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==Early life==
==Early life==
Mellon was born in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] on March 24, 1855. His father was [[Thomas Mellon]], a banker and judge who was a [[Scotch-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] immigrant from [[County Tyrone]], [[Northern Ireland]]; his mother was Sarah Jane Negley Mellon. He also had a brother named [[Richard B. Mellon]]. He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania (now the [[University of Pittsburgh]]) and graduated in 1873.<ref name=cannadine>[[David Cannadine|Cannadine, David]]. ''Mellon: An American Life.'' New York: A.A. Knopf, 2006. pp. 48-49, 165, 349. ISBN 0-679-45032-7.</ref>
Mellon was born inside [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] on March 24, 1855. His father was [[Thomas Mellon]], a banker and judge who was a [[Scotch-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] immigrant from [[County Tyrone]], [[Northern Ireland]]; his mother was Sarah Jane Negley Mellon. He also had a brother named [[Richard B. Mellon]]. He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania (now the [[University of Pittsburgh]]) and graduated in 1873.<ref name=cannadine>[[David Cannadine|Cannadine, David]]. ''Mellon: An American Life.'' New York: A.A. Knopf, 2006. pp. 48-49, 165, 349. ISBN 0-679-45032-7.</ref>


==Financial prodigy==
==Financial prodigy==

Revision as of 18:27, 27 March 2014

Andrew Mellon
11th United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office
February 5, 1932 – March 20, 1933
PresidentHerbert Hoover
Preceded byCharles G. Dawes
Succeeded byRobert Worth Bingham
49th United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
March 9, 1921 – February 12, 1932
PresidentWarren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Preceded byDavid F. Houston
Succeeded byOgden L. Mills
Personal details
Born
Andrew William Mellon

(1855-03-24)March 24, 1855
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedAugust 26, 1937(1937-08-26) (aged 82)
Southampton, New York, U.S.
Resting placeTrinity Episcopal Church Cemetery
Upperville
Fauquier County, Virginia
Political partyRepublican
SpouseNora McMullen (1878–1973 m. 1900–1912 divorced)
RelationsRichard B. Mellon (1858–1933) (brother)
ChildrenPaul Mellon (1907–1999)
Ailsa Mellon Bruce (1901–1969)
Parent(s)Thomas Alexander Mellon (1813–1908)
Sarah Jane Negley (1817–1909)
Alma materWestern University of Pennsylvania (University of Pittsburgh)
ProfessionBanker, politician

Andrew William Mellon (/ˈmɛlən/; March 24, 1855 – August 26, 1937) was an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and United States Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 to February 12, 1932, from the prestigious Mellon family of Pennsylvania.

Early life

Mellon was born inside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 24, 1855. His father was Thomas Mellon, a banker and judge who was a Scots-Irish immigrant from County Tyrone, Northern Ireland; his mother was Sarah Jane Negley Mellon. He also had a brother named Richard B. Mellon. He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania (now the University of Pittsburgh) and graduated in 1873.[1]

Financial prodigy

Mellon demonstrated financial ability early in life. In 1872, he was set up in a lumber and coal business by his father and soon turned it into a profitable enterprise. He joined his father's banking firm, T. Mellon & Sons, in 1880 and two years later had ownership of the bank transferred to him. In 1889, Mellon helped organize the Union Trust Company and Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh. He also branched into industrial activities: oil, steel, shipbuilding, and construction. It has been reported that each day Mellon "had his hair trimmed in the anteroom outside his second-floor office, he would peer down into the marble lobby of the Pittsburgh bank his father had founded. When an important customer walked in, he would jump out of his chair, run down a flight of stairs and greet the visitor."[2]

Three areas where Mellon's backing created giant enterprises were aluminum, industrial abrasives ("carborundum"), and coke. Mellon financed Charles Martin Hall, whose refinery grew into the Aluminum Company of America. He became the partner of Edward Goodrich Acheson in manufacturing silicon carbide, a revolutionary abrasive, in the Carborundum Company. He created an entire industry through his help to Heinrich Koppers, inventor of coke ovens which transformed industrial waste into usable products such as coal-gas, coal-tar, and sulfur. He also was an early investor in New York Shipbuilding Corporation.[2]

Mellon eventually became one of the wealthiest people in the United States. In the mid-1920s, he was the third highest income tax payer in the US behind only John D. Rockefeller and Henry Ford.[1] During this period, while he served as Secretary of the U.S. Treasury Department, his wealth peaked at around $300–$400 million in 1929–30.

Mellon was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, whose earthen dam failed in May, 1889 and caused the Johnstown Flood. Mellon was a member of the Duquesne Club. Along with his closest friends Henry Clay Frick and Philander Knox, also South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members, Mellon served as a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce.[3]

Career

Fundraising

During World War I he participated in many fundraising activities for such as the American Red Cross, the National War Council of the Y.M.C.A., the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania State Council of National Defense, and the National Research Council of Washington.

Secretary of the Treasury

Andrew Mellon was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by new President Warren G. Harding in 1921. He served for ten years and eleven months; the third-longest tenure of a Secretary of the Treasury. His service continued through the Coolidge and Hoover administrations. Along with James Wilson and James J. Davis, he is one of only three Cabinet members to serve in the same post under three consecutive Presidents.

President Harding, in his inaugural address on March 4, 1921, called for a prompt and thorough revision of the tax system, an emergency tariff act, readjustment of war taxes, and creation of a federal budget system. These were policies Mellon wholeheartedly subscribed to, and his long experience as a banker qualified him to set about implementing these programs immediately. As a conservative Republican and a financier, Mellon was irritated by the manner in which the government's budget was maintained, with expenses due now and rising rapidly, with the failure of income or revenues to keep pace with those expense increases, and with the lack of savings.

In 1926 Mellon was involved in drafting the Mellon-Berenger Agreement to set the amount of French debts to the United States arising from loans during World War I and define the repayment schedule. The agreement was named after him and the French Ambassador Henry Bérenger who signed the agreement in April 1926 subject to ratification by the French parliament. The agreement greatly reduced the amount owing, but was felt to be as much as the French would be able to pay.[4]

Mellon was a key negotiator on Germany's war debt, even traveling to Paris in the summer of 1931 to conduct talks on it. He referred to fears that Germany may strike out against its debt plight with: "everything will work out all right".[5]

Mellon plan

Mellon came into office with a goal of reducing the huge federal debt from World War I. To do this, he needed to increase the federal revenue and cut spending. He believed that if the tax rates were too high, then the people would try to avoid paying them. He observed that as tax rates had increased during the first part of the 20th century, investors moved to avoid the highest rates—by choosing tax-free municipal bonds, for instance. As Mellon wrote in 1924:[6]

The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid. The high rates inevitably put pressure upon the taxpayer to withdraw his capital from productive business.

If the rates were set more reasonably, taxpayers would have less incentive to avoid paying. His theory was that by lowering the tax rates across the board, he could increase the overall tax revenue. This is similar to the Laffer curve.

Andrew Mellon's plan had four main points:

  1. Cut the top income tax rate from 77 to 24 percent – predicting that large fortunes would be put back into the economy.
  2. Cut taxes on low incomes from 4 to 1/2 percent – tax policy "must lessen, so far as possible, the burden of taxation on those least able to bear it."
  3. Reduce the Federal Estate tax – large income taxes tempted the wealthy to shift their fortunes into tax-exempt shelters.
  4. Efficiency in government – lower tax rates meant few tax returns to process by few government workers; cutting the actual size of paper bills to fit into wallets saved expenses in paper and ink.

Mellon believed that the income tax should remain progressive, but with lower rates than those enacted during World War I. He thought that the top income earners would only willingly pay their taxes if rates were 25% or lower. Mellon proposed tax rate cuts, which Congress enacted in the Revenue Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1926. The top marginal tax rate was cut from 73% to 58% in 1922, 50% in 1923, 46% in 1924, 25% in 1925, and 24% in 1929. Rates in lower brackets were also cut substantially, relieving burdens on the middle-class, working-class, and poor households.

By 1926 65% of the income tax revenue came from incomes $300,000 and higher, when five years prior, less than 20% did. During this same period, the overall tax burden on those that earned less than $10,000 dropped from $155 million to $32.5 million.[7]

Mellon also championed preferential treatment for "earned" income relative to "unearned" income. As he argued in his 1924 book, Taxation: The People's Business[8]

The fairness of taxing more lightly incomes from wages, salaries and professional services than the incomes from business or from investments is beyond question. In the first case, the income is uncertain and limited in duration; sickness or death destroys it and old age diminishes it. In the other, the source of the income continues; the income may be disposed of during a man's life and it descends to his heirs. Surely we can afford to make a distinction between the people whose only capital is their mental and physical energy, and the people whose income is derived from investments. Such a distinction would mean much to millions of American workers and would be an added inspiration to the man who must provide a competence during his few productive years to care for himself and his family when his earning capacity is at an end.[9]

Mellon's policies helped reduce the overall public debt (the national debt skyrocketed from $1.5 billion in 1916 to $24 billion in 1919 because of World War I obligations) from $33 billion in 1919 to about $16 billion in 1929,[10] but then the Depression caused it to rise again because of reduced revenue and increasing spending. The top tax rate went to 80% by 1935 and the federal government increased excise taxes in an attempt to make up for the lost revenue.[7]

Great Depression

Mellon on US stamp

Mellon became unpopular with the onset of the Great Depression. He advised President Herbert Hoover to "liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate farmers, liquidate real estate... it will purge the rottenness out of the system. High costs of living and high living will come down. People will work harder, live a more moral life. Values will be adjusted, and enterprising people will pick up from less competent people," but Hoover disregarded his advice and intervened in the market, resulting in a full blown depression. [11] Additionally, he advocated weeding out "weak" banks as a harsh but necessary prerequisite to the recovery of the banking system. This "weeding out" was accomplished through refusing to lend cash to banks (taking loans and other investments as collateral), and by refusing to put more cash in circulation. He advocated spending cuts to keep the federal budget balanced, and opposed fiscal stimulus measures. In 1929–31, he spent much of the time overseas, negotiating for repayment of European war debts from World War I. In 1928 Mellon issued a denial to allegations made by a speaker for the Democratic Party in North Carolina that he held an interest in a liquor distillery, and that he was the largest distiller in the world prior to Prohibition. In a letter written to the Republican executive committee of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, Mellon admits having stock in a distillery, but that he had disposed of all interest in the company prior to becoming Secretary of the Treasury.[12]

Impeachment proceedings

In January 1932, 25,000 jobless men from Pennsylvania (Cox's Army) marched to Washington to petition Congress and Hoover to start a job program. Hoover, fearing Communist agitation, ordered an investigation. The investigation discovered that the march was financed by Mellon. Mellon's motives may be difficult to understand, but the action undermined Hoover's faith in his Treasury Secretary. This, coupled with the impeachment hearing (below) led to Mellon's resignation.[13]

In January 1932, Rep. Wright Patman (D-TX), an F.D.R. New Deal supporter, and others introduced articles of impeachment against Mellon,[14] with hearings before the House Judiciary Committee at the end of that month.[15] After the hearings were over, but before the scheduled vote on whether to report the articles to the full House, Mellon accepted an appointment to the post of Ambassador to the Court of St. James and resigned as Treasury secretary in February. He served for one year as ambassador and then retired to private life. Representative Louis Thomas McFadden (R-PA) invoked Mellon's appointment while an impeachment was pending in his subsequent attempt to impeach President Hoover.[clarification needed]

Personal life

In 1900, Mellon, then 45 years old, married Nora Mary McMullen (1879–1973), a 20-year-old Englishwoman who was the daughter of Alexander P. McMullen, a major shareholder of the Guinness Brewing Co. They had two children, Ailsa, born in 1901, and Paul, born in 1907. Their marriage ended in a bitter divorce in 1912, which was granted on grounds of Nora Mellon's desertion and her adultery with Capt. George Alfred Curphey, an English soldier, and other men. Mellon did not remarry, though in 1923, his former wife married Harvey Arthur Lee, a British-born antiques dealer 14 years her junior.[16] Two years after the Lees' divorce in 1928, Nora Lee resumed the surname Mellon, at the request of her son, Paul.[17]

Philanthropy

Mellon Institute of Industrial Research

In 1913, along with his brother, Richard B. Mellon, he established a memorial for his father, the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, as a department of the University of Pittsburgh. Today the institute is a part of Carnegie Mellon University. Mellon also served as an alumni president[18] and trustee[19] of the University of Pittsburgh, and made several major donations to the school, including the land on which the Cathedral of Learning and Heinz Chapel were constructed.[20] In total it is estimated that Mellon donated over $43 million to the University of Pittsburgh.[21]

During his retirement years, as he had done in earlier years, Mellon was an active philanthropist, and gave generously of his private fortune to support art and research causes. In 1937, he donated his substantial art collection, collected at a cost of $25 million and valued at $40 million, plus $10 million for construction,[22] to establish the National Gallery of Art on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The Gallery was authorized in 1937 by Congress.

Washington, D.C.'s Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium and Andrew Mellon Building were both named in Mellon's honor as was the National Gallery of Art during its early years.

Andrew Mellon was made a Freemason in 1928, and raised in 1931.

The Mellon tax trial

The administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt subjected Mellon to intense investigation of his personal income tax returns. The US Justice Department empaneled a grand jury, which declined to issue an indictment. Roosevelt hated Mellon, as the embodiment of everything he thought was bad about the 1920s; Mellon vehemently denied the charges. A two-year civil action beginning in 1935, dubbed the "Mellon Tax Trial", eventually exonerated Mellon, albeit several months after his death.

Death

Mellon died on August 26, 1937, in Southampton, Long Island, New York, and was buried at Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery, Upperville, Virginia.

Legacy

The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the product of the merger of the Avalon Foundation and the Old Dominion Foundation (set up separately by his children), is named in his honor, as is the 378-foot US Coast Guard Cutter Mellon (WHEC-717).

Books

  • Mellon, Andrew W., Taxation: The People's Business

Andrew W. Mellon appears in the HBO drama series Boardwalk Empire, in the fifth, eighth and twelfth episodes of the third season, in his capacity as Secretary of the Treasury. His character is played by Carnegie Mellon alum James Cromwell.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Cannadine, David. Mellon: An American Life. New York: A.A. Knopf, 2006. pp. 48-49, 165, 349. ISBN 0-679-45032-7.
  2. ^ a b Bennett, Robert A. "Mellon Bank stumbles over merger." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 11, 1986. pp 17, 19. Google News Archives. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  3. ^ Ingham, John N. Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Vol. 2. ISBN 0313239088. Google Books. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  4. ^ Love, Philip H. (2003-06-01). Andrew W. Mellon: The Man and His Work. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 136–136. ISBN 978-0-7661-6111-5. Retrieved 2013-07-12. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  5. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0LdRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OmkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3738%2C2577118
  6. ^ Mellon, Andrew W. (1924). Taxation: The People's Business. New York: Macmillan. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-405-05101-2.
  7. ^ a b Folsom, Burton W. Jr. (1987). The Myth of the Robber Barons. Young America's Foundation. ISBN 978-0-9630203-1-4.
  8. ^ Thorndike, Joseph J. (24 Mar 2003). "Was Andrew Mellon Really the Supply Sider That Conservatives Like to Believe?". Tax History Project.
  9. ^ Mellon, Andrew W. (1924). Taxation: The People's Business. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 56–57. Retrieved 5 January 2014. {{cite book}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help)
  10. ^ Government Debt Chart: United States 1920-1930 - Federal State Local Data. www.usgovernmentdebt.us. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
  11. ^ Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Volume 3: The Great Depreesion. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. www.hoover.nara.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  12. ^ "Mellon Denies Liquor Interests." The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg, Virginia), September 27, 1928. Google News Archives. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  13. ^ Dailey, Ruth Ann (March 26, 2012). "The Mystery of Mellon's Motive". Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh. and Barcousky, Len (January 8, 2012). "Eyewitness 1932: Pittsburgh minister leads 'army' to D.C." Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh.
  14. ^ "Wright Patman Impeachment motion - Andrew Mellon." Congressional Record - House, 1932, pp.1398–1401. www.scribd.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  15. ^ "National Affairs: Texan, Texan & Texan". TIME. 25 Jan 1932. www.time.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  16. ^ "Milestones: Jun. 11, 1928". TIME. 11 June 1928. www.time.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  17. ^ "Names make news". TIME. August 18, 1930. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  18. ^ The 1937 Owl. University of Pittsburgh. 1937. p. 32. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  19. ^ Alberts, Robert C. (1986). Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  20. ^ Starrett, Agnes Lynch (1937). Through one hundred and fifty years: the University of Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 256. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  21. ^ Alberts, Robert C. (1986). Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  22. ^ Laurent, Stefan. "Historic Pittsburgh Chronology". Historic Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 17 September 2013.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew W. Mellon.
Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about "Andrew W. Mellon".
Political offices

Template:U.S. Secretary box

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by US Ambassador to the United Kingdom
1932–1933 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time Magazine
2 July 1923 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Cover of Time Magazine
28 May 1928 		Succeeded by

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