Presidential commission (United States)
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In the United States, a Presidential Commission is a special task force ordained by the President to complete a specific, special investigation or research. They are often quasi-judicial in nature; that is, they include public or in-camera hearings.
Presidential Commissions often serve one of two political purposes: to draw attention to a problem (the publication of a report by a commission can generally be counted on to draw attention from the media, depending on how its release is handled); or, on the other hand, to delay action on an issue (if the President wants to avoid taking action but still look concerned about an issue, he can convene a commission and then let it slip into obscurity.)[citation needed] However, there have been cases (the Tower, Rogers and Warren Commissions) where the commission has created reports that have been used as evidence in later criminal proceedings.[citation needed]
List of Presidential Commissions
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- First Philippine Commission – "Schurman Commission" (1899)
- Second Philippine Commission – "Taft Commission" (1900)
- Commission on the Organization of Government Scientific Work (1903)
- Committee on Department Methods – "Keep Commission" (1905–1909)
- President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency (1910–1912)
- President's Committee on Economic Security (1934)
- President's Commission on Administrative Management – "Brownlow Committee" (1937)
- Commission to Investigate the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor – a.k.a. "Roberts Commission" (1941)
- President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
- President's Scientific Research Board (1946)
- Presidential Commission on Higher Education (1947)
- Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government – Hoover Commission (1947)
- President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services – a.k.a. "Fahy Committee" (1948)
- President’s Committee on Religious & Moral Welfare & Character Guidance in the Armed Forces (1948)
- President's Water Resources Policy Commission (1950)
- President's Communications Policy Board (1950)
- President's Commission on Migratory Labor (1950)
- President's Commission on Internal Security and Individual Rights (1951)
- President's Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation (1951)
- President's Commission on Immigration and Naturalization (1952)
- Commission on Intergovernmental Relations – a.k.a. "Kestenbaum Commission" (1953)
- President's Railroad Commission (1960)
- Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961)
- Trade and Environment Policy Advisory Committee (1962)[1][2]
- The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy – a.k.a. "Warren Commission" (1963)
- President's Review Committee for Development Planning in Alaska (1964)
- President's Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia (1965–1969)
- President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1965–1969)
- President's Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities (1966; formerly The President's Committee on Mental Retardation, 1963)[3][4]
- National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders – a.k.a. the "Kerner Commission" (1967–1968)
- President's Commission on Budget Concepts (1967–1969)
- National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (1969)
- President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel (1969–1970) (urged 60% cuts in Pentagon staffs)
- President's Commission on Campus Unrest (1970)
- President's Commission on Financial Structure and Regulation – a.k.a. the "Hunt Commission" (1970–1971)
- National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control (1971)
- President's Commission on Olympic Sports (1975)]
- U.S. President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States – a.k.a. Rockefeller Commission (1975)
- President's Advisory Board on International Investment (1977)
- Presidential Advisory Board on Ambassadorial Appointments (1977)
- President's Commission on Mental Health (1977)
- President's Commission on Military Compensation (1977)
- President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies (1978)
- President's Commission on the Coal Industry (1978)
- President's Commission on Pension Policy (1978)
- Presidential Commission on World Hunger (1978)
- President's Commission on the Holocaust (1978)
- President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island (1979)
- President's Advisory Committee for Women (1979)
- President's Commission for a National Agenda for the Eighties (1979)
- President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine & Biomedical & Behavioral Research (1979)
- Advisory Committee on Small and Minority Business Ownership (1980)
- President's Commission on United States–Liberian Relations (1980)
- President's Committee on the International Labor Organization (1980)
- President's Committee on Small Business Policy (1981)
- President's Council on Spinal Cord Injury (1981)
- President's Commission on Hostage Compensation (1981)
- President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control – a.k.a. "Grace Commission" (1982)
- President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1982)
- National Commission on Excellence in Education (1983)
- Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident – a.k.a. "Rogers Commission" (1986)
- President's Special Review Board (Iran-Contra) – a.k.a. "Tower Commission" (1986)
- President's Commission on Organized Crime (1986)
- President's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management – a.k.a. "Packard Commission" (1986)
- President's Commission on the HIV Epidemic (1987)
- President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics (1990)[5][6][7][8][9]
- Good Neighbor Environmental Board (1992)[10]
- President's commission on aviation security and terrorism (1990)
- National Industrial Security Program Policy Advisory Committee (1993)[11][12]
- National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board (1995; recharted 2004) AKA:PDD-39[13]
- Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (1995)[14][15]
- President's Commission on Veterans Education (1996)
- Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States (1998)
- Invasive Species Advisory Committee (1999)[16][17][18][19][20][21]
- Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (2000)[11][22][4][23][24]
- Marine Protected Areas Federal Advisory Committee (2000)[24][25]
- President's Commission To Strengthen Social Security (2001)
- President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education (2001)
- Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry (2001)
- National Infrastructure Advisory Council (2001)[26]
- National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States – a.k.a. 9/11 Commission (2002)
- President's Commission on the United States Postal Service (2002)
- Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee (2004)[7][9][27][28]
- President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy (2004)
- Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction (2005)
- State, Local, Tribal, and Private Sector (SLTPS) Policy Advisory Committee (2009)[29][30][31][32][33][34]
- National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform (2010)
- Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future (2010)
- Interagency Task Force on Veterans Small Business Development (2010)[35]
- National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (2010)
- President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (Orig, 2001; recharted 2010)[36]
- President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition(Orig. 1944 National Committee on Physical Fitness; recharted 2010)
- President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for African Americans (2012)[7][9][37][38]
- San Juan Islands National Monument Advisory Committee (2013)[7][9][39][40]
- Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (2014)[7][9][41][42]
- President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa (2014)[7][9][43][44]
- Bears Ears National Monument Advisory Committee (2016)[7][9][45][46][47]
- Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity (2016)
- Gold Butte National Monument Advisory Committee (2016)[7][9][48][49][50]
- Governmental Advisory Committee to the United States Representative to the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (2016)[11]
- National Advisory Committee to the United States Representative to the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (2016)[11]
- Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity (2017)
- President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (2017)[7][9][51][52][53][54]
See also
References
- ^ Pub. L. 87–794, 76 Stat. 872, enacted October 11, 1962
- ^ 19 U.S.C. § 1801
- ^ "2 CFR Part 200 Super Circular" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
- ^ a b Pub. L. 92–463
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (May 26, 2011). "President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics: The Next Step in Improving the Academic Achievement of Latino Students". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans" (PDF). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. October 12, 2001. Archived from the original on October 17, 2001. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Office of the Press Secretary (September 29, 2017). "Presidential Executive Order on the Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ Hayes, B. Kaye (October 2, 2017). "President Trump Continues PACHA". AIDS.gov. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. September 29, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ 7 U.S.C. § 5404
- ^ a b c d 5 U.S.C. App. II
- ^ Pub. L. 89–554, 80 Stat. 378, enacted September 6, 1966
- ^ "History of the Department of State During the Clinton Presidency (1993–2001)". United States Department of State. Washington, D.C.: United States Government. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ 42 U.S.C. § 217a
- ^ Pub. L. 92–LI63
- ^ 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 4701 et seq.
- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 42
- ^ 7 U.S.C. § 150aa et seq.
- ^ 7 U.S.C. § 2801 et seq
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.
- ^ Pub. L. 106–398 (text) (PDF) section 3624
- ^ 42 U.S.C. § 73480
- ^ a b Pub. L. 106–398 (text) (PDF)
- ^ 5 U.S.C. § 5701
- ^ 44 U.S.C. § 35
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (September 30, 2015). "681 – Executive Order 13708—Continuance or Reestablishment of Certain Federal Advisory Committees". UCSB. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Continuance or Reestablishment of Certain Federal Advisory Committees". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. September 30, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ 3 CFR 13549
- ^ 50 U.S.C. § 1801
- ^ 42 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq.
- ^ 6 U.S.C. §§ 42–e
- ^ 5 U.S.C. § 105
- ^ 5 U.S.C. § 102
- ^ Pub. L. 110–186 (text) (PDF)
- ^ 5 U.S.C. §§ 5701–5707
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (July 26, 2012). "Executive Order – White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. July 26, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (March 25, 2013). "187 – Proclamation 8947—Establishment of the San Juan Islands National Monument". UCSB. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Establishment of the San Juan Islands National Monument". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. March 25, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (September 18, 2014). "Executive Order – Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterias". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. September 18, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (August 5, 2014). "594 – Executive Order 13675—Establishing the President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa". UCSB. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Establishing the President's Advisory Council on Doing Business in Africa". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. August 5, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Bear Ears National Monument Questions & Answers" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (December 28, 2016). "875 – Proclamation 9558—Establishment of the Bears Ears National Monument". UCSB. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Establishment of the Bears Ears National Monument". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. December 28, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Wiles, Tay (February 23, 2017). "The many questions of Gold Butte". High Country News. Paonia, Colorado: High Country News, LLC. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (December 28, 2016). "Presidential Proclamation – Establishment of the Gold Butte National Monument". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "Establishment of the Gold Butte National Monument". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. December 28, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2017). "Presidential Executive Order on The White House Initiative to Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ "The White House Initiative to Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (PDF). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. March 3, 2017. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Alemany, Jacqueline (February 28, 2017). "Trump issues executive orders on HBCUs, environmental regulations". CBS News. United States: CBS. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Pestano, Andrew V. (March 1, 2017). "Donald Trump signs executive orders on clean water rule, HBCUs". UPI. Washington, D.C.: News World Communications. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Further reading
- Donna Batten, et al. Encyclopedia of Governmental Advisory Organizations (Detroit, MI: Gale, 1973– . annual editions).
- Kenneth Kitts, Presidential Commissions and National Security: The Politics of Damage Control (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006).
- Steven D. Zink, Guide to the Presidential Advisory Commissions, 1973–1987 (Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey, Inc, 1987).