List of African American newspapers in Illinois
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Copy_reader_of_the_Chicago_Defender.png/220px-Copy_reader_of_the_Chicago_Defender.png)
This is a list of African-American newspapers in Illinois. To be included, a newspaper should be attested in a reliable source as an African-American newspaper published in Illinois. The list is divided by region, and the newspapers attested in each region are placed in alphabetic order by city.
Illinois' first African-American newspaper was the Cairo Weekly Gazette, established in 1862.[1] The first in Chicago was The Chicago Conservator, established in 1878. An estimated 190 Black newspapers had been founded in Illinois by 1975,[2] and more have continued to be established in the decades since.
While most such newspapers in Illinois have been local, some like the Chicago-based Chicago Defender and Muhammad Speaks have had a major national circulation and impact. National Black newspaper networks, including the Defender syndicate and Associated Negro Press, have also been headquartered in Chicago.
Northern Illinois
Northern Illinois covers the northern third of Illinois, and is by far the most populous of Illinois' regions. Most of population is concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, and most of the region's African American newspapers have likewise been concentrated in and near Chicago.
City | Title | Beginning | End | Frequency | Call numbers | Remarks
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicago | Abbott's Weekly & Illustrated News | 1933[3] | 1934[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Chicago | Advance | 1890[3] | 1900[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago Advocate | 1905 (uncertain)[5] | ?[5] | Weekly[5] | ||
Chicago | African-American Voice / The Voice of the Black Community | 1994 (uncertain)[6] | ? | Biweekly[6] | ||
Chicago | All About Us | 1896[3] | 1899[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | All Chicago Focus | 1990 (uncertain)[7] | 1991[7] | Twice monthly[7] | ||
Chicago | A.M.E. Record | 1895[3] | ?[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | Appeal | 1885[3] | 1926[3] or 1923[8] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | Aspect | 1908[3] | 1908[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago (Austin) | The Austin Voice | 1986[9] | ?[9] | Biweekly[9] | ||
Chicago (Austin) | The Austin Weekly News | 1987[9] | current | Weekly[9] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago Bee and Sunday Bee | 1925[3] | 1947[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Chicago | Bee-Free Speech | 1888[3] | 1895[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | Black Truth | 1968[3] | 1971 (or later)[10] or 1970[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | Black X-Press | 1973[12] | 1970s[11] | Weekly[12] | ||
Chicago | The Broad Ax | 1895[3] | 1935[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Chicago | Brotherhood | 1890[3] | ?[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | Bronzeville | 1943[14] | ? | Weekly | ||
Chicago | Bulletin | 1958[3] | 1972[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago | Busy Bee | 1896[3] | ?[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Chicago (Chatham) | Chatham-Southeast Citizen / Chatham Citizen | 1965[15] | current | Weekly[15] |
|
|
Chicago | The Chicago Courier | 1938[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
||
Chicago | Chicago Defender | 1905[17] | current | Weekly; daily from 1956[17] to 2008[18] |
|
|
Chicago | Christian Gibraltar | 1910[17] | 1970[17] | Weekly | ||
Chicago | Christian Science | 1895[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Chronicle | 1918[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Church Organ | 1893[17] | 1898[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Church Record | 1895[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Citizen | 1965[17] | Weekly[17] | |||
Chicago | Clipper | 1885[17] | 1898[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Conservator | 1878 | 1914[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Courier | 1932[17] | 1932[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Crusader | 1937[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] |
|
|
Chicago | New Crusader / The Chicago Crusader | 1940[20] | current | Weekly |
|
|
Chicago | Daily Times | ?[17] | ?[17] | Daily | ||
Chicago | Dynamite | 1936[17] or 1937[22] | 1939[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Eagle | 1889[17] | 1930[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | East Side Monitor | ?[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Egyptian Sun | ?[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Enterprise | 1918[17] | 1931[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Evening World | 1919[17] | 1919[17] | Daily[17] | ||
Chicago | Fellowship Herald | 1916[17] | 1916[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | The Final Call | 1979[23] | current | Twice monthly[23] |
|
|
Chicago | Free Lance | 1895[17] | 1926[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Free Speech | 1888[17] | 1898[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Chicago Gazette | 1880s?[24] | 1890s?[24] |
|
||
Chicago | The Chicago Gazette | 1949[25] or 1950[17] | current | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago |
|
1950?[26] | Weekly[27] |
|
||
Chicago | Hero | 1889[17] | 1891[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Home Journal | ?[17] | ?[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Home News | 1925[17] | 1925[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago (Hyde Park) | Hyde Park Citizen | 1988 (uncertain)[28] | current | Weekly[28] |
|
|
Chicago | Idea | 1900[17] | 1918[17] | Weekly[17] |
|
|
Chicago | Illinois Chronicle | 1900[17] | 1921[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Illinois Idea[17] / The Chicago Illinois Idea[29] / The Chicago Idea[30] | 1903[17] | 1922[17] | Weekly[17] |
|
|
Chicago | Illinois Political News | 1939 (uncertain)[31] | ?[31] | Weekly[31] | ||
Chicago | Chicago Independent Bulletin | 1972 (uncertain)[32] | ?[32] | Weekly[32] | ||
Chicago | Inquirer | 1926[17] | 1926[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Chicago Journal | 1975 (uncertain)[32] | ?[32] | Weekly[32] | ||
Chicago (Lawndale) | Lawndale Drum | 1970[17] or 1972[33] | 1979 (uncertain)[33] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Leader | 1905[17] | 1906[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Messenger | 1942[17] | 1944[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Chicago Metro News | 1965[32] or 1972[17] | ? | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Metropolitan News (to 1938) / Metropolitan Post[34] (to 1940) | 1935[17] | 1940[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Mission Star | 1890[17] | ? | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago / Moline | Modern Farmer | 1930[17] | 1932[17] | Monthly newspaper |
|
|
Chicago | Monitor | 1914[17] | 1915[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Muhammad Speaks | 1961[17] | 1975[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | National Aspect | 1910[17] | 1912[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | Negro Champion | 1925[17] | 1929[17] | Weekly[17] | ||
Chicago | The Negro Spearhead | 1968[35] | ?[35] | Weekly[35] | ||
Chicago | New Metro News | 1992 (uncertain)[36] | ? | Weekly[36] | ||
Chicago (South Side) | News Clarion / South Side News-Clarion[38] | 1964[37] | ?[37] | Weekly[37] |
|
|
Chicago | News Ledger | 1938[20] | 1941[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | News Scene | 1984 (uncertain) [39] | Twice monthly[39] | |||
Chicago | Observer | 1885[20] | ? | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago Observer | 1964[20] | ?[32] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Owl | 1962[40] | 1960s | Weekly[40] | ||
Chicago | Pathfinder | ? | ? | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | People's Advocate | 1900[20] | 1926[20] | Weekly[20] |
|
|
Chicago | People's Voice | 1918[20] | 1918[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Plain Dealer | 1888[20] | 1922[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago Reflector | 1895[20] or 1896[32] | 1906[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Republican | 1888[20] | 1889[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Review | 1929[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Royal Messenger | 1921[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Savoyager | 1929[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Chicago Scene | 1984 (uncertain)[41] | 1993[41] | Weekly[41] | ||
Chicago | Search Light or Searchlight[16] | 1910[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago Shoreland News / Chicago Shoreland | 1977 (uncertain)[41] | ?[41] | Weekly[41] | ||
Chicago | Smith's Arrow Weekly | ? | ? | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | South End Citizen | 1965 (uncertain)[42] | current | Weekly[42] |
|
|
Chicago | The South Shopper | 1995[43] | ? | Monthly newspaper[43] | ||
Chicago | South Side Bulletin: Chicago’s Progressive Community Weekly / Bulletin | 1959 (uncertain) [44] | 1972[44] | Weekly[44] |
|
|
Chicago (South Side) | South Street Journal | 1994 (uncertain) [46] | 2010s[45] | Biweekly[46] | ||
Chicago | South Suburban Citizen | 1982 (uncertain) [47] | current | Weekly[47] |
|
|
Chicago | Southside Digest | 1931[20] | 1931[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Spokesman | 1932[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Standard | 1894[20] | 1895[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Star | 1910[20] | 1946[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Sun | 1924[20] | 1924[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Supreme Liberty Guardian | ? | 1938[20] | Weekly[20] or twice monthly[48] | ||
Chicago | Today’s Chronicle | 1992[49] or 1996[50] | Biweekly[49] | |||
Chicago | Voice | 1910[20] | ?[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Voice / Second Ward Voice / The First District Voice (1942)[52] | 1940[51] | ?[51] | Weekly[51] |
|
|
Chicago | Wednesday's Focus | 1990[53] | ?[53] | Weekly[53] | ||
Chicago | Chicago Weekend | 1974 (uncertain)[41] | Weekly[41] |
|
||
Chicago | Weekly Reporter | 1906[20] | 1906[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | West Side Torch | 1969[20] | 1969[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | Western Opinion | 1906[20] | 1909[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago Whip | 1919[20] | 1939[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago (West Side) | West Side Torch: The People's Paper | 1965 (uncertain)[55] | 1971 (uncertain)[55] | Biweekly[55] |
|
|
Chicago[56] or Chicago Heights[57] | Tri-City Journal | 1978[57] | Weekly[56] | |||
Chicago | The Windy City Word | 1992 (uncertain) [58] | ?[58] | Weekly[58] | ||
Chicago (Woodlawn) | Woodlawn Booster / Woodlawn Booster and Bulletin[59] | 1932[20] | 1973[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | The Chicago World | 1900[20] | 1902[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Chicago | World | 1918[20] | 1953[20] | Weekly[20] |
|
|
Chicago Heights | Chicago Standard News | 1984[41] | current | Weekly[41] | ||
East Moline | The Common Bond | 1975 | ?[60] | Monthly newspaper[60] | ||
Evanston | Evanston Guide | 1929[61] | 1932[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Evanston | Evanston Newsette | 1941[61] | ? | Weekly[61] | ||
Evanston | Evanston Weekly | 1915[61] | 1931[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Evanston | North Shore Examiner | 1968[61] or 1971[63] | 1979[62] | Weekly, later monthly[62] or bimonthly[63] | ||
Harvey | Chicago South Suburban News | 1964[61] or 1966[41] | 1972[64] | Weekly[61] | ||
Harvey | Suburban Journal | 1968[61] | Weekly[61] | |||
Hopkins Park (Pembroke Township) | Pembroke Herald Eagle | 1961[65] or 1962[66] | 1983[65] | Weekly[66] |
|
|
Joliet | Voice or Negro Voice (1966) | 1950[61] | ? | Weekly[61] | ||
Kankakee | Progressive Era | 1924[61] | 1942[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Maywood | Suburban Echo-Reporter | 1964[61] | ? | Weekly[61] | ||
Robbins | Herald | 1917[67] | 1950[67] | Weekly[67] |
|
|
Robbins | Informer | 1947[68] or 1948[67] | 1949[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Rockford | Crusader | 1950[67] | 1972[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Rockford | Vital Force | 1985[70] | 2000s[69] | Weekly[70] |
|
|
Rock Island | Tri City Oracle | 1898[67] | 1900[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
South Holland | South Suburban Journal | 1975 (uncertain)[71] | ?[71] | Weekly[71] | ||
Waukegan | North Shore Guardian | 1964[72] | ?[72] | Weekly[72] |
Central Illinois
Central Illinois is the middle third of the state. It includes the state capital Springfield and many other small cities such as Bloomington-Normal, Champaign-Urbana, Danville, Decatur, Galesburg and Peoria.
City | Title | Beginning | End | Frequency | Call numbers | Remarks
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bloomington | American Pilot | 1896[3] | 1899[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Bloomington | Cooperative News | 1933[3] | 1938[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Champaign | Illinois Times | 1941[3] | 1971[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Champaign | Plain Truth | 1967[3] | 1969[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Danville | The Black Vanguard: for Unity in the Black Community[75] | 1968[75] | ?[75] | Weekly[20] or irregular[75] | ||
Danville | Illinois Times | 1939[20] | 1941[20] | Weekly[20] |
|
|
Danville | International | 1901[20] | 1902[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Danville | Inter-State Echo | 1909[20] | 1920[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Decatur | Advance Citizen | 1892[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
Decatur | The Voice / African-American Voice / Voice of the Black Community | 1967[20] | ?[20] | Weekly[20] |
|
|
Galesburg | Western Herald | 1884[61] | 1885[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Galesburg | The Illinois Star | 1935[79] | 1941?[78] | Weekly[80] | ||
Litchfield | Afro-American Advocate | 1892[61] | 1893[61] | Weekly[61] |
|
|
Peoria | Advance Citizen | 1892[67] | 1932[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Black Rapper | 1968[67] | 1970[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Bronze Informer | 1945[67] | 1946[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Bronze Peoria Herald | 1964[67] | 1968[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Forum | 1906[67] | 1915[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Informer | 1934[67] | 1939[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Peoria Whirlwind | 1962[67] | 1970s | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Spectator | 1955[67] | 1955[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Traveler Weekly | 1968[67] | 1970s | Weekly[67] | ||
Peoria | Weekly Enterprise | 1952[67] | 1952[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Quincy | Advocate | 1906[67] | ? | Weekly[67] | ||
Quincy | Illinois Informer | 1919 (uncertain)[31] | 1926[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Quincy | Illinois Progress | 1892[67] | 1900[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Advance Citizen | 1892[67] | 1932[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Argus | 1913[67] | 1915[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Capital City Courier | 2005[82] or 2006[83] | current | Monthly newspaper[82] | ||
Springfield | Capitol City News | 1942[67] | 1951[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Chronicle | 1917[67] | 1917[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Community Echo | 1950s[84] | ? |
|
||
Springfield | Eye | 1890[67] | 1893[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Forum | 1904[67] | 1927[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Illinois Chronicle | 1912[67] or 1917[16] | 1969[67] | Weekly[67] or twice-monthly[48] |
|
|
Springfield | Illinois Conservator / Conservator-Globe[31] | 1902[67] or 1905[85] | 1950[67][85] or after 1956[31] | Weekly[67] or twice monthly[27] |
|
|
Springfield | Illinois Record | 1897[67] | 1899[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Illinois State Informer | 1935[31] | ?[31] | Weekly[31] |
|
|
Springfield | Illinois State Messenger | 1897[67] | 1900[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Leader | 1902[67] | 1918[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Springfield | Messenger | 1888[88] | 1889[88] | Weekly[88] | ||
Springfield | National Standard Enterprise | 1894[88] | 1903[88] | Weekly[88] | ||
Springfield | Negro Democrat | 1934[88] | 1936[88] | Weekly[88] | ||
Springfield | PURE NEWS USA | 1983[89] | current | Monthly newspaper[89] |
|
|
Springfield | Spirit of Black Springfield | 1968[88] | 1968[88] | Weekly[88] | ||
Springfield | Springfield's Voice | 1973[88] | current[90] | Weekly[88] | ||
Springfield | The State Capital[91] | 1886[88] | 1915[88] or 1910[91] | Weekly[88] |
|
|
Springfield | Voice of the Black Community | 1972[93] or 1973[90] | 2000[90] | Weekly[93] |
|
Southern Illinois
Southern Illinois or "Little Egypt" is the southern third of Illinois, and is the state's least populous region. Much of the population is concentrated in Metro East, a five-county region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri. The state's first African American newspaper was established in Southern Illinois' southernmost town, Cairo, in 1862.
City | Title | Beginning | End | Frequency | Call numbers | Remarks
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alton | Advance Citizen | 1892[3] | 1932[3] | Weekly[3] |
|
|
Brooklyn | Monitor | 1886[3] | 19th century[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Cairo | American | 1905[3] | 1906[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Cairo | Baptist Truth | 1894[3] | 1924[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Cairo | Illinois Messenger | 1925[3] | 1933[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Cairo | Cairo News / United Front News | 1971 (uncertain)[94] | ?[94] | Weekly[94] |
|
|
Cairo | Sentinel | 1890[3] | 1895[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Cairo | Three States | 1881[3] | 1883[3] | Weekly[3] | ||
Cairo | Weekly Gazette | 1862[3] | 1890[96] | Weekly[3] / Daily (1882)[1] |
|
|
East St. Louis | Advance Citizen | 1892[20] | 1932[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
East St. Louis | Beacon | 1960s[20] | ? | Weekly[20] | ||
East St. Louis | The Crusader | 1941[20][98] or 1943[16] | ? | Weekly[20] |
|
|
East St. Louis | East Side Monitor | 1970 | 1970s[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
East St. Louis | Empire Weekly News | 1960s[20] | 1970s[20] | Weekly[20] | ||
East St. Louis | Forum | 1928[61] | 1929[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
East St. Louis | Monitor | 1962[61] or 1963[99] | current | Weekly[61] | ||
East St. Louis | Negro Democrat / Spotlight[48] | 1933[100] | ? | Weekly[100] | ||
East St. Louis | Sentinel | 1904[61] | 1909[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
East St. Louis | Southern Illinois Press | 1922[61] | 1924[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
East St. Louis | Tri State Tribune | ? | ? | Weekly[61] | ||
Metropolis | Christian Anchor | ? | ? | Weekly;[61] monthly in 1912[102] |
|
|
Metropolis | The Metropolis Gazette / Metropolis Weekly Gazette | 1897[61] or 1898[103] | 1938[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Mound City | Egyptian Sun | 1924[67] | 1940[67] | Weekly[67] | ||
Mound City | Star | 1908[67] | 1925[67] | Weekly[67] |
See also
- History of African Americans in Chicago
- List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
- List of African-American newspapers in Iowa
- List of African-American newspapers in Indiana
- List of African-American newspapers in Missouri
- List of African-American newspapers in Wisconsin
Works cited
- Belles, A. Gilbert (September 1975). "The Black Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 68 (4): 344–352. JSTOR 40191030.
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(help) - Camara, Afi (2013). Pleading Our Own Cause: The Black Press in Springfield Illinois (1886-2013). Retrieved 2019-12-16.
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(help) - Carroll, Fred (2017). Race News: Black Journalists and the Fight for Racial Justice in the Twentieth Century. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252050091.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Census Bureau (1938). "Negro Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States: 1937". Negro Statistical Bulletin, Issues 1-17.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dolinar, Brian (2013). The Negro in Illinois: The WPA Papers. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252094958.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lochard, Metz T. P. (Autumn 1963). "The Negro Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 56 (3): 570–591. JSTOR 40190627.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Mansberger, Floyd; Stratton, Christopher (2018). National Register of Historic Places Thematic Survey of Springfield's African-American Community, And the Central East Neighborhood, Springfield, Illinois (PDF). Retrieved 2019-12-15.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Mouser, Bruce L. (2014). A Black Gambler's World of Liquor, Vice, and Presidential Politics: William Thomas Scott of Illinois, 1839–1917. ISBN 9780299301842.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Smith, Jessie Carney; Horton, Carrell Peterson, eds. (1995). Historical Statistics of Black America: Media to Vital Statistics. Gale Research. ISBN 0810393921.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Walker, Juliet E.K. (1996). "The Promised Land: The Chicago Defender and the Black Press in Illinois, 1862-1970". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313255793.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
References
- ^ a b c d Walker 1996, p. 10.
- ^ Walker 1996, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx Belles 1975, p. 346.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 4, ¶ 38.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 20.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 33.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 102.
- ^ "About Black x-press. (Chicago, Ill.) 1973-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
- ^ a b c Carroll 2017, p. 258.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 116, ¶ 1195.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 144.
- ^ a b c d Lochard 1963, p. 575.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di Belles 1975, p. 347.
- ^ Katz, Brigit (2019-07-09). "The 'Chicago Defender,' an Iconic Black Newspaper, to Release Its Last Print Issue". Smithsonian.
- ^ Graham, Jefferson. "Legendary Chicago Defender publication to go digital only". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
In 2008, the paper switched back to a weekly circulation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc Belles 1975, p. 348.
- ^ Linda M. Carter (2017). "Leavell, Dorothy R.". Encyclopedia of African American Business (2nd ed.). p. 479–481. ISBN 9781440850288.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 202.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 223.
- ^ a b c d Mouser 2014, p. 80.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 146.
- ^ a b Dawkins, Wayne (1997). Black Journalists: The NABJ Story. August Press LLC. p. 54. ISBN 9780963572042.
They met in 1950 when Jarrett was with the Chicago Globe, a new black newspaper.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1207.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, pp. 146–147, ¶ 1524.
- ^ Illinois Secretary of State (1923). Blue Book of the State of Illinois. p. 138.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Danky & Hady 1998, p. 290.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Danky & Hady 1998, p. 147.
- ^ a b "Title: Lawndale drum". Retrieved 2019-12-15.
- ^ Census Bureau 1938, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4193.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 410, ¶ 4267.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 418, ¶ 4348.
- ^ a b "Council Lends an Ear to Spat of 2 Aldermen". Chicago Tribune. 1964-05-28. p. 5. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 420, ¶ 4369.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 449, ¶ 4682.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Danky & Hady 1998, p. 148.
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has numeric name (help) - ^ a b Lord & Thomas and Logan Pocket Directory of the American Press. 1912. p. 128.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 361.