Al-Samawal al-Maghribi

Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
Born	c. 1130; Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Died	c. 1180; Maragheh, Ahmadili Azerbaijan
Academic background
Influences	Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
Academic work
Era	Islamic Golden Age
Main interests	Mathematics, Medicine

Al-Samaw-al Polynomial. Illustration of the *al-Bahir fi'l-Jabr* "The Brilliant in Algebra" from the 12th century.

Al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī (Arabic: السموأل بن يحيى المغربي, c. 1130 – c. 1180), commonly known as Samawʾal al-Maghribi, was a mathematician, astronomer and physician.^[1] Born to a Jewish family of North African origin, he concealed his conversion to Islam for many years for fear of offending his father, then openly embraced Islam in 1163 after he had a dream telling him to do so.^[2] His father was a rabbi from Morocco named Yehuda ibn Abūn.^[3]^[4]

Mathematics

Al-Samaw'al wrote the mathematical treatise al-Bahir fi'l-jabr, meaning "The brilliant in algebra", at the age of nineteen.

He also used the two basic concepts of mathematical induction, though without stating them explicitly. He used this to extend results for the binomial theorem up to n=12 and Pascal's triangle previously given by al-Karaji.^[5]

Polemics

He also wrote a famous polemic book in Arabic debating Judaism known as Ifḥām al-Yahūd (Confutation of the Jews). A Latin tract translated from Arabic and later translated into many Western languages, titled Epistola Samuelis Marrocani ad R. Isaacum contra errores Judaeorum, claims to be authored by a certain R. Samuel of Fez "about the year 1072" and is erroneously connected with him.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Notes

^ A Jewish Encyclopedia
^ UIMATH: Islamic Mathematics (Algebra)
^ Medieval Cultures in Contact, By Richard Gyug, pg. 123
^ Perlman, Moshe (1964). Silencing the Jews. New York: American Academy for Jewish Research. p. 15.
^ Katz (1992), p. 242:
"Like the proofs of al-Karaji and ibn al-Haytham, al-Samaw'al's argument contains the two basic components of an inductive proof. He begins with a value for which the result is known, here n = 2, and then uses the result for a given integer to derive the result for the next. Since al-Samaw'al did not have any way of stating the general binomial theorem, however, he cannot be said to have proved it, by induction or otherwise. What he had done was provide a method acceptable to his readers for expanding binomials up to the twelfth power..."
^ Williams, A. Lukyn (1935). Adversus Judaeos: a Bird's-Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–232. ISBN 978-1-139-10847-8. OCLC 889963332.
^ Perlmann, Moshe (1964). "Samau'al al-Maghribī Ifḥām Al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews / إفحام اليهود: تأليف السموءل المغربي (القرن السادس الهجري)". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 32: 5. doi:10.2307/3622414. JSTOR 3622414.
^ Samau'al al-Maghribi: Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews by Moshe Perlmann, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 32, Samau'al Al-Maghribi Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews (1964)

References

Anbouba, Adel (1970). "Al-Samaw'al, Ibn Yaḥyā Al-Maghribī". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Ibn Yahya al-Maghribi Al-Samawal", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Samau'al al-Maghribi: Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews by Moshe Perlmann, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 32, Samau'al Al-Maghribi Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews (1964)
Samaw'al al-Maghribi: Ifham al-yahud, The early recension, by مغربي، السموءل بن يحي، d. ca. 1174. al-Samawʼal ibn Yaḥyá Maghribī; Ibrahim Marazka; Reza Pourjavady; Sabine Schmidtke Publisher: Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2006. OCLC 63514265
Perlmann, Moshe, "Eleventh-Century Andalusian Authors on the Jews of Granada" Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 18 (1948–49):269-90.

External links

Al-Bahir en Algebre d'As-Samaw'al translation by Salah Ahmad, Roshdi Rashed, Author(s) of Review: David A. King, Isis, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 307-308
Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress, Osiris, Vol. 9, 1950 (1950), by Franz Rosenthal, pp. 555–566
Naderi, Negar (2007). "Samawʾal: Abū Naṣr Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā ibn 'Abbās al-Maghribī al-Andalusī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. p. 1009. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)

[1] A Jewish Encyclopedia

[2] UIMATH: Islamic Mathematics (Algebra)

[3] Medieval Cultures in Contact, By Richard Gyug, pg. 123

[4] Perlman, Moshe (1964). Silencing the Jews. New York: American Academy for Jewish Research. p. 15.

[5] Katz (1992), p. 242:
"Like the proofs of al-Karaji and ibn al-Haytham, al-Samaw'al's argument contains the two basic components of an inductive proof. He begins with a value for which the result is known, here n = 2, and then uses the result for a given integer to derive the result for the next. Since al-Samaw'al did not have any way of stating the general binomial theorem, however, he cannot be said to have proved it, by induction or otherwise. What he had done was provide a method acceptable to his readers for expanding binomials up to the twelfth power..."

[6] Williams, A. Lukyn (1935). Adversus Judaeos: a Bird's-Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–232. ISBN 978-1-139-10847-8. OCLC 889963332.

[7] Perlmann, Moshe (1964). "Samau'al al-Maghribī Ifḥām Al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews / إفحام اليهود: تأليف السموءل المغربي (القرن السادس الهجري)". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 32: 5. doi:10.2307/3622414. JSTOR 3622414.

[8] Samau'al al-Maghribi: Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews by Moshe Perlmann, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 32, Samau'al Al-Maghribi Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews (1964)

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