Isotopes of gallium

Isotopes of gallium (₃₁Ga)
ε	70Zn
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)
	69.723±0.001; 69.723±0.001 (abridged);
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Natural gallium (₃₁Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. The most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68.

Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma emitted immediately after electron-capture) used in standard nuclear medical imaging, in procedures usually referred to as gallium scans. It is usually used as the free ion, Ga³⁺. It is the longest-lived radioisotope of gallium.

The shorter-lived gallium-68 (half-life 68 minutes) is a positron-emitting isotope generated in very small quantities from germanium-68 in gallium-68 generators or in much greater quantities by proton bombardment of ⁶⁸Zn in low-energy medical cyclotrons,^[4] for use in a small minority of diagnostic PET scans. For this use, it is usually attached as a tracer to a carrier molecule, which gives the resulting radiopharmaceutical a different tissue-uptake specificity from the ionic ⁶⁷Ga radioisotope normally used in standard gallium scans.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life	Decay mode ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life	Decay mode ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
⁵⁶Ga	31	25	55.99491(28)#		p	⁵⁵Zn	3+#
⁵⁷Ga	31	26	56.98293(28)#		p	⁵⁶Zn	1/2−#
⁵⁸Ga	31	27	57.97425(23)#		p	⁵⁷Zn	2+#
⁵⁹Ga	31	28	58.96337(18)#		p	⁵⁸Zn	3/2−#
⁶⁰Ga	31	29	59.95706(12)#	70(10) ms	β⁺	⁶⁰Zn	(2+)
⁶¹Ga	31	30	60.94945(6)	168(3) ms	β⁺	⁶¹Zn	3/2−
⁶²Ga	31	31	61.944175(30)	116.18(4) ms	β⁺	⁶²Zn	0+
⁶³Ga	31	32	62.9392942(14)	32.4(5) s	β⁺	⁶³Zn	(3/2−)
⁶⁴Ga	31	33	63.9368387(22)	2.627(12) min	β⁺	⁶⁴Zn	0(+#)
^64mGa	42.85(8) keV			21.9(7) μs			2+
⁶⁵Ga	31	34	64.9327348(9)	15.2(2) min	β⁺	⁶⁵Zn	3/2−
⁶⁶Ga	31	35	65.931589(3)	9.49(7) h	β⁺	⁶⁶Zn	0+
⁶⁷Ga^{[n 8]}	31	36	66.9282017(14)	3.2612(6) d	EC	⁶⁷Zn	3/2−
⁶⁸Ga^{[n 9]}	31	37	67.9279801(16)	67.71(9) min	β⁺	⁶⁸Zn	1+
⁶⁹Ga	31	38	68.9255736(13)	Stable			3/2−	0.60108(9)
⁷⁰Ga	31	39	69.9260220(13)	21.14(3) min	β⁻ (99.59)	⁷⁰Ge	1+
⁷⁰Ga	31	39	69.9260220(13)	21.14(3) min	EC (0.41%)	⁷⁰Zn	1+
⁷¹Ga	31	40	70.9247013(11)	Stable			3/2−	0.39892(9)
⁷²Ga	31	41	71.9263663(11)	14.095(3) h	β⁻	⁷²Ge	3-
^72mGa	119.66(5) keV			39.68(13) ms	IT	⁷²Ga	(0+)
⁷³Ga	31	42	72.9251747(18)	4.86(3) h	β⁻	⁷³Ge	3/2−
⁷⁴Ga	31	43	73.926946(4)	8.12(12) min	β⁻	⁷⁴Ge	(3-)
^74mGa	59.571(14) keV			9.5(10) s			(0)
⁷⁵Ga	31	44	74.9265002(26)	126(2) s	β⁻	⁷⁵Ge	(3/2)−
⁷⁶Ga	31	45	75.9288276(21)	32.6(6) s	β⁻	⁷⁶Ge	(2+,3+)
⁷⁷Ga	31	46	76.9291543(26)	13.2(2) s	β⁻	⁷⁷Ge	(3/2−)
⁷⁸Ga	31	47	77.9316082(26)	5.09(5) s	β⁻	⁷⁸Ge	(3+)
⁷⁹Ga	31	48	78.93289(11)	2.847(3) s	β⁻ (99.911%)	^79mGe	(3/2−)#
⁷⁹Ga	31	48	78.93289(11)	2.847(3) s	β⁻, n (.089%)	⁷⁸Ge	(3/2−)#
⁸⁰Ga	31	49	79.93652(13)	1.697(11) s	β⁻ (99.11%)	⁸⁰Ge	(3)
⁸⁰Ga	31	49	79.93652(13)	1.697(11) s	β⁻, n (.89%)	⁷⁹Ge	(3)
⁸¹Ga	31	50	80.93775(21)	1.217(5) s	β⁻ (88.11%)	^81mGe	(5/2−)
⁸¹Ga	31	50	80.93775(21)	1.217(5) s	β⁻, n (11.89%)	⁸⁰Ge	(5/2−)
⁸²Ga	31	51	81.94299(32)#	0.599(2) s	β⁻ (78.5%)	⁸²Ge	(1,2,3)
⁸²Ga	31	51	81.94299(32)#	0.599(2) s	β⁻, n (21.5%)	⁸¹Ge	(1,2,3)
⁸³Ga	31	52	82.94698(32)#	308(1) ms	β⁻ (60%)	⁸³Ge	3/2−#
⁸³Ga	31	52	82.94698(32)#	308(1) ms	β⁻, n (40%)	⁸²Ge	3/2−#
⁸⁴Ga	31	53	83.95265(43)#	0.085(10) s	β⁻, n (70%)	⁸³Ge
⁸⁴Ga	31	53	83.95265(43)#	0.085(10) s	β⁻ (30%)	⁸⁴Ge
⁸⁵Ga	31	54	84.95700(54)#	50# ms [>300 ns]			3/2−#
⁸⁶Ga	31	55	85.96312(86)#	30# ms [>300 ns]
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mGa – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Deexcitation gamma used in medical imaging
^ Medically useful radioisotope

Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.^{[original research?]}

Gallium-67

Radiopharmaceutical.

Gallium-68

Radiopharmaceutical.

References

^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019). "Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron". Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved 13 December 2019.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[5] Ga – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission

[9] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[10] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-11] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[12] Deexcitation gamma used in medical imaging

[13] Medically useful radioisotope

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019). "Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron". Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved 13 December 2019.

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