Archaeogenetics

Archaeogenetics, a term coined by British archaeologist and paleolinguist Colin Renfrew, refers to the application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past. This can involve:

• the analysis of DNA recovered from archaeological remains, i.e. ancient DNA;
• the analysis of DNA from modern populations (including humans and domestic plant and animal species) in order to study human past and the genetic legacy of human interaction with the biosphere; and
• the application of statistical methods developed by molecular geneticists to archaeological data.

History

Archaeogenetics has its origins in the study of human blood groups and the realisation that this classical genetic marker provides information about the relationships between linguistic and ethnic groupings. Early work in this field included that of Ludwik and Hanka Hirszfeld, William Boyd and Arthur Mourant. From the 1960s onwards, Luca Cavalli-Sforza used classical genetic markers to examine the prehistoric population of Europe, culminating in the publication of The History and Geography of Human Genes in 1994.

Since then, the genetic history of all of our major domestic plants (e.g., wheat, rice, maize) and animals (e.g., cattle, goats, pigs, horses) has been analysed. Models for the timing and biogeography of their domestication and subsequent husbandry have been put forward, mainly based on mitochondrial DNA variation, though other markers are currently being analysed to supplement the genetic narrative (e.g., the Y chromosome for describing the history of the male lineage).

The same expression was also used by Antonio Amorim (1999) and defined as: getting and interpreting [genetic] evidence of human history. A similar concept (even in a more ambitious form, as it included the recreation of inferred extinct states) has been developed in the pre-DNA era by Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl (1963).

Archaeogenetics can shed light on the origins and geographical spread of prehistoric languages, as well as assist archaeologists in answering questions regarding the influence of population growth in the archaeological record. In a recent study, results of the examination of mtDNA of modern populations of South Asia, East Asia and Oceania found a large expansion in population growth before the advent of microlith technology. A molecular clock was used to measure a jump in population growth dating to 38-28 ka. The proliferation of microlith technology followed soon after from 35–30 ka to the Holocene. While studies like this cannot offer a single cause for microlith technology, it does give archaeologists a window into the past that is otherwise unavailable.

See also

• Alu sequence
• Human evolution
• Timeline of human evolution
• Genetic genealogy
• Genealogical DNA testing
• Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups
• List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
• Race and genetics
• Molecular paleontology
• Paleogenetics

• Archaeogenetics of the Near East
• Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
• Genetic history of Africa
• Genetic history of Europe
• Genetic history of Italy
• Genetic history of North Africa
• Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
• Genetic history of the British Isles
• Homininae

References

Sources

• Amorim, Antonio (1999). "Archaeogenetics". Journal of Iberian Archaeology. 1: 15–25. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cann, Rebecca L.; Stoneking, Mark; Wilson, Allan C. (1 January 1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution". Nature. 325: 31–36. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69-108750-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Forster, Peter; Renfrew, Colin, eds. (2006). Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 978-1-902937-33-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gray, Russel D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003). "Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin". Nature. 426: 435–439. doi:10.1038/nature02029. PMID 14647380. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2008). "Genetic Landscape of the People of India: A Canvas for Disease Gene Exploration" (PDF). Journal of Genetics. 87 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1007/s12041-008-0002-x. PMID 18560169. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pauling, Linus; Zuckerkandl, Emile (1963). "Chemical Paleogenetics: Molecular Restoration Studies of Extinct Forms of Life" (PDF). Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 17 (Supplement 1): 9–16. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.17s-0009. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Petraglia, M. (2009). "Population Increase and Environmental Deterioration Correspond with Microlithic Innovations in South Asia ca. 35,000 Years Ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (30): 12261–12266. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810842106. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Renfrew, Colin; Boyle, Katherine V., eds. (2000). Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 978-1-90-293708-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• Molecular Genetics Laboratory, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research