Minor-planet moon

An asteroid moon is an asteroid that orbits another asteroid as its natural satellite. It is thought that many asteroids may possess moons, in some cases quite substantial in size. Discoveries of asteroid moons (and binary objects, in general) are important because the determination of their orbits provides estimates on the mass and density of the primary, allowing insights of their physical properties that is generally not otherwise possible.

The moons of Trans-Neptunian objects will also be covered in this article.

Terminology

In addition to the terms satellite and moon, the term binary is sometimes used for asteroids with moons (or triple for asteroids with two moons). If one object is much bigger it is usually referred to as the primary and its companion as secondary. The term double asteroid is sometimes used for systems in which the asteroid and its moon are roughly the same size, while binary tends to be used independently from the relative sizes of the components.

Discovery milestones

As early as 1978, following a stellar occultation, 532 Herculina had been suggested to have a moon and there were reports of other asteroids having companions (usually referred to as satellites) in the following years. A letter in Sky & Telescope magazine at this time pointed to pairs of large craters (e.g. the Clearwater Lakes in Quebec) also suggesting asteroids having companions. However, it was not until until 1993 that the first asteroid moon was confirmed when the Galileo probe discovered Dactyl orbiting 243 Ida. The second was discovered around 45 Eugenia in 1998. The first Trans-Neptunian binary, 1998 WW31 was optically resolved in 2002.^[1]

As of September 2008^[update], 104 asteroid moons had been discovered, 60 in the main belt, 2 orbiting Trojan asteroids, 42 near-Earth objects and Mars-crossers. There were at that time also 58 Trans-Neptunian moons. In 2005, the asteroid 87 Sylvia was discovered to have two moons, making it the first known triple asteroid. This was followed by the discovery of a second moon orbiting 45 Eugenia. Also in 2005, the KBO Haumea was discovered to have two moons, making it the second KBO after Pluto known to have more than one moon.^[2]

An example of a double asteroid is 90 Antiope, where two roughly equal-sized components orbit the common centre of gravity. 617 Patroclus and its same-sized companion Menoetius is the only known binary system in the Trojan population.

Commonality

The data about the populations of binary objects are still patchy. In addition to the inevitable observational bias (dependence on the distance from Earth, size, albedo and separation of the components) the frequency appears to be different among different categories of objects. Among asteroids, an estimated 2% would have satellites. Among trans-Neptunian objects (TNO), an estimated 11% are believed to be binary or multiple objects, but three of the four known large TNO (75%) have at least one satellite.

More than 20 binaries are known in each of the main groupings: Near Earth asteroids, Main belt asteroids, and Trans-Neptunians, not including numerous claims based solely on the light curve variation. No binaries have been found so far among Centaurs,^[3] presumably due to the much smaller number and relative faintness of these objects.

Origin

The origin of asteroid moons is not currently known with certainty, and a variety of theories exist. A widely accepted theory is that asteroid moons are formed from debris knocked off of the primary asteroid by an impact. Other pairings may be formed when a small object is captured by the gravity of a larger one.

Formation by collision is constrained by the angular momentum of components i.e. by the masses and their separation. Close binaries fit this model (e.g. Pluto/Charon). Distant binaries however, with components of comparable size, are unlikely to have followed this scenario, unless considerable mass has been lost in the event.

The distances of the components for the known binaries vary from a few hundreds of kilometres (243 Ida, 3749 Balam) to more than 3000 km (379 Huenna) for the asteroids. Among TNOs, the known separations vary from 3,000 to 50,000 km.^[3]

Populations

What is "typical" for a binary asteroid system tends to depend on its location in the Solar System (presumably because of different modes of origin and lifetimes of such systems in different populations of minor planets).^[4]

Among Near-Earth Asteroids, satellites tend to orbit at distances of the order of 3-7 primary radii, and have diameters two to several times smaller than the primary. Since these binaries are all inner-planet crossers, it is thought that tidal stresses that occurred when the parent object passed close to a planet may be responsible for the formation of many of them, although collisions are thought to also be a factor in the creation of these satellites.
Among main belt asteroids, the satellites are usually much smaller than the primary (a notable exception being 90 Antiope), and orbit around 10 primary radii away. Many of the binary systems here are members of asteroid families, and a good proportion of satellites are expected to be fragments of a parent body whose disruption after an asteroid collision produced both the primary and satellite.
Among Trans-Neptunian Objects, it is common for the two orbiting components to be of comparable size, and for the semi-major axis of their orbits to be much larger − about 100 to 1000 primary radii. A significant proportion of these binaries are expected to be primordial.

Notable asteroids and TNOs with moons

Name of primary	Orbital type	Diameter of primary (km) (dimensions)	Name of moon	Diameter of moon (km) (dimensions)	Distance between pair (km)
Asteroids
22 Kalliope	main belt	(215×180×150)	Linus	38 ± 6	1 065 ± 8
45 Eugenia		214.6 ± 4.2 (305×220×145)	Petit-Prince	12.7 ± 0.8	1 184 ± 12
87 Sylvia		(385×265×230)	Remus (Sylvia II)	7 ± 2	706 ± 5
87 Sylvia		(385×265×230)	Romulus (Sylvia I)	18 ± 4	1 356 ± 5
90 Antiope		110 ± 16	S/2000 (90) 1	110 ± 16	170 ± 1
121 Hermione		(254×125)	S/2002 (121) 1	12 ± 4	768 ± 11
243 Ida		(59.8×25.4×18.6)	Dactyl	(1.6 × 1.4 × 1.2)	108
283 Emma		148.1 ± 4.6	S/2003 (283) 1	12	596 ± 3
617 Patroclus	Jupiter trojan	121.8 ± 3.2	Menoetius	112.6 ± 3.2	685 ± 40
762 Pulcova	main belt	137.1 ± 3.2	S/2000 (762) 1	20	810
1313 Berna	main belt	11	S/2004 (1313) 1	11	35
Trans-Neptunian objects
(47171) 1999 TC36	plutino	350-470	S/2001 (47171) 1	142 ±23	7 640 ± 460
58534 Logos	cubewano	80	Zoe	66	8 010 ± 80
65489 Ceto	SDO	193?	Phorcys^[5]	146?	1 842 ± 46
66652 Borasisi	TNO	166?	Pabu^[6]	137?	4 660 ± 170
(79360) 1997 CS29	cubewano	305	S/2005 (79360) 1	292	2300
(82075) 2000 YW134	SDO	431	S/2005 (82075) 1	237	1900
Pluto	plutino	2306 ± 20	Charon (Pluto I)	1207 ± 3	19 571 ± 4
			Nix (Pluto II)	44-130	48 675 ± 120
			Hydra (Pluto III)	44-130	64 780 ± 90
Haumea	cubewano	1400	Hiʻiaka (Haumea I)	310	49 500 ± 400
Haumea	cubewano	1400	Namaka (Haumea II)	170	39 300
Eris	SDO	2400 ± 100	Dysnomia	300-400	30 000-36 000
1998 WW31	cubewano	133 ± 15	S/2000 (1998 WW₃₁) 1	110 ± 12	22 300 ± 800
2001 QG298	plutino	260×205×185	S/2002 (2001 QG₂₉₈) 1	265×160×150	400
Quaoar	cubewano	1260 ± 190 km	Weywot (provisional)	95 ± 24	(11,000 km separation)
Orcus	plutino	946 ⁺⁷⁴ ₋₇₂ km	(90482) Orcus I	(262 ± 170 km)	(8,700 km separation)

References

^ Chiang, E.; Lithwick, Y.; Buie, M.; Grundy, W.; Holman, M.; A Brief History of Trans-Neptunian Space, to appear in Protostars and Planets V (August 2006) Final preprint on arXiv
^ [http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html
^ ^a ^b Noll, Keith S. "Solar System binaries", Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Proceedings of the 229th Symposium of the IAU, Rio de Janeiro, 2005, Cambridge University Press, 2006., pp.301-318 Preprint
^ "T. Michałowski; et al. (2004). "Eclipsing binary asteroid 90 Antiope". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 423: 1159. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ Discovered April 11, 2006 by K. Noll, H. Levison, W. Grundy and D. Stephens using the Hubble Space Telescope
^ Discovered 8 September 1999 by Chadwick A. Trujillo, Jane X. Luu, and David C. Jewitt from Mauna Kea, HI, USA

External links

[Chiang2006-1] Chiang, E.; Lithwick, Y.; Buie, M.; Grundy, W.; Holman, M.; A Brief History of Trans-Neptunian Space, to appear in Protostars and Planets V (August 2006) Final preprint on arXiv

[2] [http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html

[Noll2005-3] Noll, Keith S. "Solar System binaries", Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Proceedings of the 229th Symposium of the IAU, Rio de Janeiro, 2005, Cambridge University Press, 2006., pp.301-318 Preprint

[MicBarVel04-4] "T. Michałowski; et al. (2004). "Eclipsing binary asteroid 90 Antiope". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 423: 1159. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[5] Discovered April 11, 2006 by K. Noll, H. Levison, W. Grundy and D. Stephens using the Hubble Space Telescope

[6] Discovered 8 September 1999 by Chadwick A. Trujillo, Jane X. Luu, and David C. Jewitt from Mauna Kea, HI, USA

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v t e Natural satellites of the Solar System
Planetary satellites of	Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Dwarf planet satellites of	Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris
Minor-planet moons	Near-Earth Florence Didymos Dimorphos Moshup Squannit 1994 CC 2001 SN₂₆₃ Main belt Kalliope Linus Euphrosyne Daphne Peneius Eugenia Petit-Prince Sylvia Romulus Remus Minerva Aegis Gorgoneion Camilla Elektra Kleopatra Alexhelios Cleoselene Ida Dactyl Roxane Olympias Pulcova Balam Dinkinesh (Selam) Jupiter trojans Patroclus Menoetius Hektor Skamandrios Eurybates Queta TNOs Lempo Hiisi Paha 2002 UX₂₅ Sila–Nunam Salacia Actaea Varda Ilmarë Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà Gǃòʼé ǃHú 2013 FY₂₇
Ranked by size	Ganymede largest: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys Dysnomia Enceladus Miranda Vanth Proteus Mimas Ilmarë Nereid Hiʻiaka Actaea Hyperion Phoebe ...
Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Planetary-mass moons Naming Subsatellite Regular moons Trojan moons