Golwalkar.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Editorial: Unfit to rule". Frontline. Vol. 15, no. 25. 5 December 1998. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b Raghavan, B. S. (12 September 2001). "Saffronisation". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007.
  3. ^ a b Thapar, Romila (2009). "The History Debate and School Textbooks in India". History Workshop Journal. 67: 87–98. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbn054. JSTOR 40646211. S2CID 72502128.
  4. ^ a b Bhattacharya, Neeladri (2009). "Teaching History in Schools: The Politics of Textbooks in India". History Workshop Journal. 67 (67): 99–110. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbn050. JSTOR 40646212. S2CID 154421051.
  5. ^ Bénéï, Veronique (2005). Manufacturing Citizenship: education and nationalism in Europe, South Asia, and China. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 156–159. ISBN 0-415-36488-4.
  6. ^ a b Akshaya, Mukul (24 June 2015). "Saffronization fears over history textbooks rewrite plans". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  7. ^ a b Ramesh, Randeep (25 June 2004). "Another rewrite for India's history books". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  8. ^ Raza, Danish (8 December 2014). "Saffronising textbooks : Where myth and dogma replace history". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b Singh, Amrik (25 August 2001). "Saffronisation and textbooks". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 March 2016.[dead link]
  10. ^ Goswami, Rakesh (20 January 2016). "Saffronisation ? Raje scraps Cong textbooks, spends Rs 37 cr on new ones". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  11. ^ "Revised textbooks from 2017–18 academic year". The Hindu. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  12. ^ "'Nathuram Godse was a patriot,' says BJP's Pragya Thakur; sparks outrage". www.hindustantimes.com. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  13. ^ Yasir, Sameer (4 February 2020). "Gandhi's Killer Evokes Admiration as Never Before". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  14. ^ "Port Blair airport gets Rs 450 cr quake-proof makeover". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  15. ^ "President unveils Savarkar portrait in Central Hall of Parliament". Zee News. 26 February 2003. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.

Sources

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