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Antifa (United States)

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This article is about the U.S. political movement. For other groups with similar names in other languages, see Antifa.
An Antifa sticker on a No Parking sign in Duluth, Minnesota.

Antifa (English: /ænˈtiːfə/ or /ˈæntiˌfɑː/)[1] is a militant[2] political movement of autonomous, self-styled anti-fascist groups.[3][4][5] The salient feature of Antifa is its opposition to fascism by direct action.[2] Antifa groups are known for their militant protest tactics, including property damage and physical violence.[6][7][8][9][3] They tend to be anti-government and anti-capitalist,[10] and they are predominantly far left and militant left,[11][2] including anarchists, communists and socialists.[12][13][14][15] They focus on fighting far-right and white supremacist ideologies directly, rather than on encouraging pro-left policy.[2]

Antifa has its roots in Anti-Fascist Action, a name used by European political movements in the 1920s and 1930s who battled fascists in the streets of Germany, Italy, and Spain.[11][16][17] Decades later, in response to the prominence of neo-Nazism after the fall of the Berlin Wall, antifascist demonstrators began to rise again in Germany.[11] Peter Beinart writes that "in the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups Anti-Racist Action, on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism."[11]

History

Further information: Antifa movements

Militant anti-fascism dates back to the 1920s: anti-fascists were involved in battles against Benito Mussolini's Blackshirts, Adolf Hitler's Brownshirts, Francisco Franco's nationalist army, Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, and American pro-Nazi organizations such as the Friends of New Germany.[18] Although there is no organizational connection, the lineage of Antifa in America can be traced to Weimar Germany,[19] where the first group described as Antifa was Antifaschistische Aktion, formed in 1932 with the involvement of the Communist Party of Germany.[20] Antifaschistische Aktion's two-flag logo, as well as the three arrow anti-fascist circle used by the Social Democratic led Iron Front (which was formed in 1931 by Social Democrats), is the most commonly used symbol of contemporary US antifa.[21]

Anti-Racist Action (ARA), which came from the punk and skinhead scene of the late 1980s,[22][11] is the direct precursor of many if not most contemporary US antifa groups. Other antifa groups in the US have other genealogies. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, a group called the Baldies formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly.[10]

Activities

A German text Antifa sticker on the representation of her diary at the Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial in Boise, Idaho.

The Antifa movement is composed of autonomous groups, and thus has no formal organization.[11][23] Antifa groups either form loose support networks, such as NYC Antifa, or operate independently.[24] Activists typically organize protests via social media and through websites and email lists.[11][23] According to Salon it is an organizing strategy, not a group of people.[25] While its membership numbers cannot be estimated accurately, the movement has grown since the election of Donald Trump; approximately 200 groups currently exist in the US, of varying sizes and levels of engagement.[19] In a CNN interview, a member of Rose City Antifa (a group based in Portland, Oregon) said that "People in our group come from across the left sector, we have people who are anarchists, we have people who are socialists, we even have people who are liberals or social democrats."[26]

Although Antifa activists engage in mutual aid, such as disaster response in the case of Hurricane Harvey,[27][28] the groups have been associated with physical violence in public against police[29] and against people whose political views its members deem repugnant,[30][31] as well as a willingness to merely engage in a show of force if need be. (In this regard, a manual posted on It's Going Down, an anarchist website, warns against accepting "people who just want to fight". It furthermore notes that "physically confronting and defending against fascists is a necessary part of anti-fascist work, but is not the only or even necessarily the most important part.") [32]

According to Peter Beinart, Antifa activists "combat white supremacism not by trying to change government policy but through direct action. They try to publicly identify white supremacists and get them fired from their jobs and evicted from their apartments", in addition to "disrupt(ing) white-supremacist rallies, including by force".[33]

Notable street protests and violence

Antifa groups, along with black bloc activists, were among those who protested the 2016 election of Donald Trump.[11][34] They also participated in the February 2017 Berkeley protests against alt-right[35][36][37][38] speaker Milo Yiannopoulos, where they gained mainstream attention,[23] with media reporting them "throwing Molotov cocktails and smashing windows"[3] and causing $100,000 worth of damage.[39]

In April 2017, two groups described as "anti-fascist/anarchist", including the socialist/environmentalist Direct Action Alliance, threatened to disrupt the 82nd Avenue of Roses Parade after hearing the Multnomah County Republican Party would participate. The parade organizers also received an anonymous email, saying, "You have seen how much power we have downtown and that the police cannot stop us from shutting down roads so please consider your decision wisely". The two groups denied having anything to do with the email. The parade was ultimately canceled by the organizers due to safety concerns.[40][41]

On June 15, 2017, Antifa members joined protestors at Evergreen State College to oppose Patriot Prayer's event. Patriot Prayer was supporting biology professor Bret Weinstein who became the central figure in a controversy after he criticized changes to one of the college's events. In addition to the peaceful Antifa members who held up a "community love" sign, USA Today reported that one slashed the tires of conservative activist Joey Gibson and another was subdued by police after being seen with a knife.[42]

Antifa counter-protesters at the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia in August 2017 "certainly used clubs and dyed liquids against the white supremacists".[43]

Journalist Adele Stan interviewed an Antifa protester at the rally who said that the sticks carried by Antifa protesters are a justifiable countermeasure to the fact that "the right has a goon squad."[44] Some Antifa participants at the Charlottesville rally chanted that counter-protesters should "punch a Nazi in the mouth."[45] Antifa participants also protected Cornel West and various clergy from attack by white supremacists. West stated he felt that Antifa had "saved his life";[46][47]

Another religious leader stated that Antifa activists defended the First United Methodist Church, where the Charlottesville Clergy Collective provided refreshments, music and training to the counter-protesters, and "chased (the white supremacists) off with sticks".[46][48]

Groups that had been preparing to protest the Boston Free Speech Rally saw their plans become viral following the violence in Charlottesville. The event drew a largely peaceful crowd of 40,000 counter-protestors. McKay Coppins in The Atlantic stated that the 33 people arrested for violent incidents were "mostly egged on by the minority of 'antifa' agitators in the crowd".[49] President Trump described the protestors outside his August 2017 rally in Phoenix, Arizona as Antifa.[50]

During a Berkeley protest on August 27, 2017, an estimated one hundred Antifa protesters joined a crowd of 2,000–4,000 counter-protesters to attack a reported "handful" of alt-right demonstrators and Trump supporters who showed up for a "Say No to Marxism" rally that had been cancelled by organizers due to security concerns. Some Antifa activists beat and kicked unarmed demonstrators, and threatened to smash the cameras of journalists.[39][51] Jesse Arreguin, the mayor of Berkeley, suggested classifying the city's Antifa as a gang.[52]

The group Patriot Prayer cancelled an event in San Francisco the same day, following counter protests; Joey Gibson, the founder of Patriots Prayer blamed Antifa, along with By Any Means Necessary, for breaking up the event.[53]

Approaches

According to National Public Radio, "People who speak for the Antifa movement acknowledge they sometimes carry clubs and sticks", and their "approach is confrontational".[45] CNN describes Antifa as "known for causing damage to property during protests".[3] Scott Crow, described by CNN as "a longtime Antifa organizer", argues that destroying property is not a form of violence.[3]

According to Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at the California State University, San Bernardino, Antifa activists participate in violent actions because "they believe that elites are controlling the government and the media. So they need to make a statement head-on against the people who they regard as racist."[3] According to Mark Bray, a lecturer at Dartmouth's Gender Research Institute and author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, its adherents are mostly socialists, anarchists, and communists who "reject turning to the police or the state to halt the advance of white supremacy. Instead they advocate popular opposition to fascism as we witnessed in Charlottesville."[54] In reviewing the aforementioned book, Carlos Lozada stated that Antifa groups don't respect free speech. According to Bray, infringing free speech "is justified for its role in the political struggle against fascism".[55]

According to Scott Crow, Antifa is based on the idea of direct action: "The idea in Antifa is that we go where they (right-wingers) go. That hate speech is not free speech. That if you are endangering people with what you say and the actions that are behind them, then you do not have the right to do that. And so we go to cause conflict, to shut them down where they are, because we don't believe that Nazis or fascists of any stripe should have a mouthpiece."[3]

In June 2017 Antifa was linked to anarchist extremism by the New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness.[56] In September 2017 an article in Politico stated that Politico had obtained confidential documents and interviews indicating that in April 2016, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) believed that "anarchist extremists" were the primary instigators of violence at public rallies against a range of targets. The Department of Homeland Security was said to have classified their activities as domestic terrorism. Politico interviewed law enforcement officials, who noted a rise in activity since the beginning of the Trump administration, and particularly a rise in recruitment (and on the part of the far right as well) since Charlottesville. FBI and DHS reports have acknowledged an inability to penetrate the groups' "diffuse and decentralized organizational structure".[57]

Response

Mainstream

Antifa actions have been subject to criticism from Republicans, Democrats and political commentators in the U.S. media.[58][59][60] House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi condemned the violence of Antifa in Berkeley on August 29, 2017.[61] Conservative talk show host and Fox News contributor Laura Ingraham suggested labeling Antifa as a terrorist organization.[62] Trevor Noah, host of the popular late-night television program The Daily Show referred to Antifa as "Vegan ISIS".[63] Several Antifa protesters have been arrested for property damage, assault with a deadly weapon as well as for other charges.[64][65]

White House petition

In August 2017, a petition requesting that Antifa be classified by the Pentagon as a terrorist organization was launched on the White House petitioning system We the People. It gathered more than 100,000 signatures in three days, and therefore under policy set by the Obama administration would have received an official review and response from the White House; at over 300,000 signatures, by late August it was the third most-signed submission posted.[66] However, the precedent set by the Obama administration of issuing formal responses to petitions which exceed the 100,000 signature threshold has not been continued by the Trump administration, which has not responded to any petitions on the site.[67] The originator of the Antifa petition, who goes by the pseudonym Microchip, remarked to Politico that getting conservatives to share and discuss the petition was the entire point, rather than prompting any concrete action by the government.[68]

Twitter spoofing

In August 2017, a #PunchWhiteWomen photo hoax campaign was started by members of the alt-right in an attempt to discredit Antifa.[69] In August 2017, the image of British actress Anna Friel portraying a battered woman in a 2007 Women's Aid anti-domestic violence campaign was re-purposed using fake Antifa Twitter accounts organized by way of 4chan, which was discovered after an investigation by Bellingcat researcher Eliot Higgins. The image is captioned "53% of white women voted for Trump, 53% of white women should look like this" and includes an Antifa flag. Another image featuring an injured woman is captioned "She chose to be a Nazi. Choices have consequences", and includes the hashtag #PunchANazi. Eliot Higgins remarked to the BBC that "This was a transparent and quite pathetic attempt, but I wouldn't be surprised if white nationalist groups try to mount more sophisticated attacks in the future".[70]

A report by ProPublica said that both overtly and covertly pro-Russian social media accounts were found using the hashtag #antifa in reference to the events and aftermath of the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.[71] Nafeesa Syeed of Bloomberg reported that "The most-tweeted link in the Russian-linked network followed by the researchers was a petition to declare Antifa a terrorist group."[72]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c d Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Seurth, Jessica (August 14, 2017). "What is Antifa?". CNN. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  4. ^ Savage, Charlie (August 16, 2017). "Justice Dept. Demands Data on Visitors to Anti-Trump Website, Sparking Fight". New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  5. ^ "Neo-Nazis Face a New Foe Online and IRL: the Far-Left Antifa". Wired. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ "Is Antifa good for American society?". The Perspective. August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  7. ^ Steakin, William (May 4, 2017). "What is Antifa? Controversial far-left group defends use of violence". AOL.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  9. ^ "Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising?". NPR.org. June 16, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ a b "What is Antifa?". The Economist. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Beinhart, Peter. "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
  12. ^ Thomas Fuller, Alan Feuer and Serge F. Kovaleski (August 17, 2017). 'Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right. The New York Times. Retrieved: September 10, 2017. "the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists."
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  15. ^ Lizzie Johnson, Erin Allday, Michael Cabanatuan and Nanette Asimov (August 28, 2017). Masked anarchists violently rout right-wing demonstrators in Berkeley. SFGate. Retrieved: September 4, 2017.
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  18. ^ Three out on Bail As Aftermath of Nazi Brawl in Milwaukee, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 27, 1934
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  71. ^ Arnsdorf, Isaac (August 28, 2017). "Pro-Russian Bots Take Up the Right-Wing Cause After Charlottesville". ProPublica. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  72. ^ Nafeesa Syeed "[1]" Bloomberg Politics September 1, 2017

Further reading

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