List of rampage killers (familicides in the Americas)
This section of the list of rampage killers contains those cases where at least half of the victims were relatives of the perpetrator or the perpetrator's spouse. Cases with more than one offender are not included.
A rampage killer has been defined as follows:
A rampage involves the (attempted) killing of multiple persons least partly in public space by a single physically present perpetrator using (potentially) deadly weapons in a single event without any cooling-off period.[1]
This list should contain every case with at least one of the following features:
- Rampage killings with 6 or more dead
- In all cases the perpetrator is not counted among those killed or injured.
All abbreviations used in the table are explained below.
Rampage killers
Perpetrator | Date | Year | Location | Country | Killed | Injured | W | Additional Notes | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Medana, Jose* | May | 1891 | Lomas de Zamora | Argentina | 13 |
0 |
[2] | ||
2. | Ramos de Araujo, Sidnei, 46 | Dec. 31 | 2016 | Campinas | Brazil | 12 |
3 |
F | Committed suicide | |
3. | Torres, Benito, 25* | Sep. 20 | 1938 | Palma Soriano | Cuba | 10 |
1 |
FMA | Committed suicide | [3] |
4. | Chahal, Mark Vijay, 30 | April 5 | 1996 | Vernon, British Columbia | Canada | 9 |
2 |
F | Committed suicide | [4] |
5. | Alvarez, Antonio* | Dec. 1 | 1923 | Puebla | Mexico | 9 |
0 |
M | Committed suicide | [5] |
6. | Silva, Maximiliano* | April | 1943 | Alegrete | Brazil | 9 |
0 |
Committed suicide | [6] | |
7. | Sovereign, Henry* | Jan. 21 | 1832 | Norfolk County, Upper Canada | British North America | 8 |
0 |
MO | Sentenced to death and executed | [7] |
8. | Banks y Keena, Mateo, 49 | April 18 | 1922 | La Buena Suerte & El Trébol | Argentina | 8 |
0 |
F | Sentenced to life imprisonment | [8] |
9. | Day, Andrew, 40* | Dec. 16 | 1929 | Trois-Rivières, Quebec | Canada | 8 |
0 |
M | Found mentally unfit to stand trial | [9] |
10. | Lam, Phu, 53* | Dec. 29 | 2014 | Edmonton, Alberta | Canada | 8 |
0 |
F | Committed suicide | [10] |
11. | Maria José* | Dec. 4 | 1951 | Marcação | Brazil | 7–12 |
0 |
P | Arrested | [11] |
12. | Unknown* | March | 1961 | Cerro Azul | Brazil | 7 |
3 |
P | Committed suicide | [12] |
13. | Herod, Raul, 36* | July 7 | 1999 | Buxton | Guyana | 7 |
1 |
F A | Committed suicide | [13] |
14. | Pinto, Domingos Amorim | January 28 | 2000 | São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | 7 |
1 |
F | Committed suicide | [14] |
15. | Laventure, Mathilde, 33* | July 20/21 | 1862 | Saint-Eusèbe-de-Stanfold, Canada East | Canada | 7 |
0 |
M | Committed suicide | [15] |
16. | Lavera, Carmen, 34* | Oct. 31 | 1918 | Camagüey | Cuba | 7 |
0 |
Killed numerous animals | [16] | |
17. | Loweree, Elfren* | March 15 | 1926 | Chihuahua | Mexico | 7 |
0 |
M | Committed suicide | [17] |
18. | Jose de Souza, Apollinario | 1932 | Rincão do Ferraz | Brazil | 7 |
0 |
M | Committed suicide | [18] | |
19. | Hreczkosy, Thomas, 28* | Jan. 29 | 1932 | Elma, Manitoba | Canada | 7 |
0 |
MA | Sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment | [19] |
20. | Shimizu, Mamoru | Nov. 2/3 | 1944 | Lima | Peru | 7 |
0 |
Arrested | [20] | |
21. | Clark, John Etter, 41 | June 3 | 1956 | Erskine, Alberta | Canada | 7 |
0 |
F | Committed suicide | [21] |
22. | Cook, Robert Raymond, 22* | June 25 | 1959 | Stettler, Alberta | Canada | 7 |
0 |
FM | Sentenced to death and executed | |
23. | Ramirez Camacho, José Rosario* | June | 1962 | Las Comitas | Mexico | 7 |
0 |
M | Sentenced to 37 years in prison | [22] |
24. | Sandoval Troncoso, Luis* | July | 1963 | Valdivia | Chile | 7 |
0 |
MP | Committed suicide | [23] |
25. | Hogue, Leonard, 34* | April 20 | 1965 | Coquitlam, British Columbia | Canada | 7 |
0 |
F | Committed suicide | [24] |
26. | Adão Vilnei Teixeira* | Dec. 10 | 1976 | São Vincente | Brazil | 7 |
0 |
MA | Arrested | [25] |
27. | de Oliveira, José Valdir, 52* | Oct. 30 | 2000 | São Paulo | Brazil | 7 |
0 |
MA | Committed suicide | [26] |
28. | Ladron de Guevara, Rafael, 40* | Jan. 13 | 1941 | Buenos Aires | Argentina | 7 |
? |
MA | [27] | |
29. | Bilodeau, Jean Rosaire, 45 | Oct. 25 | 1934 | Quebec City, Quebec | Canada | 6 |
2 |
F | Sentenced to death and executed | [28] |
30. | Silas Freire Cantor, 24* | October 25 | 2000 | São Miguel Paulista | Brazil | 6 |
2 |
M | Arrested Killed his cousin on July 20, 2000 |
[29] |
31. | Macloud, Luis Antonio, 45^ | Nov. | 1991 | Panama City | Panama | 6 |
1 |
F | Committed suicide | [30] |
32. | Swift Runner | 1878 | Saskatchewan | Canada | 6 |
0 |
FM | Sentenced to death and executed | ||
33. | McGee, Minnie* | April | 1912 | Georgetown, Prince Edward Island | Canada | 6 |
0 |
P | Sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment | [31] |
34. | Basora Montejo, Santiago, 38* | April 24 | 1932 | Güines | Cuba | 6 |
0 |
MA | Committed suicide | [32] |
35. | Ingunza, Juan, 46* | Jan. 1 | 1964 | Pucallpa | Peru | 6 |
0 |
Committed suicide | [33] | |
36. | Kosberg, Thomas Gordon, 17* | Dec. 10 | 1965 | Vancouver | Canada | 6 |
0 |
MP | Found not guilty by reason of insanity | [34] |
37. | Klick, João, 56* | April 26 | 1970 | Viamão | Brazil | 6 |
0 |
MA | Arrested | [35] |
38. | Emidio da Silva, José* | March 7 | 1972 | Cruzeta | Brazil | 6 |
0 |
M | Sentenced to 30 years in prison | [36] |
39. | Hurtado Vega, Liberata, 38 | Sep 18 | 1973 | Cerro de Pasco | Peru | 6 |
0 |
MO | Arrested | [37][38][39] |
40. | Garcia de Vasconcelos, Lindolfo* | Dec. 24 | 1973 | Jaguari | Brazil | 6 |
0 |
MA | [40] | |
41. | Haripaul, Devakaparsaud, 32* | May 29 | 1980 | Leonora | Guyana | 6 |
0 |
M | Committed suicide | [41] |
42. | Blackman, Bruce Alfred, 22* | Jan. 18 | 1983 | Coquitlam, British Columbia | Canada | 6 |
0 |
F | Found not guilty by reason of insanity | [42] |
43. | Ricardo da Costa, Sebastião, 54 | Feb. 19 | 2001 | Itajuípe | Brazil | 6 |
0 |
M | Committed suicide | [43] |
44. | Bauer, John, 51 | Sep. 20 | 2001 | Kirkland, Quebec | Canada | 6 |
0 |
F | Committed suicide | [44] |
45. | Handel, Jay, 45* | March 11 | 2002 | Quatsino, British Columbia | Canada | 6 |
0 |
A | Sentenced to life imprisonment | [45] |
46. | da Silva, Edson, 33* | May 2 | 2014 | Coronel Sapucaia | Brazil | 6 |
0 |
MA | Sentenced to 135 years in prison | [46] |
47. | Becerra, Bernardino, 34* | March | 1938 | Tototlán | Mexico | 6 |
? |
M | [47] | |
48. | Unknown | Barracão | Brazil | 6 |
? |
F | [48] |
Abbreviations and footnotes
* – Marks cases where all the victims were relatives of the perpetrator
W – A basic description of the weapons used in the murders
- F – Firearms and other ranged weapons, especially rifles and handguns, but also bows and crossbows, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, or slingshots
- M – Melee weapons, like knives, swords, spears, machetes, axes, clubs, rods, stones, or bare hands
- O – Any other weapons, such as bombs, hand grenades, Molotov cocktails, poison and poisonous gas, as well as vehicle and arson attacks
- A – indicates that an arson attack was the only other weapon used
- V – indicates that a vehicle was the only other weapon used
- E – indicates that explosives of any sort were the only other weapon used
- P – indicates that an anaesthetising or deadly substance of any kind was the only other weapon used (includes poisonous gas)
References
- ^ Seeger, Thorsten (ed.) School Shootings: International Research, Case Studies, and Concepts for Prevention; Springer, 2012.
- ^ Em Aires de Lomas..., A Republica (May 2, 1891)
– Republica Argentina – Chega a noticia de um crime..., Correio Paulistano (May 2, 1891)
– Apuração – Ao Artista do Rio foi annunciado..., A Federação : Orgam do Partido Republicano (RS) (May 8, 1891)
– Um crime horroso..., Jornal do Recife (May 13, 1891)
– Na provincia de Buenos Ayres..., O Estado do Ceará : Publicação Diaria (May 22, 1891)
– Chega a noticia de um crime..., Pacotilha (MA) (May 27, 1891) - ^ Cuban kills 8 in family, The New York Times (September 21, 1938)
– Murderer kills himself, The New York Times (September 24, 1938) - ^ Wedding party turns deadly, The Cincinnati Post (April 8, 1996)
– Gunman "took revenge" on family, The Independent (April 8, 1996) - ^ Massacres family; cheats earthquake, The Coshocton Tribune (December 2, 1923)
– Mexican kills wife, self and eight tots, Logansport Pharos-Tribune (December 1, 1923) - ^ Rio Grande do Sul, Diario de Noticias (RJ) (April 20, 1943)
Matou a Mulher e os Filhos - A horrivel tragédia ocorrida no municipio de Alegrete, Gazeta de Noticias (RJ) (April 20, 1943)
Matou toda a familia, A Noite (RJ) (April 21, 1943)
Pingos & Respingos, Correio da Manhã (RJ) (April 21, 1943)
Man vermoordt zijn gehele gezin, Amigoe di Curacao (April 30, 1943) - ^ Atrocious murders in Upper Canada, The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (July 7, 1832)
– Small town tries to forget biker massacre, Toronto Star (February 22, 2009)
– Norfolk's mass murder 1832, Simcoe Reformer (April 13, 2006) - ^ Man calmly kills six relatives, The Bakersfield Californian (August 11, 1924)
– Ocho ataúdes para Mateo Banks, La Nación (January 29, 2006)
– De los ocho homicidios de Mateo Banks en Azul al caso Barreda, La Nación (December 4, 2011)
– Esto pasó en nuestra región, El Diario del Fin del Mundo (June 18, 2010)
– Mateo Banks, Society for Irish Latin American Studies - ^ Eight in family killed by father, The Washington Post (December 17, 1929)
– Mother and 7 Children Are Found With Throats Cut, The Gettysburg Times (December 16, 1929)
– Market loser slays his wife and 7 sons, The New York Times (December 17, 1929)
– Confesses killing wife and seven small children, The Lewiston Daily Sun (December 17, 1929)
– Self-confessed slayer improves, The Calgary Herald (December 17, 1929)
– Kills entire family, Orange County Independent (December 19, 1929)
– Unfit for trial, Saskatoon Star-Phoenix (March 20, 1930) - ^ Klinkenberg, Marty; Wittmeier, Brent; Klingbeil, Cailynn; Otiena, Ellwand; Ross, Andrea (December 31, 2014). "Phu Lam identified as Edmonton man who killed eight people, including two children". National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ Espantado! Envenenou os pais, A Manhã (December 4, 1951)
– Envenenou os pais, sete irmaos e tres primos, A Noite (December 4, 1951)
– A menor envenenou os pais, irmaos e primos, Diario de Pernambuco (December 5, 1951) - ^ Matou 9 filhos e tentou suicidar-se, Diario de Notícias (March 5, 1961)
– Matou 6 filhos, o Marido e suicidou-se, A Noite (March 6, 1961) - ^ Unsettling memories rekindled by Charlestown killings, Kaieteur News (October 27, 2010)
– Seven murdered, killer ends life, Stabroek News (July 8, 1999)
– Row over lamp sparked mayhem, Stabroek News (July 9, 1999)
– "Bad words" triggered Buxton mass murder – widow tells mother, Guyana Chronicle (July 9, 1999)
– Buxton killer was burnt alive – post mortem report, Guyana Chronicle (July 10, 1999)
– The Buxton tragedy, Stabroek News (July 11, 1999) - ^ Homem acusado de matar 7 pessoas tenta suicídio, Diário do Grande ABC (January 31, 2000)
– Camelô mata ex-mulher, cinco parentes e o vizinho no Rio, Folha de S.Paulo (February 1, 2000)
– Morre camelô que matou 7 pessoas, Jornal do Commercio (February 2, 2000)
– Polícia ouve família de vítima, O Fluminense (February 3, 2000)
– Órfãos de um dia de fúria, IstoÉ (February 14, 2000) - ^ Horrible Tragedy, Liverpool Mercury (August 18, 1862)
– Shocking murder, The Aberdeen Journal (August 27, 1862)
– Mailhot, Charles Édouard: Les Bois-Francs ..., Vol. 4; Arthabaska, 1925. - ^ Killed her seven sons, The Gettysburg Times (November 2, 1918)
– Mother kills her 7 sons, The Rochester Sentinel (November 2, 1918)
– Grieving for Her Husband, She Kills Her Seven Sons And Tries to Kill Herself, The Atlanta Constitution (November 2, 1918) - ^ Mexican slays wife and sons with hammer, The Atlanta Constitution (March 16, 1926)
– Man kills wife, six sons and self, Nevada State Journal (March 16, 1926)
– Man slays wife, six children and commits suicide, The Bakersfield Californian (March 16, 1926) - ^ Degollou a machadas a esposa, trucidou cinco..., A Noite (January 27, 1932)
- Os grandes dramas de sangue, Diario Nacional : A Democracia em Marcha (SP) (January 29, 1932) - ^ Nine slain in night, farm house fired, The New York Times (January 30, 1932)
– Blames ghosts for slaying 7, Prescott Evening Courier (February 3, 1932)
– Sitar Family Massacre Archived 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine at Manitoba's buried history Archived 2009-08-18 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Japanese Wife Accuses Husband of Killing Seven, Chicago Daily Tribune (November 10, 1944)
– Slaying of 7 Japs hints Tokyo plot, The Oakland Tribune (November 12, 1944)
– Falleció el periodista Jorge Salazar, presenciacultural.com (June 9, 2008) - ^ Official sought in slaying of 7 is found dead, St. Petersburg Times (June 5, 1956)
– Slaying toll now 8, The New York Times (June 5, 1956) - ^ Asesinó a su Familia, El Siglo de Torreón (June 26, 1962)
– Gran Cinismo de un Asesino, El Siglo de Torreón (May 15, 1963)
– Trasladan a un Asesino a Tamps, El Siglo de Torreón (May 17, 1963)
– 'Manhunt' spreads to Pharr Area, The Brownsville Herald (June 27, 1962)
– Slayer of eight may be trapped, The Brownsville Herald (July 13, 1962)
– Zevenvoudige moord in Mexico Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, Leidsch Dagblad (June 26, 1962)
– “El Chacal de Las Comitas” Archived 2013-01-21 at archive.today, El Despertar en Tamaulipas (March 13, 2009) - ^ Mató a Hachazos a su Familia y luego se Ahorcó, El Siglo de Torreón (July 20, 1963)
- ^ Scientist offers possible reason for family slayings, Rome News-Tribune (April 22, 1965)
– Family of Eight Found Shot to Death, Los Angeles Times (April 22. 1965)
– Family massacre linked to theft of mangled money, Winnipeg Free Press (April 22, 1965) - ^ Militar mata toda a família, Diario de Pernambuco (December 14, 1976)
– Assassinou mulher e os seis filhos, Diario de Natal (December 14, 1976)
– Soldado confessa ter assassinado toda a família, Diario de Pernambuco (December 16, 1976) - ^ Lavrador mata sete da família e se suicida, Folha de S.Paulo (October 30, 2000)
–Lavrador mata mulher e 6 filhos a marretadas e depois se mata (SP), Folha de S.Paulo (October 30, 2000)
- Lavrador mata sete da família e se suicida, Folha de S.Paulo (October 30, 2000)
-Lavrador mata sete da família em Euclides da Cunha Paulista, Folha de S.Paulo (October 30, 2000) - ^ Policeman Slays 7 in His Family, The New York Times (January 14, 1941)
– Seine Frau und sechs Kinder erschlagen, Escher Tageblatt (January 16, 1941)
– Frau und sechs Kinder erschlagen, Freiburger Zeitung (January 14, 1941) - ^ Crazed Quebec Man Kills 5 Relatives, 3 of Them Women, and Postal Official, The New York Times (October 26, 1934)
– Murderer guarded from Quebec crowd, The New York Times (October 28, 1934)
– Six are killed by crazed man, Spokane Daily Chronicle (October 26, 1934)
– Six slain by maniac in Quebec, Winnipeg Free Press (October 26, 1934)
– Demented man kills six people, The Argus (October 29, 1934) - ^ Homem mata seis pessoas de sua família em SP, Folha de S.Paulo (October 25, 2000)
- Rapaz mata seis pessoas de sua família a facadas em SP, Diário do Grande Abc (October 25, 2000)
- Seis da mesma família são mortos em SP, Folha de S.Paulo (October 26, 2000)
- Desempregado confessa morte de 6 parentes, Folha de S. Paulo (October 26, 2000) - ^ In brief - Policeman kills six, The Canberra Times (November 29, 1991)
- ^ Vernon, Steve (2012). Maritime Murder: Deadly Crimes from the Buried Past. Canada: Nimbus Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 1551099276. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
– Mother admits she killed five, Kentucky New Era (August 2, 1912)
– Myers, Sharon: The Apocrypha of Minnie McGee in Acadiensis Vol. 28, No. 2, 2009.
– Echoes of McGee tragedy still haunt the Island Archived 2013-06-28 at archive.today, peicanada.com (April 25, 2012) - ^ Kills wife, five children and self, The Lewiston Daily Sun (April 26, 1932)
– Kills wife, 5 children and then hangs himself, Joplin Globe (April 26, 1932) - ^ Familiedrama en Oost-Peru, Amigoe di Curacao (January 3, 1964)
24 heures de la vie du monde - Il tue ses six enfants, Le Nouvelliste (January 3, 1964) (p. 2) - ^ Five slain with axe, youth held, The Leader-Post (December 10, 1965) (p. 1)
Six members of family slain in beds, The Lethbridge Herald (December 10, 1965) (p. 1)
Youth charged in axe killing, The Lethbridge Herald (December 11, 1965) (p. 1) - ^ Assassino frio e confesso: matou a família a machado!, A Luta Democratica : Um jornal de luta feito por homens que lutam pelos que não podem lutar (RJ) (April 1970)
- A Chacina de Viamão, O Cruzeiro : Revista (RJ) (1970)
-A Chacina de Viamão Pt. 2, O Cruzeiro : Revista (RJ) (1970)
-Polícia de Viamão procura agricultor acusado de matar mulher, 4 filhos e a nora, Jornal do Brasil (April 28, 1970)
- Família cachinada em municipio do Rio Grande, Folha de S.Paulo (April 28, 1970) - ^ Agricultor mata mulher e filhos quando todos dormiam na Fazenda, Diário de Natal (1972)
"Monstro" de Cruzeta já na Colônia Penal, Diário de Natal (August 8, 1972)
"Monstro" de Cruzeta é julgado este mês, O Poti (RN) (November 10, 1974)
"Monstro" de Cruzeta tem julgamento hoje, Diario de Natal (June 12, 1975)
"Monstro de Cruzeta" condenado a reclusão, Diario de Natal (June 14, 1975)
Juiz recebe protesto como sendo apelação, Diario de Natal (October 14, 1975)
O Terror em uma Fazenda de Cruzeta, TOK de HISTÓRIA (April 9, 2011) - ^ Woman kills six of her children, New Nation (September 19, 1973)
- ^ Marah suami 6 anak2nya dibunuh dalam perigi, Berita Harian (September 20, 1973)
- ^ Assassino, Correio da Manhã (September 19, 1973) (p. 1)
- ^ Bebado, matou e queimou a mulher e cinco filhos, A Luta Democratica : Um jornal de luta feito por homens que lutam pelos que não podem lutar (RJ), (December 27, 1973)
Man kills his family, The Straits Times (December 28, 1973)
Assassino da família foi visto em Jaguari, O Fluminense (1973) - ^ Unsettling memories rekindled by Charlestown killings, Kaieteur News (October 27, 2010)
– The Leonora axe murders, Kaieteur News (July 25, 2009) - ^ Accuse man of killing family during pow pow, The Bryan Times (January 19, 1983)
– Six die in shooting in Vancouver suburb, Eugene Register-Guard (January 19, 1983)
– Slain family may have been discussing domestic problems, Spokane Chronicle (January 19, 1983)
– BLACKMAN, Bruce Alfred Archived 2007-09-09 at the Wayback Machine, British Columbia Review Board (January 25, 1993) - ^ Homem se suicida depois de matar mulher e 5 filhos em Salvador, dgabc.com.br (February 20, 2001)
– Pai mata mulher, cinco filhos e comete suicídio na BA, Folha de S.Paulo (February 20, 2001)
– Marceneiro mata toda a família, Jornal do Brasil (February 21, 2001) - ^ Montreal dad left letters about family in paradise, CBC (September 21, 2001)
- ^ Father charged in fire deaths of children, CTV News (March 16, 2002)
– Handel murder case now in jury's hands, CTV News (October 1, 2003)
– Jurors to continue deliberations in Handel trial, CBC News (October 1, 2003)
– Father convicted of first-degree murder in deaths of his six children, CBC News (October 2, 2003) - ^ Incêndio mata seis pessoas de uma mesma família em MS, G1 (May 2, 2014)
–Incêndio mata 6 pessoas da mesma família em MS na fronteira com o Paraguai, BOL Notícias (May 2, 2014)
–'Começar de novo', diz homem que perdeu família em incêndio em MS, G1 (May 2, 2014)
– 'Cenário de destruição', diz bombeiro sobre incêndio que matou 6 em MS, G1 (May 2, 2014)
– Prefeitura decreta luto após mortes em incêndio em cidade de MS, G1 (May 2, 2014)
– Único sobrevivente de incêndio com 6 mortes é preso suspeito do crime, G1 (June 12, 2014)
– Em reconstituição, suspeito detalha incêndio com seis mortes em MS, G1 (June 16, 2014)
– Mecânico espancou filhos e vítimas antes de colocar fogo e matar seis, Campo Grande News (June 17, 2014)
– Perito detalha frieza de acusado de matar seis pessoas da própria família em incêndio, Conseul News (June 17, 2014)
– Homem matou família incendiada por causa de ciúmes, Correio do Estado (June 18, 2014)
– Mecânico é indiciado por seis mortes em incêndio em MS, diz polícia, G1 (August 26, 2014)
– MPE denuncia mecânico por incendiar casa e matar mulher e filhos em MS, G1 (August 29, 2014)
– Mecânico acusado de matar mulher, filha de 10 meses e outros 4 em MS é condenado a 135 anos de prisão, G1 (September 1, 2017)
–Homem que causou a morte de seis familiares em incêndio, é condenado a 135 anos de prisão, Diário Corumbaense (September 2, 2017)
– Assassino de 6 familiares em incêndio é condenado a 135 anos de prisão, Campo Grande News (September 2, 2017) - ^ Mexican kills six of his own family, San Antonio Express (March 6, 1938)
– Insane Mexican kills six of his family, Boston Globe (March 6, 1938)
– Mexican ranch hand stabs six to death, Kingsport Times (March 6, 1938) - ^ Realeza, PR: 20 anos de história; Escola Superior de Teologia São Lourenço de Brindes, 1983. (p. 17)