List of state leaders in 1868

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1868.

Africa

• Ashanti Confederacy – Kofi Kakari, Asantehene (1867–1874)
• Kingdom of Buganda – Muteesa I (1856–1884)
• Bunyoro – Kyebambe IV, Omukama of Bunyoro (1852–1869)
• Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
• Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
• Ethiopian Empire –
  1. Tewodros II (1855–1868)
  2. Tekle Giyorgis II (1868–1871)
• Kingdom of Jimma - Abba Gomol (1862-1878)
• Kingdom of Kaffa -
• Kasanje Kingdom - Mbumba a Kinguri (1857-1873)
• Kingdom of Kongo - Pedro V of Kongo (1859-1891)
• Kingdom of Lesotho – Moshoeshoe I (1822–1870)
• Liberia
  • President -
    1. Daniel Bashiel Warner (1864–1868)
    2. James Spriggs Payne (1868–1870)
• Mthwakazi - Mzilikazi, King 1823-1868
• Kingdom of Rwanda – Kigeli IV (1853–1895)
• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph – Ahmad Rufa'i (1867–1873)
  • Grand Vizier - Ibrahim Khalilu (1859-c.1874)
• Unyanyembe - Mkasiwa (1860-1875)
• Urambo - Mirambo (1860-1884)
• Yeke Kingdom - Msiri (1856-1891)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar – Majid bin Said (1856–1870)
• Zulu – Mpande kaSenzangakhona, King of the Zulu (1840–1872)

Asia

• Emirate of Afghanistan
  1. Mohammed Afzal Khan (1866–1868)
  2. Sher Ali Khan (1868–1879)
• Bamra – Tribhuban Singh, Raja (1865–1869)
• Bhutan – Tsondru Pekar, Druk Desis (1866–1870)
• Sultanate of Brunei – Abdul Momin (1852–1885)
• China (Qing dynasty) - Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875)
• Republic of Ezo – Enomoto Takeaki, President (1868–1869)
• Hyderabad State – Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V, Nizam (1857–1869)
• Empire of Japan
  • Monarch – Emperor Meiji (1867–1912)
  • Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1867-19 November 1868)
    • Tokugawa shogunate comes to an end with the Meiji Restoration.
  • Ryukyu Kingdom - Shō Tai (1848–1879)
• Joseon (Korea) – Gojong (1864–1907, Emperor after 1897)
• Maguindanao – Muhammad Makakwa, Sultan of Maguindanao (1854–1884)
• Nepal - Surendra Bikram Shah (1847-1881)
• Rajpipla State - Gambhirsinhji II (1860-1897)
• Siam –
  1. Mongkut (1851–1868)
  2. Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)
• Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)

Europe

• Austria-Hungary – Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848–1916)
  • Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary - Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (1867–1871)
  • Minister-President of Austria
  1. Prince Karl of Auersperg (1867–1868)
  2. Count Eduard von Taaffe (1868–1870)
  • Minister-President of Hungary - Gyula Andrássy (1867–1871)
• Kingdom of Bavaria – Ludwig II (1864–1886)
• Belgium
  • Monarch – Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
  • Cabinet Chief -
    1. Charles Rogier (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
    2. H.-J.-W. Frère-Orban (1868–1870, 1878–1884)
• Kingdom of Denmark
  • Monarch – Christian IX (1863–1906)
  • Prime Minister - Christian Emil (1865–1870)
• Second French Empire – Napoleon III (1852–1870)
• Kingdom of Greece –
  • Monarch – George I (1863–1913)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Alexandros Koumoundouros (1866–1868)
    2. Aristeidis Moraitinis (1868)
    3. Dimitrios Voulgaris (1868–1869)
• Papal States – Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
• Hamburg – Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1863–1864; 1866–1868; 1870; and again 1872–1873)
• Kingdom of Italy –
  • Monarch – Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878)
  • Prime Minister - Luigi Menabrea (1867–1869)
• Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
  • Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Prime Minister - Emmanuel Servais (1867–1874)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch – William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers -
    1. Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866–1868)
    2. Pieter Philip van Bosse (1868–1871)
• Sweden–Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Sultan – Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
  • Grand Vizier – Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1867–1871)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
  • Monarch – Luís I (1861–1889)
  • President of the Council of Ministers -
    1. Joaquim António de Aguiar (1865–1868)
    2. Count of Ávila (1868)
    3. Marquess of Sá da Bandeira (1868–1869)
• Kingdom of Prussia –
  • Monarch – Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
  • Minister President - Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
• United Principalities (Romania) – Carol I (1866–1881)
• Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
• Kingdom of Saxony – Johann (1854–1873)
• Kingdom of Spain –
  • Monarch – Isabella II (1833–1868)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ramón María Narváez, 1st Duke of Valencia (1844–1846, 1846, 1847–1849, 1849–1851, 1856–1857, 1864–1865, 1866–1868)
    2. Luis González Bravo (1868)
    3. José Gutiérrez de la Concha (1868)
    4. Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre (1868–1869, 1871, 1872, 1874)
• Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV (1859–1872)
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1852, 1858, 1866–1868)
    2. Benjamin Disraeli (1868, 1874–1880)
    3. William Ewart Gladstone (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886, 1892–1894)
• Kingdom of Württemberg – Karl (1864–1891)

Middle East and North Africa

• Abu Dhabi – Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855–1909)
• Khedivate of Egypt (Under Ottoman Empire suzerainty) - Isma'il (1867–1879)
• Sultanate of Morocco – Muhammad IV (1859–1873)
• Sultanate of Oman
  1. Salim bin Thuwaini (1866–1868)
  2. Azzan bin Qais (1868–1871)

North America and Caribbean

• Canada
  • Monarch – Victoria, Queen of Canada (1837–1901)
  • Governor General - The Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon (1867–1869)
  • Prime Minister - John A. Macdonald (1867–1873)
• Costa Rica –
  1. José María Castro Madriz, President of Costa Rica (1866–1868)
  2. Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President of Costa Rica (1868–1870)
• Haiti – Sylvain Salnave, President of Haiti (1867–1869)
• Mexico - Benito Juárez, President of Mexico (1858–1872)
• Nicaragua - Fernando Guzmán Solórzano, President of Nicaragua (1867–1871)
• United States - Andrew Johnson, President of the United States (1865–1869)

Oceania

• Fiji – Seru Epenisa Cakobau, King of Fiji (1852–1874)
• Kingdom of Hawaii – Kamehameha V (1863–1872)
• Mangareva –

1. Joseph Gregorio II, King of Mangareva (1857–1868)
2. Maria Eutokia Toaputeitou, regent of Mangareva (1868–1869)

• Kingdom of Rarotonga –
• Samoa – Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
• Kingdom of Tahiti – Pōmare IV, Queen of Tahiti (1827–1877)
• Tonga – Tāufaʻāhau, Tu'i Kanokupolu (1845–1893)
• Kingdom of Uvea – Falakika Seilala (1858–1869)

South America

• Argentina
  1. Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina (1862–1868)
  2. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President of Argentina (1868–1874)
• Bolivia - Mariano Melgarejo, President (1864-1871)
• Empire of Brazil –
  • Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
  • President of the cabinet of ministers –
    1. Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos (1866–1868)
    2. Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí (1868–1870)
• Chile – José Joaquín Pérez, President of Chile (1861–1871)
• Colombia –

1. Santos Acosta, President of Colombia (1867–1868)
2. Santos Gutiérrez, President of Colombia (1868)
3. Salvador Camacho, President of Colombia (1868–1869)

• Paraguay - Francisco Solano López, President of Paraguay(1862–1870)

• Peru -

1. Mariano Ignacio Prado, President of Peru (1865–1868)
2. Pedro Diez Canseco, President of Peru (1868)
3. José Balta, President of Peru (1868–1872)

• Uruguay –
  1. Venancio Flores, President of Uruguay (1865–1868)
  2. Pedro Varela, President of Uruguay (1868)
  3. Lorenzo Batlle y Grau, President of Uruguay (1868–1872)