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=== DTI complaints in UK ===


== '''PETITION TO WIND UP 'AMWAY UK Ltd.'''' ==
In 2007, following investigations that lasted more than a year, the [[Department of Trade and Industry]] (DTI) in UK issued petitions against Amway as well as two IBO organizations [[Britt World Wide]] and [[Network 21]], and initiated civil court proceedings. According to Amway, DTI's objections include misrepresentation of the financial rewards expected from the Amway business, excessive promotion of BSMs (Business Support Materials like books, tapes, CDs, meetings, websites) and Amway's failure to prevent these abuses.


In 2007, following investigations that lasted more than a year, the UK Minister for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, John Hutton, issued public interest, winding up petitions against 'Amway UK Ltd.' as well as two UK registered corporate structures [[Britt World Wide]] and [[Network 21]] . Two of these were opposed, so the Minister initiated civil court proceedings to enforce the petition against 'Amway UK Ltd.' According to 'Amway', BERR objections include misrepresentation of the financial rewards expected from the Amway business, excessive promotion of 'BSMs' (Business Support Materials like books, tapes, CDs, tickets to meetings, websites) and 'Amway's' corporate officers' failure to prevent these abuses. According to the UK government's lawyers, 'Amway's' so-called 'business model' is 'inherently objectionable' in that it is contrary to UK legislation concerning lotteries and trading schemes designed to protect the public from criminal frauds. In support of these claims, documentary evidence was produced that revealed that 'Amway's' products were priced at such a high level in the UK that they were tantamount to being unsaleable on the open-market. In fact,less than 5% were being sold to genuine retail customers (i.e. persons not under contract to 'Amway UK Ltd;). Over 97% of 'Amway UK's' non-salaried commission agents (during the period 2005-2006) were shown to have been either receiving no payments from 'Amway' whatsoever, or operating at a loss.
⚫
Subsequently, Amway imposed a ban on sale of BSM in UK that are not authorized and distributed by Amway. It further announced significant price changes for a range of products, modifications to its compensation plan, and an indefinite moratorium on registration of new IBOs in UK. It would also initiate a thorough review of its business practices globally.<ref>''OK, let’s talk UK'', on Amway Media Blog [http://amwaynews.alticorblogs.com/2007/05/07/ok-lets-talk-uk/]</ref><ref>''You asked for it'', on Amway Media Blog [http://amwaynews.alticorblogs.com/2007/05/24/you-asked-for-it/]</ref>


⚫
Subsequently, 'Amway's' corporate officers announced a ban on the sale of books, tapes, CDs, tickets, etc., to meetings in UK that are not authorized and distributed by Amway. They further announced significant price reductions for a range of products, modifications to its compensation plan, and an indefinite moratorium on registration of new non-salaried commission agents in the UK. It would also initiate a thorough review of its business practices globally.<ref>''OK, let’s talk UK'', on Amway Media Blog [http://amwaynews.alticorblogs.com/2007/05/07/ok-lets-talk-uk/]</ref><ref>''You asked for it'', on Amway Media Blog [http://amwaynews.alticorblogs.com/2007/05/24/you-asked-for-it/]</ref>
⚫
The case against Amway was dismissed 14 May 2008, after Amway agreed to maintain changes to the business model implemented in 2007, and to publish statistics on the average incomes and numbers of qualifiers at different levels of the business.<ref>[http://amwaynews.alticorblogs.com/2008/05/14/a-sufficient-salutary-lesson/ Amway Media Blog - A sufficient salutary lesson]</ref><ref>[http://www.amwaywiki.com/images/e/e5/BERR_vs_Amway_UK_-_Final_Order.pdf BERR vs Amway UK - Final Order]</ref>. BERR has submitted an appeal in the case alleging procedural irregularities. Justice Norris refused an application by BERR to restrict Amway from resuming sponsorship activity whilst any appeal is pending and Amway has announced that sponsoring will resume on July 21, 2008.<ref>[http://www.amwaywiki.com/images/2/2b/BERR_vs_Amway_UK_-_Appeal.pdf BERR vs Amway UK - Appeal]</ref>

⚫
The petition to have 'Amway UK Ltd.' wound up was dismissed, 14 May 2008, after the company's lawyers promised the High Court to maintain changes to the business model announced in 2007, and to publish statistics on the derisory average incomes and numbers of qualifiers at different levels within 'Amway'.<ref>[http://amwaynews.alticorblogs.com/2008/05/14/a-sufficient-salutary-lesson/ Amway Media Blog - A sufficient salutary lesson]</ref><ref>[http://www.amwaywiki.com/images/e/e5/BERR_vs_Amway_UK_-_Final_Order.pdf BERR vs Amway UK - Final Order]</ref>. BERR has lodged an appeal against the decision on the grounds that it broke legal precedent. Justice Norris refused an application by BERR to restrict Amway from resuming sponsorship activity whilst any appeal is pending and Amway has announced that sponsoring will resume on July 21, 2008.<ref>[http://www.amwaywiki.com/images/2/2b/BERR_vs_Amway_UK_-_Appeal.pdf BERR vs Amway UK - Appeal]</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 11:32, 20 July 2008

Amway
Company typePrivate
IndustryMulti-level marketing
Founded1959
HeadquartersAda, Michigan
Key people
Steve Van Andel

Doug DeVos

Russell Evans
Number of employees
17,000 Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.amway.com
Headquarters in Ada, Michigan

Amway is a multi-level marketing, or network marketing company founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Rich DeVos. The company's name is a contraction of "American Way."[1] Based in Ada, Michigan, the company and family of companies under Alticor reported sales of US$7.2 billion for the year ending December 31, 2007, marking the company’s sixth straight year of growth. Its product lines include personal care products, jewelry, electronics, Nutrilite dietary supplements, water purifiers, air purifiers, insurance and cosmetics. Amway conducts business through a number of affiliated companies in more than ninety countries and territories around the world.[2] In the United States and Canada it now operates as Quixtar.

History

Founding and expansion

Ja-Ri Corporation was the original multi-level marketing distributorship for Nutrilite nutritional products, founded by Jay Van Andel, Richard DeVos and Michael Pacetti in 1949.[3] Ja-Ri's name comes from the founders' first names, Jay and Richard. Friends since childhood, Van Andel and DeVos became business partners in endeavors such as a hamburger stand, air charter service, and a sailing business.

Ja-Ri was incorporated in 1959, and changed its name to "Amway" in 1963.[4] The intent of Amway's founders was to create a business using a novel means of product distribution that facilitates entrepreneurship, understanding of economic management, and economic independence among its associates [citation needed] (i.e. distributors; the term currently in use is Independent Business Owners, or IBOs).

Their first product was the cleaner L.O.C. Originally sold by its inventor under the name Frisk, it was noticed by Nutrilite distributor Fred Hansen who brought it to Rich DeVos and Jay Van Andel as a product that they could use to launch their own company. Van Andel and DeVos and some of their distributors including Hansen were getting frustrated by the seemingly inconsistent way Nutrilite founder Dr. Rehnborg wanted his products to be sold. DeVos and Van Andel bought the rights to make and distribute Frisk and changed the name to L.O.C. thereby beginning Amway. In 1964 the Amway Sales Corporation, Amway Services Corporation, and Amway Manufacturing Corporation, merged to form a single company.[5]

Amway bought the Mutual Broadcasting System radio network in 1977 and sold it in 1985.

Amway expanded overseas to Australia in 1971, to Europe in 1973, to parts of Asia in 1974, to Japan in 1979, to Latin America in 1985, to China in 1995, to Africa in 1997, to Russia in 2005, and to Vietnam in 2008. Amway India was established in 1995 and commenced commercial operations in 1998.[6]

The product line grew, with a new detergent SA8 added in 1960, and later the hair care range Satinique (1965) and Artistry(1968). Amway bought control of Nutrilite in 1972 and full ownership in 1994.

FTC investigation

Main article: In re. Amway Corp.

In a 1979 court ruling,[7] the Federal Trade Commission found that Amway does not qualify as an illegal pyramid scheme since the main aim of the enterprise is the sale of product and money is paid only for business volume, personal and group. It did, however, order Amway to change several business practices and prohibited the company from misrepresenting the amount of profit, earnings or sales its distributors are likely to achieve with the business. Amway was ordered to accompany any such statements with the actual averages per distributor, pointing out that more than half of the distributors do not make any money, with the average distributor making less than $100 per month. The order was violated with a 1986 ad campaign, resulting in a $100,000 fine.[8]

Amway and its American online incarnation, Quixtar have had allegations that these companies are pyramid schemes or cults, despite the 1979 FTC ruling[5] that legitimized the Amway business. The case revealed that, as of 1979, most of the products sold by Amway were to the Independent Business Owners (IBOs) themselves for personal consumption rather than to retail consumers who weren't enrolled as IBOs. Buying products or directing clients to buy from Amway or Quixtar gives IBOs points and they are paid back on the number of points that they generate from personal consumption or from client volume. An existing IBO can sponsor others to get an IBO number so that they can help others divert their buying habit from other stores to Amway or Quixtar. Thus, the business grows as a greater number of people join the group. The share of profit is based on the volume that an IBO is responsible for each month, therefore an IBO may actually make more money per month than the IBO who sponsored them into the Business.

In 1986 Amway Corp. agreed, under a consent decree filed in federal court, to pay a $100,000 civil penalty to settle Commission charges it violated a 1979 Commission order that prohibits Amway from misrepresenting the amount of profit, earnings or sales its distributors are likely to achieve. According to a complaint filed with the consent decree, Amway violated the 1979 order by advertising earnings claims without including in it clear and conspicuous disclosures of the average earnings or sales of all distributors in any recent year or the percent of distributors who actually achieved the results claimed. [9]

In 1983, Amway pleaded guilty to criminal tax evasion and customs fraud in Canada, resulting in a fine of $25 million CAD, the largest fine ever imposed in Canada at the time. In 1989 the company settled the outstanding customs duties for $45 million CAD.[10] [11] In a 1994 interview, Amway co-founder Rich DeVos stated that this incident had been his greatest "moral or spiritual challenge", first in "soul searching as to whether they had done anything wrong" and then for pleading guilty for technical reasons, despite believing they were innocent of the charges. DeVos stated he believed that the case had been motivated by "political reasons".[12]

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), as part of its anti-piracy efforts, sued Amway and several distributors in 1995. The RIAA alleged that copyrighted music was used on "highly profitable" training videotapes. Amway settled the case out of court for $9 million.[citation needed] In a related lawsuit initiated by the distributors involved, the Court established that Mahaleel Lee Luster, who had been contracted to make the videotapes, had violated copyright without the knowledge of three of the five of those distributors.[13]

Amway grew quickly in China starting from 1995. In 1998, after abuses of illegal pyramid schemes led to riots, the Chinese Government enacted a ban on all direct selling companies, including Amway.[14] After negotiations, some companies like Amway, Avon, and Mary Kay continued to operate through a network of retail stores promoted by an independent sales force. Although multi-level payments were still banned, it is alleged that Amway didn't significantly alter its pay scheme, and justified them as payments for services.[15] China introduced new direct selling laws in December 2005, and in December 2006 Amway was one of the first companies to receive a license to resume direct sales. At the time they had a reported 180,000 sales representatives, 140 stores, and $2 billion in annual sales.[16] Multi-level marketing (commissions on sales of new sales persons recruited) is still forbidden under the new laws.

On August 14 2007 the Supreme Court of India has ordered the Andhra Pradesh state police to complete the investigation against Amway in 6 months. The public interest petition alleges that the activities of the company violated laws related to drugs, income tax and sales tax. The state high court had declared that Amway's business scheme was an offence under the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banning) Act, 1978.[17]

Corporate restructuring

In 1999 the founders of the Amway corporation established a new holding company, named Alticor, and launched three new companies, 1) a sister (and separate) Internet-based company named Quixtar, 2) Access Business Group, and 3) Pyxis Innovations. Quixtar replaced the North American business of Amway in 2001, with Amway operating in the rest of the world; however, in June 2007 it was announced that the Quixtar brand would be phased out over an 18 to 24 month period in favor of a unified Amway brand worldwide. The other two companies, Pyxis Innovations (since dissolved) and Access Business Group, were established to help take Alticor into new strategic directions. [18] Amway's internet sales in Europe are conducted via their Amivo website.

Later additions to the core product range included water filters and cookware.[19] The eSpring water filter, introduced in 2000 and developed by Alticor, includes eCoupled wireless power induction technology. Alticor subsidiary Fulton Innovation introduced the technology in other consumer electronic products at the 2007 International Consumer Electronics Show. Companies licensing the technology include General Motors, Motorola and Visteon.[20][21]

Orlando Arena naming rights

In December 2006, Alticor secured the naming rights for the 17,000-seat basketball arena in Orlando, Florida - home of the Orlando Magic, which are owned by the family of Rich DeVos. The arena, formerly known as the TD Waterhouse Centre, is now called Amway Arena.

Politics and culture

Commentators have identified Amway as supporting the U.S. Republican Party,[22] and its founders contributed $4,000,000 to a conservative 527 group in the 2004 election cycle.[23] Amway states that its business opportunity is open to people regardless of their religious and political beliefs[24].

Former Amway CEO Richard DeVos has been connected with the dominionist political movement in the U.S.[25]

Multiple high-ranking Amway leaders, including Richard DeVos, Dexter Yager, and others are also owners and members of the board of Gospel Films, a producer of movies and books geared towards conservative Christians as well as co-owner (along with Salem Communications) of Gospel Communications.[26][citation needed]

One of Amway's most successful distributors, Dexter Yager, has attacked Democratic President Bill Clinton[27] and allowed Republican George W. Bush to send messages to thousands of downline distributors using Yager's voicemail system.[28]

Doug Wead, who was a Special Assistant to former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, is a successful IBO who is a regular speaker at group rallies.[citation needed] In 2000, current President George Bush appointed Timothy Muris, a former anti-trust lawyer whose largest client was Amway to head the FTC, which has direct federal regulatory oversight over multi-level marketing plans.

Amway co-founder, the late Jay Van Andel (in 1980), and later his son Steve Van Andel (in 2001) were elected by the board of directors of the United States Chamber of Commerce as chairman of that organization. [citation needed]

In May 2005, former Amway President Dick DeVos, one of the wealthiest and largest charitable givers in Michigan, announced that he would run against Governor Jennifer Granholm in Michigan's 2006 gubernatorial election. DeVos, running as a Republican, won 42% of the popular vote, while Granholm won 56%.[29]

Amway touts the environmental benefits of many of its products, and in June 1989 the United Nations Environmental Program's Regional Office for North America recognized it for its contributions to the cause of the environment.[30]

Controversy

Amway was involved with an urban legend that the (old) Procter & Gamble service mark was in fact a Satanic symbol or that the CEO of P&G is himself a practicing Satanist (in some variants of the urban legend, it is also claimed that the CEO of Procter & Gamble donated "satanic tithes" to the Church of Satan[31]). Procter & Gamble alleged that several Amway distributors [32] were behind a resurgence of the urban legend in the 1990s and sued several independent Amway distributors and the parent company for defamation and slander. After more than a decade of lawsuits in multiple states, by 2003 all allegations against Amway and Amway distributors had been dismissed. However, in October 2005 a Utah appeals court reversed part of the decision dismissing the case against four Amway distributors, and remanded it to the earlier court for further proceedings.[33] On 20 March 2007, Procter & Gamble was awarded 19.25 million dollars by a U.S. District Court jury in Salt Lake City, in the lawsuit filed against four Amway distributors in 1995.[34][35]

Several groups including those associated with the anti-cult movement have expressed concern that tactics of some of the organizations that support Amway IBOs may constitute cult-like activity. Steven Hassan's Freedom of Mind Center lists the practices of some of these groups as potentially abusive according to his "BITE" Model of mind control.[36] Other similar organizations that have expressed concern with the activities of AMOs in practice include FACTnet,[37] Cult Awareness and Information Centre (Australia),[38] and others. The Rick Ross Institute keeps a collection of related material on its website.[39].

A Dateline NBC report from 2004 picked up the criticism against Amway's successor Quixtar and explicitly linked the two companies as being effectively one and the same.[40]


PETITION TO WIND UP 'AMWAY UK Ltd.'

In 2007, following investigations that lasted more than a year, the UK Minister for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, John Hutton, issued public interest, winding up petitions against 'Amway UK Ltd.' as well as two UK registered corporate structures Britt World Wide and Network 21 . Two of these were opposed, so the Minister initiated civil court proceedings to enforce the petition against 'Amway UK Ltd.' According to 'Amway', BERR objections include misrepresentation of the financial rewards expected from the Amway business, excessive promotion of 'BSMs' (Business Support Materials like books, tapes, CDs, tickets to meetings, websites) and 'Amway's' corporate officers' failure to prevent these abuses. According to the UK government's lawyers, 'Amway's' so-called 'business model' is 'inherently objectionable' in that it is contrary to UK legislation concerning lotteries and trading schemes designed to protect the public from criminal frauds. In support of these claims, documentary evidence was produced that revealed that 'Amway's' products were priced at such a high level in the UK that they were tantamount to being unsaleable on the open-market. In fact,less than 5% were being sold to genuine retail customers (i.e. persons not under contract to 'Amway UK Ltd;). Over 97% of 'Amway UK's' non-salaried commission agents (during the period 2005-2006) were shown to have been either receiving no payments from 'Amway' whatsoever, or operating at a loss.

Subsequently, 'Amway's' corporate officers announced a ban on the sale of books, tapes, CDs, tickets, etc., to meetings in UK that are not authorized and distributed by Amway. They further announced significant price reductions for a range of products, modifications to its compensation plan, and an indefinite moratorium on registration of new non-salaried commission agents in the UK. It would also initiate a thorough review of its business practices globally.[41][42]

The petition to have 'Amway UK Ltd.' wound up was dismissed, 14 May 2008, after the company's lawyers promised the High Court to maintain changes to the business model announced in 2007, and to publish statistics on the derisory average incomes and numbers of qualifiers at different levels within 'Amway'.[43][44]. BERR has lodged an appeal against the decision on the grounds that it broke legal precedent. Justice Norris refused an application by BERR to restrict Amway from resuming sponsorship activity whilst any appeal is pending and Amway has announced that sponsoring will resume on July 21, 2008.[45]

References

  1. ^ The History of Amway
  2. ^ Amway Business Opportunity - Global Growth
  3. ^ From www.alticor.com: The History of Amway
  4. ^ Michigan Department of Consumer & Industry Services: Restated Articles of Incorporation
  5. ^ a b From MLM Law Library: FTC Final Order from May 8, 1979 (93 F.T.C. 618).
  6. ^ Amway India homepage
  7. ^ "Pyramid Schemes"
  8. ^ Amway Corp. To Pay $100,000 Civil Penalty, Settling FTC Charges [1]
  9. ^ http://www.ftc.gov/os/annualreports/ar1986.pdf Federal Trade Commission 1986 Annual Report
  10. ^ "Amway of Canada Drops Tax Appeal". New York Times. REUTERS. February 7, 1984. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "Amway, Canada Reach Settlement In Customs Dispute". The Wall Street Journal. THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. September 25, 1989. Retrieved 2008-06-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Capitalism with Compassion, Religion and Liberty,Volume 4,Number 5
  13. ^ Foley v Luster
  14. ^ "Chinese officials ban direct marketing", April 22 1998 Associated Press, The Associated Press
  15. ^ "Once-barred Amway becomes booming business in China", Leslie Chang, March 12 2003, Wall Street Journal
  16. ^ "Amway, Mary Kay get long-awaited direct-selling licenses in China" Rob Kirkbride, December 24 2006, Kalamazoo Gazette
  17. ^ SC asks Andhra to finish Amway probe in 6mths
  18. ^ Amway marque to be revived; Quixtar label scrapped
  19. ^ http://www.alticor.com/pdf/alticor_timeline_05.pdf Alticor Timeline (PDF)
  20. ^ In-Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer Unveiled
  21. ^ http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,2079605,00.asp Startup Jump-Starts Wireless Power]
  22. ^ Vlasic, Bill (February 16, 1998). "Amway II: The Kids take over". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ From opensecrets.org: Progress for America - Top Contributors, 2004 Cycle
  24. ^ http://www.amway.com/en/General/faqs-10229.aspx#10213
  25. ^ "The Crusaders" Bob Moser, April 7 2005, Rolling Stone
  26. ^ Gospel Communications homepage
  27. ^ Burstein, Rachel (September/October 1996). "She Did It Amway". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Berkowitz, Bill (April 24, 2005). "Amway's GOPyramid Scheme". mediatransparency.org. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ State of Michigan, Department of State (2007-05-10). "2006 Michigan Gubernatorial General Election". Governor 4 Year Term (1) Position. Retrieved 2007-11-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Motavalli, Jim (April 1994). "'Multilevel' marketing goes green - Amway Corp. and Shaklee see profits from environmentally safe products - includes related article on 'green' networking". The Environmental Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Urban Legends Reference Pages: Procter and Gamble and Satanism Rumor
  32. ^ mp3 Dexter Yager at 1983 Pearl Club in Q/A session
  33. ^ 03-4234 - Procter & Gamble Co. V. Haugen - 10/19/2005
  34. ^ "Procter & Gamble Awarded $19.25 Million in Satanism Lawsuit". Fox News.com/AP. March 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ Kirdahy, Matthew (March 22, 2007). "The Devil Didn't Make Them Do It". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Amway analysis by Steven Hassan
  37. ^ Coercion Links
  38. ^ "Cult Help and Information - Amway". Cult Awareness & Information Centre. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
  39. ^ Amway Rick Ross Institute
  40. ^ Hansen, Chris (May 7, 2004). "In pursuit of the almighty dollar". Dateline NBC. NBC News. Retrieved 2007-07-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ OK, let’s talk UK, on Amway Media Blog [2]
  42. ^ You asked for it, on Amway Media Blog [3]
  43. ^ Amway Media Blog - A sufficient salutary lesson
  44. ^ BERR vs Amway UK - Final Order
  45. ^ BERR vs Amway UK - Appeal

See also

Books

  • Ain't It Great: A Look Inside Amway published September 1, 2001 by Authorhouse; ISBN 0-75962503-4
  • An Uncommon Freedom, the Amway Experience and Why It Grows published 1982 by Revell; ASIN B000HFJE1Y
  • American Victory: The Real Story of Today's Amway published April, 1997 by Chapel & Croft Publishing; ISBN 0-96451716-7
  • Amway: The Cult of Free Enterprise published December 1, 1985 by South End Press; ISBN 0-96487951-4
  • Amway: The True Story of the Company That Transformed the Lives of Millions published September 1, 1999 by Berkley Publishing Group; ISBN 0-42517040-3
  • Behind the Smoke and Mirrors: Amway Motivational Organizations published September 1, 1999 by Backstreet; ISBN 0-96710702-4
  • Commitment to excellence: The remarkable Amway story published 1986 by Benjamin; ISBN 0-875021360
  • Empire of Freedom: The Amway Story and What It Means to You published September 3,1997 by Prima Lifestyles; ISBN 0761510885
  • The Possible Dream: A Candid Look At Amway published 1977 by Revell; ISBN 0800708571
  • Promises to Keep: The Amway Phenomenon and How It Works published 1986 by Berkley Books; ISBN 0425098567
  • The Direct Selling Revolution: Understanding the Growth of the Amway Corporation published 1993 by WileyBlackwell; ISBN 978-0631192299

Documentaries

  • Profiles of the American Dream: Rich DeVos and Jay Van Andel and the Remarkable Beginnings of Amway 1997 by PREMIERE FILMS; ASIN: B000OK0YRA

Government documents

Profiles

Media articles

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