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Tornado outbreak of November 7–8, 1957

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Tornado outbreak of November 7–8, 1957
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationNovember 7–8, 1957
Highest winds
Tornadoes
confirmed		20 confirmed
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Duration of
tornado outbreak2		1 day, 4 hours, and 30 minutes
Fatalities14 fatalities, 199 injuries
Damage$11.227 million (1957 USD)[nb 1]
$122 million (2024 USD)
Areas affectedSouthern United States, primarily Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi
Part of the tornadoes of 1957

1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

On November 7–8, 1957, a significant tornado outbreak affected portions of the Southern United States, particularly the Golden Triangle of Southeast Texas and parts of Acadiana in Louisiana.[nb 2] The severe weather event inflicted 14 deaths and nearly 200 injuries, especially in the vicinity of Beaumont and Port Arthur, Texas. The most significant tornado of the outbreak, posthumously rated F4 on the Fujita scale, killed one person, injured 81 others, and caused $2.5 million in losses.[nb 3] In all, at least 20 tornadoes were confirmed, yet others were likely present as well.

Background

On November 7, 1957, a potent trough passed over the Central United States. Meanwhile, a vigorous subtropical jet stream—possibly related to ongoing El Niño conditions—bearing winds of up to 120 knots (140 mph; 220 km/h) impinged on South Texas. By the evening, high levels of wind shear and atmospheric instability over Southeast Texas and adjourning portions of Louisiana were conducive to the formation of tornado-generating supercells; among these variables were CAPE values of up to 2,500 j/kg, high dew points that reached the lower 70s °F, precipitable water values of up to 1+3⁄4 in (44 mm), and deep-layer wind shear of up to 70 kn (81 mph; 130 km/h).[7]

Daily statistics

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 0 10 2 7 1 0 ≥ 20*
"FU" denotes unclassified but confirmed tornadoes.
Daily statistics of tornadoes produced by the tornado outbreak of November 7–8, 1957
Date Total Fujita scale rating Deaths Injuries Damage Ref.
 FU   F0   F1   F2   F3   F4   F5 
November 7 14 0 0 6 1 6 1 0 14 186 $9,400,000 [9][10][11][7]
November 8 6 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 13 $1,827,000 [9][10][11][7]
Total 20 0 0 10 2 7 1 0 14 199 $11,227,000 [9][10][11][7]
Outbreak death toll[9][7]
State Total County County
total
Louisiana 9 Acadia 2
Lafayette 2
Rapides 3
St. Landry 2
Mississippi 2 Holmes 2
Texas 3 Jefferson 2
Orange 1
Totals 14
All deaths were tornado-related

Confirmed tornadoes

November 7 event

List of known tornadoes – Thursday, November 7, 1957[nb 4][nb 5][9]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary Refs.
F2 Lucas to Curtis to Haughton Caddo LA 32°24′N 93°42′W / 32.40°N 93.70°W / 32.40; -93.70 (Lucas (November 7, F2)) 20:30–? 13.4 miles (21.6 km) 100 yards (91 m) This tornado unroofed or destroyed a few homes as it traversed rural, mostly forested land. Many trees and transmission wires were downed as well. Losses totaled $25,000. [13][14][15]
[16]
F1 ENE of Illinois Plant to SSW of Iota Cameron, Jefferson Davis, Acadia LA 30°03′N 92°45′W / 30.05°N 92.75°W / 30.05; -92.75 (Illinois Plant (November 7, F1)) 20:30–? 22.8 miles (36.7 km) 50 yards (46 m) According to a preliminary reanalysis by the National Weather Service (NWS), this tornado may have consisted of four separate, shorter-tracked events: one near Lowry in Cameron Parish, another near Andrus Cove in Jefferson Davis Parish, and a pair near Gotts Cove and Iota in Acadia Parish, respectively. A few homes were damaged. Losses totaled $25,000. [17][18][7]
[15]
F3 W of Torras Pointe Coupee LA 30°58′N 91°42′W / 30.97°N 91.70°W / 30.97; -91.70 (Torras (November 7, F3)) 22:50–? 3.6 miles (5.8 km) 50 yards (46 m) This intense tornado destroyed three barns and seven homes. Five people were injured and losses totaled $250,000. Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis assessed the tornado as having produced F2-level damage. [19][20][16]
F1 SW of Hawthorne Vernon LA 31°10′N 93°18′W / 31.17°N 93.30°W / 31.17; -93.30 (Hawthorne (November 7, F1)) 02:35–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 50 yards (46 m) This tornado only destroyed one home on the northwestern outskirts of Leesville. Losses totaled $25,000. Grazulis and NWS Lake Charles classified the tornado as an F2. [21][22][16]
F1 China Jefferson TX 30°03′N 94°20′W / 30.05°N 94.33°W / 30.05; -94.33 (China (November 7, F1)) 02:45–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) This potentially strong tornado damaged or destroyed three homes, one of which was a two-story structure. A shed that contained utilities serving Sun Oil Company was also damaged. Losses totaled $25,000. Grazulis and NWS Lake Charles classified the tornado as a 50-yard-wide (46 m) F2 twister with a 5-mile-long (8.0 km) path that started in Nome. [23][24][3]
[25]
F3 S of Boyce to Southwestern Alexandria Rapides LA 31°23′N 92°40′W / 31.38°N 92.67°W / 31.38; -92.67 (Alexandria (November 7, F3)) 03:00–? 13.3 miles (21.4 km) 67 yards (61 m) 3 deaths – This intense tornado first produced F2-level damage and killed a woman near Boyce. As it passed near Boyce the tornado destroyed or damaged more than 11 homes, one of which was shifted off its foundation. In Alexandria, the tornado intensified to F3-level status and damaged or destroyed approximately 300 homes. Two additional fatalities were registered in Alexandria. Officially, 16 people received serious injuries, yet up to 42 may have been hospitalized. The tornado may have traversed the Red River and caused further damage and/or additional injuries in Wardville before dissipating. Losses reached $2.5 million. The segment of the path near Boyce may have been a separate, shorter-lived tornado. [26][27][16]
[28][29]
F3 Northern Groves to S of Atreco Jefferson TX 29°57′N 93°56′W / 29.95°N 93.93°W / 29.95; -93.93 (Grove (November 7, F3)) 03:15–? 3.6 miles (5.8 km) 200 yards (180 m) 2 deaths – Strong tornado moved directly through Groves with catastrophic results. Approximately 1,160 structures were destroyed or damaged, including many businesses and homes. Two elderly men died in small homes that were flattened. A total of 59 people were injured as well. This tornado was the costliest of the outbreak, with losses of up to $2.5 million. [30][31][16]
[32]
F3 Port Acres Jefferson TX 29°54′N 94°00′W / 29.90°N 94.00°W / 29.90; -94.00 (Port Acres (November 7, F3)) 03:23–? 1.5 miles (2.4 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) A total of 20 homes were destroyed or damaged, one person was injured and losses totaled $250,000. Grazulis and NWS Lake Charles classified the tornado as an F2. [33][34][16]
[35]
F3 WSW of Keirn to NNE of Malmaison Holmes, Carroll MS 33°17′N 90°14′W / 33.28°N 90.23°W / 33.28; -90.23 (Keirn (November 7, F3)) 05:00–? 31.2 miles (50.2 km) 300 yards (270 m) 2 deaths – This intense, long-tracked tornado destroyed 23 structures near Cruger, including a tenant home. A car was transported for 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) as well. One person was injured and losses totaled $275,000. [36][37][38]
[16]
F1 Alcorn Claiborne MS 31°52′N 91°09′W / 31.87°N 91.15°W / 31.87; -91.15 (Alcorn (November 7, F1)) 05:05–? 4.1 miles (6.6 km) 100 yards (91 m) Tornado moved directly through Alcorn, causing $250,000 in damage. [39][40]
F4 WSW of Atreco to Northern Orange Jefferson, Orange TX 30°06′N 93°44′W / 30.10°N 93.73°W / 30.10; -93.73 (Orange (November 7, F4)) 05:27–? 12.9 miles (20.8 km) 200 yards (180 m) 1 death – This was probably the most intense tornado of the outbreak, but only leveled frail structures beside the Sabine River in its path, so it may have merited high-end F3 status at most. About 430 homes were destroyed or damaged in Orange and a woman in town was killed. A total of 12 barges and ships were unmoored, some of which were moved onto the Louisiana shore. The tornado may have ended as a downburst in neighboring Louisiana. Losses totaled $2.5 million and 81 people were injured. The NCDC oddly labels this tornado as having moved in a southwestward direction. [41][42][11]
[43]
F1 Eastern Louisville Winston MS 33°07′N 89°02′W / 33.12°N 89.03°W / 33.12; -89.03 (Louisville (November 7, F1)) 05:30–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) Nine structures were destroyed or damaged. Losses totaled $25,000. [44][8][45]
F1 Northern Carencro Lafayette LA 30°20′N 92°03′W / 30.33°N 92.05°W / 30.33; -92.05 (Carencro (November 7, F1)) 05:30–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 50 yards (46 m) 2 deaths – Several structures were damaged or destroyed. A total of 13 people were injured and losses totaled $250,000. Grazulis did not list this event, implying that it may not have been a tornado. [46][8][47]
[11]
F3 WNW of Higginbotham to NW of Cankton Acadia, St. Landry LA 30°21′N 92°12′W / 30.35°N 92.20°W / 30.35; -92.20 (Higginbotham (November 7, F3)) 05:30–? 9.2 miles (14.8 km) 200 yards (180 m) 4 deaths – This intense tornado destroyed or damaged 85 homes and outbuildings. Two of the dead, a couple, were hurled 150 yd (140 m). 10 people were injured (some sources list 12–15) and losses reached $0.5 million. [48][49][50]
[16][51]

November 8 event

List of known tornadoes – Friday, November 8, 1957[nb 4][nb 5][9]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary Refs.
F1 Southern Philadelphia to Bogue Chitto to WNW of Fairhill Neshoba, Kemper, Noxubee MS 32°45′N 89°07′W / 32.75°N 89.12°W / 32.75; -89.12 (Southern Philadelphia (November 8, F1)) 07:30–08:25 28.8 miles (46.3 km) 200 yards (180 m) Tornado touched down in Southern Philadelphia and tracked northeastward through the towns of Center, Bogue Chitto, and Preston before ending near Fairhill, causing one injury in each of the counties it passed through. A total of 52 structures were destroyed or damaged, including 15 barns and six homes. In all, three people were injured and damages were estimated at $750,000. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2. [52][53][54]
[55][56]
F2 Rebel Acres to Berea Giles TN 35°12′N 87°01′W / 35.20°N 87.02°W / 35.20; -87.02 (Rebel Acres (November 8, F2)) 08:00–? 4.7 miles (7.6 km) 133 yards (122 m) A strong tornado touched down in the Rebel Acres neighborhood in Pulaski and moved northeastward, causing $2,500 in damage. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger. [57][58][11]
F1 Eastern Aliceville to ENE of Hickory Pickens AL 33°08′N 88°08′W / 33.13°N 88.13°W / 33.13; -88.13 (Eastern Aliceville (November 8, F1)) 08:25–? 8.7 miles (14.0 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) At least 15 homes were destroyed or damaged, injuring five and causing $250,000 in damage. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2. [59][60][61]
[56]
F1 NE of Columbiana to W of Wilsonville Shelby AL 33°12′N 86°34′W / 33.20°N 86.57°W / 33.20; -86.57 (Columbiana (November 8, F1)) 10:30–? 4.1 miles (6.6 km) 50 yards (46 m) Tornado produced a non-continuous damage path, causing $25,000 in damage. [61][62][63]
F1 Blakely to S of Leary Early, Calhoun GA 31°22′N 84°56′W / 31.37°N 84.93°W / 31.37; -84.93 (Columbiana (November 8, F1)) 14:20–? 25.7 miles (41.4 km) 33 yards (30 m) Tornado passed just south of several small towns along its path, causing $50,000 in damage. [64][65][66]
F3 E of Drivers Store to Crisp to Quitsna to W of Windsor Wilson, Edgecombe, Pitt, Martin, Bertie NC 35°42′N 77°45′W / 35.70°N 77.75°W / 35.70; -77.75 (Drivers Store (November 8, F3)) 23:30–00:30 46.9 miles (75.5 km) 150 yards (140 m) See section on this tornado – Five people were injured and damages were estimated at $750,000. [67][68][69]
[70]

Drivers Store–Crisp–Gold Point–Quitsna, North Carolina

Drivers Store–Crisp–Gold Point–Quitsna, North Carolina
F3 tornado
Max. rating1F3 tornado
Fatalities5 injuries
Damage$750,000
Areas affectedCentral North Carolina
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This intense, long-tracked F3 tornado first touched down east of Drivers Store and immediately produce heavy damage to rural areas as it moved east-northeast. Damage here was severe over a 150 yd (140 m) wide swath before the tornado moved into Edgecombe County. Damage in Wilson County reached $250,000 and one person was injured.[68]

Once in Edgecombe County, the strong tornado continued to wreak havoc, damaging trees and structures as it moved east-northeast. The tornado hit the south and east sides of Crisp, producing more damage. It then crossed over the Tar River south of Old Sparta, and hugged the Edgecombe–Pitt County line. More damage occurred as the tornado passed between Conetoe and Bethel before the tornado moved into Martin County. Five people were injured and $250,000 in damage was inflicted in Edgecombe and Pitt Counties.[69]

After entering Martin County, the tornado took a very small left turn and began moving northeastward. It just barely missed Gold Point, with heavy damage occurring in the area. It then moved back into rural areas, crossing the Roanoke River into Bertie County, North Carolina. It then struck the town of Quitsna head on, severely damaging multiple structures. The tornado then moved back into rural areas, weakened, and dissipated west of Windsor. Throughout Martin and Bertie County, one person was injured and damages totaled $250,000.[70]

The F3 tornado was on the ground for an hour, traveled 46.9 miles (75.5 km), had a maximum width of 150 yards (140 m), and caused $750,000 in damage. Five people were injured. Along its entire path, the tornado destroyed or significantly damaged 18 homes and 23 farms, primarily near Rocky Mount and across the northern portion of Wilson County.[56][67][68][69][70]

Non-tornadic effects

Significant thunderstorm winds were recorded throughout the event as well.[71] On November 7, a 76 mph (122 km/h) wind gusts was recorded in Beaumont, Texas.[1] Two strong thunderstorm wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h) were recorded the next day in both Tuscaloosa, Alabama and the Raleigh-Durham International Airport in Raleigh, North Carolina as well.[72][73]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All losses are in 1957 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[2]
  3. ^ The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[3] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[4] Canada utilized the old scale until April 1, 2013;[5] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[6]
  4. ^ a b All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  5. ^ a b Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b National Weather Service (March 2020). Texas Event Report: 66 kts. Thunderstorm Wind. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  2. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003) (PDF). 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. p. 141. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  4. ^ Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  5. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  6. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Significant Weather Events: November 7 1957 Historic Tornado Outbreak". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b c USWB 1957, p. 488
  9. ^ a b c d e f National Weather Service (March 2020). Events reported between 11/07/1957 and 11/08/1957 (2 days) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b c U.S. Weather Bureau (November 1957). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena". Climatological Data National Summary. 8 (11). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center: 486–9.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Grazulis 1993, pp. 1011–12
  12. ^ Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 11 September 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  13. ^ "Louisiana F2". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  14. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  15. ^ a b USWB 1957, p. 487
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Grazulis 1993, p. 1011
  17. ^ "Louisiana F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  18. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Louisiana F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  20. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  21. ^ "Louisiana F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  22. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  23. ^ "Texas F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  24. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Texas Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  25. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Nome/China TX Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  26. ^ "Louisiana F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  27. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  28. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Boyce LA Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  29. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Alexandria LA Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  30. ^ "Texas F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  31. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Texas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  32. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Groves TX Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  33. ^ "Texas F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  34. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Texas Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  35. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Port Acres TX Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  36. ^ "Mississippi F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  37. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  38. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  39. ^ "Mississippi F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  40. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  41. ^ "Texas F4". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  42. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Texas Event Report: F4 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  43. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Orange TX Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  44. ^ "Mississippi F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  45. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  46. ^ "Louisiana F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  47. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  48. ^ "Louisiana F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  49. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  50. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Louisiana Event Report: F3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  51. ^ Shamburger, Shawn (2009). "Higginbotham LA Tornado". Lake Charles, LA Weather Forecast Office. Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Weather Service. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  52. ^ "Mississippi F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  53. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  54. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  55. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Mississippi Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  56. ^ a b c Grazulis 1993, p. 1012
  57. ^ "Tennessee F2". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  58. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Tennessee F2. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  59. ^ "Alabama F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  60. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Alabama Event Report: F1 tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  61. ^ a b US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Alabama Tornadoes 1957". www.weather.gov.
  62. ^ "Alabama F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  63. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Alabama Event Report: F1 tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  64. ^ "Georgia F1". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  65. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). "Georgia Event Report: F1 Tornado". Storm Events Database. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  66. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Georgia Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  67. ^ a b "North Carolina F3". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  68. ^ a b c National Weather Service (March 2020). North Carolina Event Report: F3 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  69. ^ a b c National Weather Service (March 2020). North Carolina Event Report: F3 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  70. ^ a b c National Weather Service (March 2020). North Carolina Event Report: F3 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  71. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Events reported between 11/07/1957 and 11/08/1957 (2 days). Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  72. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). Alabama Event Report: 65 kts. Thunderstorm Wind. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  73. ^ National Weather Service (March 2020). North Carolina Event Report: 65 kts. Thunderstorm Wind. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
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