Ktiv hasar niqqud
Ktiv hasar niqqud (Hebrew pronunciation: [ktiv ħaˈsaɾ niˈkkud]; Template:Lang-he-n, literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), colloquially known as ktiv male (IPA: [ktiv maˈle]; Template:Hebrew, literally "full spelling"), are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel pointers (niqqud), often replacing them with matres lectionis (Template:Hebrew and Template:Hebrew). To avoid confusion, consonantal Template:Hebrew ([v]) and Template:Hebrew ([j]) are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, niqqud are seldom used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants.
Comparison example
From a Hebrew translation of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer)
| Ktiv male | With niqqud |
|---|---|
| Template:Hebrew |
וִילוֹן שֶׁל מֶשִׁי אַרְגָּמָן, סָפֵק רִשְׁרוּשׁ, מָסָךְ מֻכְמָן,
|
| Added letters highlighted and respective phonemes | |
|---|---|
| viˈlon ʃel ˈmeʃi ʔarɡaˈman, saˈfek riʃˈruʃ, maˈsaχ muχˈman | וילון של משי ארגמן, ספק רשרוש, מסך מוכמן, |
| hifħiˈduni, biʕaˈtuni, ħaʃaˈʃot ʔejˈma ʔuˈslod | הפחידוני, ביעתוני, חששות אימה וסלוד, |
| paʕaˈmej liˈbi maˈkevet, bimˈʔots veˈɡam beˈʃevet, | פעמי לבי מקבת, במאוץ וגם בשבת, |
| haʔuʃˈpiz beˈʃot vaˈʃevet, ʔet dalˈti heˈziz bimˈnod, | האושפיז בשוט ושבט, את דלתי הזיז במנוד, |
| ʔet dalˈti heˈziz heˈniaʕ, ˈketev liʃkaˈti jaˈʃod, | את דלתי הזיז הניע, קטב לשכתי ישוד, |
| ʔalmoˈni hu haʔoˈreaħ, ʔalmoˈni hu velo ʕod | אלמוני הוא האורח, אלמוני הוא ולא עוד! |
| ʃalvaˈti parˈsa knaˈfajim, hisuˈsaj ʔafˈsu ʔaˈpajim, | שלוותי פרשה כנפיים, היסוסי אפסו אפיים, |
| ʔaˈdon uɡˈveret, beχeˈnut ʔafˈtsir ʔesˈɡod, | אדון וגברת, בכנות אפציר אסגוד, |
| ken ʕuvˈda hi, ʃʕat ɡloʃ, uveˈroχ jadˈχa taˈkoʃ, | כן עובדה היא, שעת גלוש, וברוך ידך תקוש, |
| medoˈri aˈzaj naˈloʃ, ʕet heˈnadeta ˈʃadod, | מדורי אזי נלוש, עת הנדת שדוד, |
| lirvaˈħa dalˈti paˈrasti, ki noˈʕadeti lisˈrod, | לרווחה דלתי פרשתי, כי נועדתי לשרוד, |
| veˈʃur, haˈbet, rak ʃħor, lo ʕod | ושור! הבט! רק שחור, לא עוד! |
| Note: In Modern Hebrew the letter ח is commonly pronounced [χ] (not [ħ]), and the letter ע is [ʔ] (not [ʕ]) if at all; i.e., often neither א nor ע is pronounced. The consonants /ħ/ and /ʕ/ are pronounced daily only dialectally; sometimes however they are also pronounced in festive or theatrical contexts: in poetry readings, where a more distinct articulation than usual of the א as /ʔ/ would be common; thus the proposed transcription could be representative of a literary reading of this text, not representative of everyday Israeli speech. Similarly, the consonantal י in the dual forms כנפיים /knaˈfajim/ and אפיים /ʔaˈpajim/ is distinctly pronounced [j] only dialectically or in festive or theatrical contexts and is otherwise not pronounced, resulting in the hiatus /ˈa.i/. | |
Historical examination
Ktiv haser
Ktiv haser (Template:Hebrew) is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words Template:Hebrew and Template:Hebrew written in ktiv haser are Template:Hebrew and Template:Hebrew. In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word to know the correct reading.
A typical example of a Hebrew text written in ktiv haser is the Torah, read in synagogues (simply called the Torah reading). For assistance readers often use a Tikkun, a book in which the text of the Torah appears in two side-by-side versions, one identical to the text which appears in the Torah, and one with niqqud and cantillation.
Ktiv male
Because of the difficulty of reading unvowelled text, the Va'ad ha-lashon introduced the Rules for the Spelling-Without-Niqqud (Template:Hebrew), which in reality dictates ktiv male. This system mostly involved the addition of Template:Hebrew and Template:Hebrew to mark the different vowels. Later on, these rules were adopted by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, which continued to revise them, and they were mostly accepted by the public, mainly for official writing.
Ktiv haser became obsolete in Modern Hebrew, and ktiv male has already been dominant for decades in unvowelled texts: all of the newspapers and books published in Hebrew are written in ktiv male. Additionally, it is common for children's books or texts for those with special needs to contain niqqud, but ktiv haser without niqqud is rare.
Despite the Academy's standardization of the rules for ktiv male, there is a substantial lack of unity in writing, partly because of a lack of grammatical knowledge, partly because of the historical layers of the language, and partly because of a number of linguistic categories in which the Academy's decisions are not popular. As a result, book publishers and newspaper editors make their own judgments.
Rules for spelling without niqqud
As is the norm for linguistic rules, the rules for spelling without niqqud are not entirely static. Changes occur from time to time, based on amassed experience. For example, originally the rules for spelling without niqqud dictated that Template:Hebrew ("woman") should be written without a Template:Hebrew (to distinguish it from Template:Hebrew – "her husband"), but currently the exception has been removed, and now, the Academy prefers Template:Hebrew. The last substantial change to the rules for spelling without niqqud was made in 1993 updated in 1996. The following is the summary of the current rules:[1]
- Every letter that appears in vowelled text also appears in unvowelled text.
- After a letter vowelled with a kubuts (the vowel /u/), the letter Template:Hebrew appears: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew.
- After a letter vowelled with a holam haser (the vowel /o/) the letter Template:Hebrew appears: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew.
- After a letter vowelled with a hirik haser (the vowel /i/) the letter Template:Hebrew appears: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew. The letter Template:Hebrew does not appear in the following situations:
- Before a shva nah, for example: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew;
- Words whose base forms do not contain the vowel /i/: Template:Hebrew (Template:Hebrew), Template:Hebrew (Template:Hebrew), Template:Hebrew (Template:Hebrew);
- After affix letters, like in Template:Hebrew, and also in the words: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew (=Template:Hebrew, and inflected: Template:Hebrew etc., Template:Hebrew, etc.), Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew;
- Before Template:Hebrew (/ju/ or /jo/): Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew.
- After a letter vowelled with a tsere (the vowel /e/) the letter Template:Hebrew generally does not appear [[[:Template:Hebrew]] (=Template:Hebrew), Template:Hebrew (=Template:Hebrew)], but there are situations when Template:Hebrew does appear (Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew) and in words in which tsere replaces hirik because the presence of a guttural letter (Template:Hebrew): Template:Hebrew (Template:Hebrew), Template:Hebrew (Template:Hebrew).
- Consonantal Template:Hebrew (the consonant /v/) is doubled in the middle of a word: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew. The letter is not doubled at the beginning or the end of a word: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew. Initial Template:Hebrew is doubled when an affix letter is added except for the affix Template:Hebrew (meaning "and-"). Thus from the word Template:Hebrew one has Template:Hebrew but Template:Hebrew (that is, Template:Hebrew).
- Consonantal Template:Hebrew (the consonant /j/) is doubled in the middle of a word, for example: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew. The letter is not doubled at the beginning of a word or after affix letters: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew (=Template:Hebrew), Template:Hebrew.
- Still, consonantal Template:Hebrew is not doubled in the middle of a word when it is before or after mater lectionis: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew (=Template:Hebrew), Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew.
Those are the most basic rules. For every one of them are exceptions, described in the handbook "Template:Hebrew" that the Academy publishes in Hebrew.
Notes
- When a reader is likely to err in the reading of a word, the use of partial vowelling is recommended: Template:Hebrew (to distinguish it from Template:Hebrew).
- While the rules above apply to the writing of native Hebrew words, they are not used for spelling given names, which are frequently written in ktiv haser rather than ktiv male: Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew, Template:Hebrew.
See also
References
- ^ (in Hebrew) Principles of spelling without niqqud