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Adreno is a series of graphics processing unit (GPU) semiconductor intellectual property cores developed by Qualcomm and used in a variety of their SoCs. The core was initially developed under the Imageon brand name by ATI Technologies, which was acquired by AMD in 2006. After AMD sold the division in January 2009,[1] Qualcomm renamed the Imageon products to Adreno, an anagram of Radeon.

Technical details

Variants

The company offers the GPU in various flavors as component of their Snapdragon SoCs:

Name Microarchitecture Fab(nm) Clock

(MHz)

Memory technology Fillrate GFLOPS

(FP32)

API (version) Used in Qualcomm... References
Type ALUs

(SIMDs)

[note 1]

On-chip graphics memory Memory bandwidth MTriangles/s Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Vulkan OpenGL ES OpenVG OpenCL OpenGL Direct3D
Ati Imageon (Pre Adreno)
100 14-80 384 ko SDRAM ? External chip [2][3][4][5]
2300 ? ? 384 ko SDRAM 0.01(per frame) 1.0 ? ? ? ? ? [6][7]
Adreno 1xx series
Adreno 130 fixed function pipeline 4 0.133 — 1.1 1.1 — — Direct3D Mobile MSM7x00, MSM7x00A, MSM7x01, MSM7x01A [8][9][10]
Adreno 2xx series - yamato
Adreno 200 (AMD Z430) Unified shader model
5-way VLIW[11] 		8

(2)

256 KB 65 133 LPDDR Single-channel

166 MHz

(1.33 GB/s)

22.85 0.133 2.1 — 2.0 1.1 — 1.4 (freedreno driver) 11
(feature level 9_3) [12] 		Snapdragon S1 (MSM7227, MSM7627 QSD8250, QSD8650), Freescale i.MX51, i.MX53
Adreno 200 'enhanced' 8

(2)

256 KB 45 200/245 LPDDR Single-channel

200 MHz

(1.6 GB/s)

42 0.2/0.245 3.2/3.9 Snapdragon S1 (MSM7227A, MSM7627A, MSM7225A, MSM7625A)
Adreno 203 16

(4)

256 KB 45 245/294 LPDDR2 Single-channel

300 MHz

(2.4 GB/s)

40.8-49 0.245/0.294 7.8/9.4 Snapdragon S4 Play (MSM8225, MSM8625), Snapdragon 200 (MSM8225Q, MSM8625Q)
Adreno 205 16

(4)

256 KB 45 245 LPDDR2 Dual-channel

333 MHz

(5.3 GB/s)

40.8/44.3 0.245/0.266 7.8/8.5 Snapdragon S2 (MSM7x30, MSM8x55, APQ8055)
Adreno 2xx series - leia
Adreno 220 Unified shader model
5-way VLIW[11] 		32

(8)

512 KB 45 266 LPDDR2 Single-channel

333 MHz

(2.67 GB/s)

88.7 0.532 17 — 2.0 1.1 — 1.4 (freedreno driver) 11
(feature level 9_3) [12] 		Snapdragon S3 (APQ8060, MSM8x60)
Adreno 225 32[13]

(8)

512 KB 28 400 LPDDR2 Dual-channel

500 MHz

(8 GB/s)

133.3 0.8 12.8/19.2/25.6 Snapdragon S4 Plus (APQ8060A, MSM8x60A, MSM8960)
Adreno 3xx series - oxili
Adreno 304 Unified shader model
Scalar instruction set[14] 		24 96 KB 28 400 LPDDR2/3 Single-channel

384-533 MHz

(3.1-4.3 GB/s)

19.2 — 3.1 (freedreno driver: 3.0, 3.1 incomplete, 3.2 partial) 1.1 1.1 embedded profile 3.1 (freedreno driver, 3.2 incomplete, 3.3 complete) 11
(feature level 9_3) [12] 		Snapdragon 208, Snapdragon 210, Snapdragon 212
Adreno 305 24 256 KB 28 400/450 LPDDR2 Single-channel

400 MHz

(3.2 GB/s)

66.7/75 0.8 19.2/21.6 Snapdragon S4 Plus (MSM8x27)
Adreno 305 24 128 KB 28 400/450 LPDDR2/3 Single-channel

533 MHz

(4.3 GB/s)

66.7/75 0.8 19.2/21.6 Snapdragon 200 (MSM8210, MSM8610, MSM8212, MSM8612)
Snapdragon 400[15] (MSM8x26, MSM8x28, MSM8x30, MSM8x30AB, APQ8026, APQ8030) 		[16]
[17]
Adreno 306 24 128 KB[18] 28 400 LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 32-bit

533 MHz

(4.2 GB/s)

84.3 0.8 19.2 Snapdragon 410 (MSM8916), Snapdragon 412 (MSM8916v2)
Adreno 308 24 128 KB 28 500 LPDDR3 Single-channel

667 MHz

(5.34 GB/s)

105.4 1.0 24 Snapdragon 425 (MSM8917)

Snapdragon 427 (MSM8920)

Adreno 320 64 512 KB[18] 28 400 LPDDR2 Dual-channel

533 MHz

8.53 GB/s

225 1.6 3.2 51.2 Snapdragon S4 Pro (MSM8960T, APQ8064, APQ8064-1AA), Snapdragon S4 Prime (MPQ8064) [19]
Adreno 320 2nd gen 96 512 KB[18] 28 400/450 LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit)

600 MHz

(9.6 GB/s)

225/253.1 2.4/2.7 >3.2 76.8/86.4 Snapdragon 600 (APQ8064T, APQ8064AB) [19]
Adreno 330 128 1024 KB 28 450/550/578 LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit)

800 MHz

(12.8 GB/s)

253.1/309.4/325.1 3.6/4.4/4.624 115.2/140,8/147,9 Snapdragon 800 (MSM8974, APQ8074), Snapdragon 801 (MSM8274AB, MSM8974AB, MSM8974AC)
Adreno 4xx series
Adreno 405 Unified shader model 48 256 KB 28 550 LPDDR3 Single-channel

667-933 MHz

(5.34-7.46 GB/s)

52.8 — 3.2 (freedreno driver: 3.0, 3.1 incomplete, 3.2 partial) 1.1 1.2 full profile 3.1 (freedreno driver, 3.2 incomplete, 3.3 complete) 11
(feature level 11_1)[12] 		Snapdragon 415 (MSM8929), Snapdragon 615 (MSM8939), Snapdragon 616 (MSM8939v2), Snapdragon 617 (MSM8952)
Adreno 418 128 512 KB 20 600 LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit)

933 MHz

(14.9 GB/s)

153.6 1.0 [20] Snapdragon 808 (MSM8992)
Adreno 420 128 1536 KB 28 500/600 LPDDR3 Dual-channel 64-bit (128-bit)

800 MHz

(25.6 GB/s)

281.3/337.5 (0.56 Triangle/clock)[21] 4/4.8 (8.2 Pixel/clock) 128/153.6 1.0 [note 2] Snapdragon 805 (APQ8084) [22]
Adreno 430 192 1536 KB 20 500/600/650 LPDDR4 Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit)

1600 MHz

(25.6 GB/s)

? 4.8/6.0/6.6 324/420 1.0 [20] Snapdragon 810 (APQ8094, MSM8994)
Adreno 5xx series
Adreno 504 Unified shader model + Unified memory ? ? 12 ? LPDDR3 Single-channel

800 MHz

(6.4 GB/s)

? ? ? ? 1.0[20] 3.2[23] (freedreno driver: 3.1, 3.2 partial) ? 2.0 Full 3.1 (freedreno driver, 3.2 incomplete, 3.3 complete) 11
(feature level 11_1) 		Snapdragon 429
Adreno 505 96 128 + 8 KB 28 450 LPDDR3 Single-channel

800 MHz

(6.4 GB/s)

? ? ? 48.6 Snapdragon 430 (MSM8937), Snapdragon 435, Snapdragon 439
Adreno 506 96 128 + 8 KB 14 600/650 LPDDR3 Single-channel

933 MHz

(7.46 GB/s)

? ? ? 115.2/124.8 Snapdragon 450, Snapdragon 625, Snapdragon 626, Snapdragon 632
Adreno 508 96 128 + 8 KB 14 850 LPDDR4 Dual‑channel

16‑bit (32-bit)

1333 MHz

(10.66 GB/s)

? ? ? 163.2 Snapdragon 630
Adreno 509 128 256 + 16 KB 14 720 LPDDR4 Dual‑channel

32‑bit (64-bit)

1333 MHz

(21.33 GB/s)

? ? ? 184.3 Snapdragon 636
Adreno 510 128 256 KB 28 600 LPDDR3 Dual‑channel

32‑bit (64-bit)

933 MHz

(14.9 GB/s)

? ? ? 153.6 3.2 (3.1 + AEP) (freedreno driver: 3.1, 3.2 partial) Snapdragon 650 (MSM8956), Snapdragon 652 (MSM8976),

Snapdragon 653 (MSM8976PRO)

Adreno 512 128 256 + 16 KB 14 850 LPDDR4 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit)

1866 MHz

(29.8 GB/s)

? ? ? 217.6 Snapdragon 660 (MSM8976 Plus)
Adreno 530 256 1024 KB 14 510/624/653 LPDDR4 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit)

1866 MHz

(29.8 GB/s)

? 6.7/8.1 7.7-8.1 407.4~498.5 [24] 12
(feature level 11_1)[citation needed] 		Snapdragon 820 (MSM8996),

Snapdragon 821 (MSM8996PRO)

Adreno 540 256 1024 KB 10 710 LPDDR4X Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit)

1866 MHz

(29.8 GB/s)

>450 ? 11.36 (16 Texel/clock) [25][26] 567 [27] Snapdragon 835 (MSM8998)
Adreno 6xx series
Adreno 605 Unified shader model + Unified memory 128+8 KB 14 1.0 and 1.1[28][20] 3.2 2.0 Full WIP (freedreno driver) 12
(feature level 11_1)[citation needed] 		Snapdragon 460
Adreno 610 ? 11 Snapdragon 665 [29]
Adreno 612 256+16 KB 11 LPDDR4X Dual‑channel

16‑bit (32-bit)

1866 MHz

(14.9 GB/s)

Snapdragon 675
Adreno 615 128 with HT 512 KB 10 700 LPDDR4X Dual‑channel

16‑bit (32-bit)

1866 MHz

(14.9 GB/s)

358.4 QCS603, QCS605, Snapdragon 670 [30][31]
Adreno 616 128 with HT 512 KB 10 750 LPDDR4X Dual‑channel

16‑bit (32-bit)

1866 MHz

(14.9 GB/s)

384 Snapdragon 710
Adreno 618 128 with HT 512KB 8 825 LPDDR4X Dual‑channel

16‑bit (32-bit)

1866 MHz

(14.9 GB/s)

Snapdragon 730/730G [32]
Adreno 620 192? 512 7 750 LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit)

2133 MHz

(17 GB/s)

Snapdragon 735
Adreno 630 256 with HT 1024 KB 10 710 LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit)

1866 MHz

(29.9 GB/s)

>500 >12 15.4[33][34] 727 Snapdragon 845 / 850
Adreno 640 384[35] 1024 KB 7 585 LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit)

2133 MHz

(34.13 GB/s)

899 Snapdragon 855
Adreno 680 ? ? ? 7 LPDDR4X Octa-channel 16-bit (128-bit)

2133 MHz

(68.26 GB/s)

Snapdragon 8cx
Name Microarchitecture Fab (nm) Clock

(MHz)

Fillrate GFLOPS

(FP32)

API (version) Used in Qualcomm... References
Type ALUs

(SIMDs)

[note 1]

On-chip graphics memory MTriangles/s Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Vulkan OpenGL ES OpenVG OpenCL OpenGL Direct3D
Notes
  1. ^ a b Adreno ALU = ALU x MP amount
  2. ^ Adreno 420 Vulkan driver was never released
  • Adreno 130 inside the MSM7x01, and MSM7x01A. It supports OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.3, Direct3D Mobile, SVGT 1.2, Direct Draw and GDI.
  • Adreno 200 (AMD Z430) inside the QSD8x50 and MSM7x27 (133 MHz). It offers a programmable function pipeline and streaming textures with support for OpenGL ES 1.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, SVGT 1.2 and DirectDraw. (22M triangles/second, 133M pixels/second, clock speed up to 133 MHz).
  • Adreno 200 enhanced inside the MSM7x25A and MSM7x27A (200 MHz). It supports OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, SVGT 1.2, Direct Draw and GDI. (40M triangles/second, 200M pixels/second, clock speed up to 200 MHz).
  • Adreno 203 inside the MSM8225 and MSM8225Q (400 MHz). It is an improvement over Adreno 205. It features a higher frequency, has better pixel fillrate, lower power consumption, better 3D performance. It is about 50-100% faster than Adreno 200 (enhanced), and 10–25% than Adreno 205. It could clock 2x times higher than Adreno 205. It supports OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, DirectX 9.0c, SVGT 1.2, Direct Draw and GDI. (42-50M triangles/second, 250-300M pixels/second, clock speed from 192-400 MHz)
  • Adreno 205 inside the QSD8x50A, MSM7x30, and MSM8x55 (245 GHz). Its improvements include Hardware-accelerated SVG and Adobe Flash and better shader-performance than the Adreno 200. It supports OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, SVGT 1.2, Direct Draw and GDI. (57M triangles/second, 250M pixels/second, clock speed up to 400 MHz)
  • Adreno 220 inside the MSM8660 or MSM8260 (266MHZ) with single channel memory. It supports OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, DirectX 9.0c, SVGT 1.2, Direct Draw and GDI. (88M triangles/second, 500M pixels/second, standard clock speed up to 266 MHz, overclock up to 400 MHz).
  • Adreno 225 inside the MSM8960 (400 MHz), with unified shader architecture and dual channel memory. It supports Direct3D 9.0c in addition to OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, SVGT 1.2, Direct Draw and GDI.
  • Adreno 320 inside the Qualcomm S4 Pro & Prime Series, with unified shader architecture and dual channel memory. It supports Direct3D feature level 9_3 in addition to OpenGL ES 3.0, OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenGL ES 1.1, OpenVG 1.1, EGL 1.4, Direct3D Mobile, SVGT 1.2[19]
  • Adreno 330 inside the Nexus 5, Amazon Kindle HDX series tablets, Amazon Fire phone, Nokia Lumia 2520 tablet, Nokia Lumia 1520, Nokia Lumia Icon, Nokia Lumia 930, Samsung Galaxy S5, Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Sony Xperia Z1, Sony Xperia Z1 Compact, Sony Xperia Z2, Sony Xperia Z3, Sony Xperia Z3 Compact, Sony Xperia Z Ultra, Xiaomi Mi3, Xiaomi Mi4, OnePlus One, HTC One (M8) and LG G2/G3 smartphones.
  • Adreno 420 inside the Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 supports Direct3D 11.2 runtime (feature level 11_1). Inside the Google Nexus 6, Samsung Galaxy S5 LTE-A, Samsung Galaxy Note 4, Samsung Galaxy Note Edge, LG G3 Cat. 6, Amazon Fire HDX 8.9 (2014). The Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 is the only phone SoC ever to feature a 128-bit memory bus.

Operating system support

See also: Free and open-source graphics device driver § Qualcomm

There are proprietary drivers for the Linux-based mobile operating system Android available from Qualcomm themselves.[citation needed] Historically only way to have GPU support on non-android Linux was with libhybris wrapper.

Linux and Mesa supports Adreno 200/300/400/500 series of GPUs with a driver called 'freedreno. Freedreno allows fully open source graphics on devices like 96Boards Dragonboard 410c and Nexus 7 (2013)

History

The Imageon (previously ATI Imageon) is a line of media processors developed by ATI providing graphics acceleration and other multimedia features for handheld devices such as mobile phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA).

Designed as system-on-a-chip (SoC), the Imageon line of media processors was introduced in 2002 to bring integrated graphics (from 2D in 2002 to 3D in latest products) to handheld devices, cellphones and tablet PCs.

The system-on-a-chip design incorporates an embedded CPU core, baseband sub-system CPU interface, memory controller, power management (ATI PowerPlay), internal RAM and stacked RAM with memory buffer, two display engines (for dual monitors on cellphones), imaging engine, image/video/audio capture engine, TV and audio output, dual digital signal processors for audio and video, and video acceleration engine.

The Imageon line was rebranded under AMD, after AMD acquired ATI in Q3 2006, as AMD Imageon, with official claims to have shipped nearly 250 million Imageon units to customers since 2003. However, as a result of company restructuring, AMD divested the handheld chipset business starting from the second quarter of 2008, thus the line is deemed officially discontinued.

At the end of 2008, the handheld branch was sold off to Qualcomm,[36] following an earlier sale of the Xilleon branch to Broadcom. AMD retained the Imageon name and will provide support for existing customers, although no future Imageon products will be introduced.[37]

Product line

Discontinued/Past generations

  • Imageon 100, the first product of the Imageon line.
  • Imageon 3200.
  • Imageon 2200/2250. Integrated a 2D graphics engine, a MPEG decoder, JPEG decoding and encoding capabilities, with embedded SRAM on-die as frame buffer.
  • Imageon 2240.
  • Imageon 2260/2262.
  • Imageon 2300. Included 2D and 3D graphics engine (3D S/W), MPEG-4 video decoder, JPEG encoding/decoding, and 2-megapixel camera sub-system processing engine.
  • Imageon 2182.
  • Imageon 2282.
  • Imageon 2388/2380. Featuring industry first OpenGL for embedded systems (OpenGL ES) 1.1+ extensions support, for 3D acceleration.
  • Imageon 2192. For mainstream devices with support for 3.1-megapixel camera sensor.

Current generation

  • Imageon 2294/2298, renamed Imageon M100 series. Current top-of-line product, processor includes DVD quality recording and playback, HD TV output, and supports up to a 12-megapixel camera sensor. Products include Imageon M180.
  • Imageon TV. Announced in February 2006, as the first Imageon product in the line featuring Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld (DVB-H) signal receiving support, allowing handhelds devices to receive digital broadcast TV (DVB-H) signals and enables watching TV programs on these devices, the chipset includes tuner, demodulator, decoder, and a full software stack.

Newest Brazilian Tectoy Console called Zeebo uses the ATI Imageon Chip to deliver fast and reliable graphics plus 3G access to download updates and new games for the console.

Announced in 2008 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, AMD renews the Imageon line with the following products:

  • Imageon A250 application processor
    • Standalone multimedia and graphics subsystem
    • D1 resolution video (720×486)
    • Support for 8-megapixel camera sensor, JPEG, dual display
    • USB, SD and NAND support
    • Vector graphics
    • Flash applications and UI supported
    • Energy efficiency
  • Imageon D160 mobile TV solution
    • Free-to-air DVB-T and DVB-H reception
    • quality of service and Doppler compensation for DVB signals for high speed mobility
    • Complete DVB-T/H receiver module
    • Multi-channel decode with PiP, fast channel change, and video recording
    • AMD software stack (including Middleware) and 3rd party support
    • Energy efficiency

In addition to the application processor and the mobile TV solution chip, AMD also licenses several technologies to other firms and partners, such technologies include audio and graphics processors, as listed below:

  • Imageon M210 audio processor
    • Multi-band equalizer
    • Automatic gain control
    • 99 db signal-to-noise ratio
    • Supporting over 30 codecs including
      • MP3, AAC, AAC+, WMA, AC3, DTS, MIDI with SMAF support, 3D audio, MPEG-4 SLS, FLAC
      • support for 3rd party codecs and other codecs through downloading
    • Standalone audio playback
    • Energy efficiency of about 33 mW allowing 100 hours of audio playback[38] with integrated power management
    • Integrated memory
    • Integrated analog audio codec
    • USB 2.0, NAND, SD and Bluetooth support
  • Imageon Z460 3D graphics core - this is an IP core synthesized in for example Freescale's i.MX5x series of application processors
  • Imageon Z180 vector graphics core
    • Hardware OpenVG 1.x rendering acceleration
    • Claimed 20-40x faster than software-based implementations[39]
    • Support for HD resolution
    • 16X antialiasing for fonts and vector graphics
    • Flash support for web application
    • Energy efficiency

See also

  • Qualcomm Hexagon
  • PowerVR – available as SIP block to 3rd parties
  • Mali – available as SIP block to 3rd parties
  • Vivante – available as SIP block to 3rd parties
  • Tegra – family of SoCs for mobile computers, the graphics core could be available as SIP block to 3rd parties
  • VideoCore – family of SOCs, by Broadcom, for mobile computers, the graphics core could be available as SIP block to 3rd parties
  • Atom family of SoCs – with Intel graphics core, not licensed to 3rd parties
  • AMD mobile APUs – with AMD graphics core, not licensed to 3rd parties

References

  1. ^ Ferguson, Scott (January 20, 2009). "AMD Sells Handset Division to Qualcomm for $65 million". eWeek. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  2. ^ "ATI's IMAGEON 100 Coprocessor for Handhelds". Tom's Hardware. 2002-01-09. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  3. ^ "ATI's Imageon PDA graphics chip". Geek.com. 2002-01-11. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  4. ^ 01net. "ATI investit sur la mobilité". 01net (in French). Retrieved 2019-04-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "ATI Imageon Video Chip Review". www.pocketpcfaq.com. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  6. ^ bruno_c@pcinpact.com (2019-04-15). "L'IMAGEON 2300 : un VPU ATI pour les cellulaires". www.nextinpact.com (in French). Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  7. ^ "ATI powers 3D game phone". Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  8. ^ "Qualcomm MSM7201A Application Processor with Modem Datasheet | CPUlist". PDAdb.net. 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  9. ^ Qualcomm MSM7201A. "Qualcomm MSM7201A Specs, Reviews, Ratings". System-on-a-chip.specout.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-07-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "3D Gaming Brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2016-07-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b "The Freedreno driver" (PDF). Rob Clark @ FOSDEM2013.
  12. ^ a b c d "Adreno GPU SDK - GPU - Qualcomm Developer Network". Developer.qualcomm.com. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  13. ^ "Mobile GPUs : Architectures". Bastian Zuehlke. 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  14. ^ freedreno (2015-01-06). "A3xx shader instruction set architecture · freedreno/freedreno Wiki · GitHub". Github.com. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  15. ^ Snapdragon 400 processor specs at qualcomm.com
  16. ^ "Expands Qualcomm Snapdragon 200 Processor Tier". Qualcomm. 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  17. ^ "Qualcomm Rolls-Out High-End Quad-Core Snapdragon S4 System-on-Chips". X-bit labs. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-07-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b c "Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ embedded platforms HW and SW Overview" (PDF). explace. 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  19. ^ a b c AnandTech - Adreno 320 performance preview
  20. ^ a b c d "Qualcomm announces Vulkan API support for Adreno 530".
  21. ^ "High Quality with High Performance UE4 Mobile Game - CSDN博客". blog.csdn.net (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2018-06-12.
  22. ^ "Technologies Announces Next Generation Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 "Ultra HD" Processor". Qualcomm. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  23. ^ "Xiaomi Redmi Note 5A Prime (Y1) performance in GFXBench - unified graphics benchmark based on DXBenchmark (DirectX) and GLBenchmark (OpenGL ES)".
  24. ^ https://gflops.surge.sh/
  25. ^ Humrick, Matt. "Qualcomm Details Snapdragon 835: Kryo 280 CPU, Adreno 540 GPU, X16 LTE". Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  26. ^ "GFXBench - Unified cross-platform 3D graphics benchmark database". The cross-platform performance site. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  27. ^ https://gflops.surge.sh/
  28. ^ "Vulkan graphics API receives major 1.1 update". Android Authority. 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
  29. ^ "Snapdragon 665 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm.
  30. ^ "QCS603 SoC | Qualcomm". Qualcomm. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  31. ^ "QCS605 SoC | Qualcomm". Qualcomm. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  32. ^ "Snapdragon 730 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm.
  33. ^ Smith, Andrei Frumusanu, Ryan. "The Snapdragon 845 Performance Preview: Setting the Stage for Flagship Android 2018". Retrieved 2018-06-11.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "GFXBench - Unified cross-platform 3D graphics benchmark database". The cross-platform performance site. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  35. ^ "Qualcomm Snapdragon 855: An overview of its CPU, GPU, ISP, and DSP". xda-developers. 2018-12-05. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  36. ^ AMD sells handheld graphics unit to Qualcomm for $65M
  37. ^ Qualcomm grabs AMD handheld, graphics tech
  38. ^ "AMD Handheld Multimedia Technology – Unleash The Ultimate Mobile Entertainment Experience" (PDF). AMD. 2008-02-12. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-15. ~32mW Audio Subsystem for playing from SD/NAND (900mAh/3.7V battery; 150mVrms into 16 Ω headphones). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Product fact sheet for Imagon Z460 and Z180" (PDF). AMD. 2008-02-12. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-15. [baseline performance] measured on ARM9 Versatile (ARM926EJ-S) at 210 MHz using a commercially available software rasterizer. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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