Parboiled rice
Parboiled rice (also called converted rice and easy-cook rice[1]) is rice that has been partially boiled in the husk. The three basic steps of parboiling are soaking, steaming and drying.[2] These steps make the rice easier to process by hand, while also boosting its nutritional profile, changing its texture, and making it more resistant to weevils.[3] The treatment is practiced in many parts of the world.[4]
Parboiling drives nutrients, especially thiamin, from the bran to the endosperm, hence parboiled white rice is mostly nutritionally similar to brown rice.[5]
Process and chemistry
The starches in parboiled rice become gelatinized, then retrograded after cooling. Through gelatinization, amylose molecules leach out of the starch granule network and diffuse into the surrounding aqueous medium outside the granules[6] which, when fully hydrated are at maximum viscosity.[7] The parboiled rice kernels should be translucent when wholly gelatinized. Cooling brings retrogradation whereby amylose molecules re-associate with each other and form a tightly packed structure. This increases the formation of type 3-resistant starch which can act as a prebiotic and benefit good health in humans.[8] However, this also makes the kernels harder and glassier. Parboiled rice takes less time to cook and is firmer and less sticky. In North America parboiled rice is either partially or fully precooked before sale. Minerals such as zinc or iron are added, increasing their potential bio-availability in the diet.
Huzenlaub Process
In older methods, clean paddy rice was soaked in cold water for 36–38 hours to give it a moisture content of 30–35%,[9] after which the rice was put in parboiling equipment with fresh cold water and boiled until it began to split. The rice was then dried on woven mats, cooled and milled.
In the 1910s German-British scientist Erich Gustav Huzenlaub (1888–1964) and the British scientist and chemist Francis Heron Rogers invented a form of parboiling which held more of the nutrients in rice, now known as the Huzenlaub Process. The whole grain is vacuum dried, then steamed, followed by another vacuum drying and husking. This also makes the rice more resistant to weevils and lessens cooking time.[10]
Modern methods
In even later methods the rice is soaked in hot water, then steamed for boiling which only takes three hours rather than the twenty hours of traditional methods. These methods also yield a yellowish color in the rice, which undergoes less breakage when milled.[11]
Other variations on parboiling include high-pressure steaming and various ways of drying (dry-heat, vacuum, etc.)[12][13]
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 370 kcal (1,500 kJ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78.68 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 0.5 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 3.5 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.75 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7.60 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 9.82 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Compared to brown rice, parboiling of rice incurs losses of thiamin, niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid by approximately 70%, 28%, 49% and 25%, respectively. Compared to normal milling, which causes a near 65% loss of all these micronutrients, parboiling preserves more of them.[5] The specific loss depend on the process used by individual manufacturers: for the USDA #20042 sample, much less loss in these nutrients is observed. Fortification is common for parboiled rice in the United States. Depending upon method used levels of arsenic can increase or decrease significantly[16].
-
Raw paddy rice. -
-
Put in a vacuum, rice loses all the air it carries within. In a following warm water bath the nutrients become more soluble and move out of the bran. -
To move these nutrients into the kernel, hot steam and air pressure are used, otherwise they would rinse out into the water. -
Parboiled rice carries most of the nutrients of brown rice. (This graphic does not depict the fraction lost.)
See also
- Rice congee
- Uncle Ben's Converted Rice
References
- ^ "Types of rice – Rice Association". www.riceassociation.org.uk.
- ^ Miah, M. A. Kaddus; Haque, Anwarul; Douglass, M. Paul; Clarke, Brian (2002). "Parboiling of rice. Part II: Effect of hot soaking time on the degree of starch gelatinization". International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 37 (5): 539–545. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00611.x.
- ^ Kik, M.C.; Williams, R.R. (June 1945). "The Nutritional Improvement of White Rice". Bulletin of the National Research Council. 112: 61–.
- ^ Pillaiyar, P. (1981). Household parboiling of parboiled rice. Kishan World, 8, 20–21.
- ^ a b Kyritsi, A.; Tzia, C.; Karathanos, V.T. (January 2011). "Vitamin fortified rice grain using spraying and soaking methods". LWT – Food Science and Technology. 44 (1): 312–320. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2010.06.001.
- ^ Hermansson, Anne-Marie; Svegmark, Karin (November 1996). "Developments in the understanding of starch functionality". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 7 (11): 345–353. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(96)10036-4.
- ^ Eliasson, A.-C. (1986). "Viscoelastic behaviour during the gelatinization of starch". Journal of Texture Studies. 17 (3): 253–265. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4603.1986.tb00551.x.
- ^ Helbig, E; Días, AR; Tavares, RA; Schirmer, MA; Elias, MC (June 2008). "Arroz parboilizado efeito na glicemia de ratos Wistar" [The effect of parboiled rice on glycemia in Wistar rats]. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion (in Portuguese). 58 (2): 149–55. PMID 18833992.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Bal, S.; Ojha, T.P. (1975). "Determination of biological maturity and effect of harvesting and drying conditions on milling quality of paddy". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 20 (4): 353–361. doi:10.1016/0021-8634(75)90072-4.
- ^ US patent 2358251, Huzenlaub Erich GustavRogers Francis Heron, "Process for the treatment of rice and other cereals", issued 1944-09-12
- ^ Ituen, E.U.U.; Ukpakha, A.C. (2011). "Improved method of parboiling paddy for better quality rice" (PDF). World Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 3 (1): 31–40. ISSN 2141-3290.
- ^ Müller-Fischer, Nadina (2013). "Nutrient-focused Processing of Rice". Agricultural sustainability: progress and prospects in crop research. Academic Press. pp. 197–220. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-404560-6.00010-1. ISBN 978-0-12-404560-6.
- ^ Arendt, Elke K.; Zannini, Emanuele (2013). "Rice processing". Cereal grains for the food and beverage industries. Woodhead Pub. doi:10.1533/9780857098924.114. ISBN 978-0-85709-413-1.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Rahman, Habibur; Carey, Manus; Hossain, Mahmud; Savage, Laurie; Islam, M. Rafiqul; Meharg, Andrew A. (2019). "Modifying the Parboiling of Rice to Remove Inorganic Arsenic, While Fortifying with Calcium". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (9): 5249–5255. Bibcode:2019EnST...53.5249R. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b06548. PMID 30993982.
