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Bye Bye Birdie

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For other uses, see Bye Bye Birdie (disambiguation).
Bye Bye Birdie
Original Broadway cast album
MusicCharles Strouse
LyricsLee Adams
BookMichael Stewart
Productions
AwardsTony Award for Best Musical

Bye Bye Birdie is a stage musical with a book by Michael Stewart, lyrics by Lee Adams and music by Charles Strouse.

Originally titled Let's Go Steady, Bye Bye Birdie is set in 1958. The story was inspired by the phenomenon of popular singer Elvis Presley and his draft notice into the Army in 1957. The rock star character's name, "Conrad Birdie", is word play on the name of Conway Twitty.[1] Twitty is best remembered today for his long career as a country music star, but in the late 1950s, he was one of Presley's rock 'n' roll rivals.

The original 1960–1961 Broadway production was a Tony Award–winning success. It spawned a London production and several major revivals, a sequel, a 1963 film, and a 1995 television production. The show also became a popular choice for high school and college productions.[2]

History

The producer Edward Padula had the idea for a musical initially titled Let's Go Steady, a "happy teenage musical with a difference". Padula contracted with two writers, and Charles Strouse and Lee Adams wrote seven songs for their libretto. Padula, Strouse and Adams sought Gower Champion as director/choreographer, who until that time had choreographed only a few musicals. (Fred Astaire and Morton DaCosta had already declined). However, Champion did not like the book and the writers were fired, with Michael Stewart then hired. Stewart wrote an early version titled Love and Kisses, which focused on a couple thinking of divorce, but whose children persuade them to stay together.

Champion wanted "something more". "The 'something more' had been right there in the newspaper. Rock-and-roll idol Elvis Presley was drafted into the army in September 1957 and soon left the US for eighteen months in Germany, provoking a media circus that included Elvis giving a specially selected member of the Women's Army Corps 'one last kiss'.[citation needed] After brainstorming, Stewart and Adams "came up with the idea of a rock-and-roll singer going off to the army and its effect on a group of teenagers in a small town in Ohio. The name of the singer initially was 'Ellsworth', which was soon changed to 'Conway Twitty' before we discovered there was already a Conway Twitty who was threatening to sue us, and then, finally, 'Conrad Birdie'".[3]

Synopsis

Act one

New York–based songwriter Albert Peterson finds himself in trouble when his client, hip-thrusting rock and roll superstar and teen idol Conrad Birdie, is drafted into the Army, leaving his heavily indebted firm in jeopardy. Albert's secretary, Rose "Rosie" Alvarez, comes up with a last-ditch publicity stunt to have Conrad Birdie record and perform a song before he is sent overseas. Having long been stuck in a sort of romantic limbo for eight years, she longs for the Albert she once knew, an aspiring English teacher, before he wrote Conrad Birdie's first hit and abandoned those plans to pursue the seedier music industry ("An English Teacher"). Rose's plan is to have Birdie sing "One Last Kiss" (a song she assigns Albert to write on the spot) and give one lucky girl, chosen randomly from his fan club, a real "last kiss" on The Ed Sullivan Show before going into the Army.

In Sweet Apple, Ohio, all the teenagers are catching in on the latest gossip about 15-year-old Kim MacAfee and Hugo Peabody going steady ("The Telephone Hour"). Kim reflects on how happy she is with her maturity, believing at 15 she has fully reached adulthood ("How Lovely to Be a Woman"). She quits the Conrad Birdie fan club over the phone because of the new milestone happening in her life. Her best friend Ursula is shocked. Kim reconsiders when, after a lengthy phone conversation with Ursula, she receives the phone call telling her she has been chosen to be Birdie's last kiss before going into the armed forces.

Meanwhile, Conrad, Albert, and Rosie prepare to go to Sweet Apple. A crowd of teenage girls sees them off at the New York City train station, although one girl is sad because she thinks that by the time Conrad gets out of the army, she will be too old for him. Albert advises her to be optimistic ("Put on a Happy Face"). Soon, tabloid reporters arrive with questions about the seedy details of Conrad's personal life, but Rosie, Albert, and the girls answer for him, hoping to protect his reputation and bankability ("Normal American Boy").[4]

Conrad receives a hero's welcome in Sweet Apple, and Hugo worries that Kim likes Conrad more than she likes him, but Kim assures Hugo that he is the only one she loves ("One Boy"). Conrad shocks the town's parents and drives the teenage girls crazy with his performance of "Honestly Sincere", which causes all of the girls (including Edna, the mayor's wife) to faint. Conrad becomes a guest in the MacAfee house and irritates Kim's father, Harry, by being rude and selfish. Harry does not want Kim to kiss Conrad, until Albert tells him their whole family will be on The Ed Sullivan Show. Kim, Harry, Kim's mother, Doris, and younger brother, Randolph sing Sullivan's praises ("Hymn for a Sunday Evening"[5]).

Albert's overbearing mother, Mae, comes to Sweet Apple to break up her son's relationship with Rosie (she objects to Rosie's Hispanic heritage). She introduces Albert to Gloria Rasputin, a curvy blonde she met on the bus who could replace Rosie as his secretary. Gloria, a tap dancer, secretly hopes that a connection with Albert could be her way into show business. Mae sings "Swanee River" as Gloria tap-dances (usually depicted as her making a fool of herself). Albert gives Gloria a typing job. Rosie is furious and fantasizes about violent ways to murder Albert ("One Hundred Ways Ballet"), but instead comes up with a better idea: she convinces Hugo to sabotage the last kiss.

Since both Rosie and Hugo are jealous and angry, they plot to ruin Conrad's appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. On the broadcast, Conrad sings "One Last Kiss" and as he leans in to kiss Kim, Hugo runs onstage and punches him in the face, knocking Conrad unconscious. Rosie dumps Albert, and Albert, trying to cover for the mishaps of the evening, leads a chorus of "Normal American Boy".

Act two

Despite plans to re-film the broadcast, Rosie and Kim resolve to leave Albert and Hugo, lamenting their stupidity for having fallen in love ("What Did I Ever See in Him?"). Conrad, with no visible effects from being knocked out, decides he wants to go out and have a good time on his last night as a civilian, and encourages the Sweet Apple teens to party ("A Lot of Livin' to Do"). Kim sneaks out of her house and joins her friends. Conrad, Kim, and all the teenagers, except Hugo, head for the Ice House, "where people go when they want to be alone." Hugo goes to Maude's Roadside Retreat, hoping to get drunk, but grumpy proprietor Charles F. Maude sees that he's underage and refuses to serve him.

When Harry discovers Kim has run away, he and Doris lament how disobedient kids are these days ("Kids"). Rosie ends up at Maude's Roadside Retreat and starts flirting with other men, but Albert phones her and begs her to return to him ("Baby, Talk to Me"). Rosie interrupts a Shriners meeting in Maude's private dining room. She flirts with all the Shriners, and they begin a wild dance. Hugo and Albert rescue Rosie from the crazed Shriners, and Albert finally stands up to his mother, telling her to go home. Mae leaves, but not before lamenting the sacrifices she made for him ("A Mother Doesn't Matter Anymore"). Hugo tells the MacAfees and the other parents that the teenagers have gone to the Ice House, and they all declare that they don't know what's wrong with their kids ("Kids Reprise"). Randolph joins in, stating that his older sister and the other teens are "so ridiculous and so immature".

The adults and the police arrive at the Ice House and arrest Conrad for attempted statutory rape. Kim, who unconvincingly claimed to be in her late 20s to Conrad, claims she was intimidated and gladly returns to Hugo. After a reconciliation with Albert, Rosie tells Mae that she will marry Albert despite Mae's racist objections, and despite being a natural-born American citizen from Allentown, Pennsylvania, she will deliberately play up her Hispanic heritage if it annoys Mae that much ("Spanish Rose"). Albert bails Conrad out of jail and arranges for him to sneak out of town dressed as a middle-aged woman, presumably so he can report for Army induction as scheduled; in turn, Conrad offers Albert a lifetime contract for bailing him out. Albert gets Mae to leave Sweet Apple on the same train, getting Conrad and his mother out of his life for good. Albert tells Rosie they're not going back to New York; they're going to Pumpkin Falls, Iowa, a small town in need of a (married) English teacher. Albert professes that everything is rosy with Rosie ("Rosie"), and they go off together happily engaged.

Characters

  • Albert Peterson: The central character of the story, a poet and former aspiring English teacher who was lured into the music business after penning a hit for Conrad Birdie. Peterson is neurotic, weak and easily manipulated by his mother.
  • Rose Alvarez: Albert's secretary and long-suffering significant other, loathed by Albert's mother.
  • Kim MacAfee: A precocious teenage girl from Sweet Apple, outgoing president of the Conrad Birdie Fan Club who is on the cusp of giving up her fandom when she is chosen to receive his last kiss.
  • Conrad Birdie: A rock and roll superstar with an implied checkered past and an unpredictable personality who is drafted into the Armed Forces.
  • Randolph MacAfee: Kim's younger brother, who idolizes his father.
  • Harry MacAfee: Kim and Randolph's befuddled and bad-tempered father, a World War II veteran and strong conservative utterly dismayed at the Baby Boomer generation.
  • Doris MacAfee: Kim and Randolph's mother.
  • Mae Peterson: Albert's racist, manipulative and melodramatic widowed mother, who is remarkably effective at the art of the guilt trip.
  • Hugo Peabody: Kim's seemingly strait-laced new boyfriend.
  • Ursula Merkle: Kim's hyperactive best friend and next-door neighbor, a Conrad Birdie enthusiast.
  • Gloria Rasputin: A curvaceous tap dancer who hopes to be Albert's new secretary, whom Mae brings to Albert, hoping he will choose her over Rosie.
  • Helen, Alice, Deborah Sue, Nancy, Penelope, Suzie, Margie: Sweet Apple teenagers who are friends of Kim's, and Conrad Birdie enthusiasts; they perform solos in "Telephone Hour".
  • Harvey Johnson: A nerdy teenage boy who performs a few parts in "Telephone Hour".
  • Fred and Karl: Sweet Apple teenagers.
  • Charles Maude: Owner of Maude's Roadside Retreat, second tenor in male quartet, and member of the adult ensemble.
  • Mrs. Merkle: Ursula's mother.
  • Mr. Johnson: Harvey's father.
  • The Mayor: The mayor of Sweet Apple.
  • The Mayor's Wife (Edna): The repressed wife of the mayor; she comedically faints multiple times during Conrad Birdie's performance of "Honestly Sincere".
  • Dishwasher/Bar Patrons: Three members of the quartet, with Maude; they perform solos in "Baby, Talk to Me".
  • Reporters
  • Policemen
  • Ed Sullivan: The host of the Ed Sullivan Show (unseen character onstage; appears in film).

Characters and original cast

Character Broadway
(1960) 		West End
(1961) 		U.S. Tour
(1990) 		Encores!
(2004) 		Kennedy Center
(2008) 		Broadway
(2009)
Albert Peterson Dick Van Dyke Peter Marshall Tommy Tune Daniel Jenkins Brooks Ashmanskas John Stamos
Rose Alvarez Chita Rivera Ann Reinking Karen Ziemba Leslie Kritzer Gina Gershon
Kim MacAfee Susan Watson Sylvia Tysick Susan Egan Jessica Grové Laura Osnes Allie Trimm
Conrad Birdie Dick Gautier Marty Wilde Marc Kudisch William Robert Gaynor James Snyder Nolan Gerard Funk
Randolph MacAfee Johnny Borden Kenneth Nash Joey Hannon William Ulrich Jake Evan Schwencke
Harry MacAfee Paul Lynde Robert Nichols Dale O’Brien Walter Bobbie Ned Eisenberg Bill Irwin
Doris MacAfee Marijane Maricle Mary Laura Wood Belle Calaway Victoria Clark Lisa Brescia Dee Hoty
Mae Peterson Kay Medford Angela Baddeley Marilyn Cooper Doris Roberts Randy Graff Jayne Houdyshell
Hugo Peabody Michael J. Pollard Clive Endersby Steve Zahn Keith Nobbs Bobby Steggert Matt Doyle
Ursula Merkle Barbara Doherty Elaine Millar Jessica Stone Brynn Williams
Gloria Rasputin Norma Richardson Christine Child Belle Calaway Paula Leggett Chase
Harvey Johnson Dean Stolber Nicholas Norman Paul Castree

Song list

(Note: Based on Original Broadway Production, 1960)

Productions

Original productions

In New York, the Broadway production opened on April 14, 1960, at the Martin Beck Theatre, transferring to the 54th Street Theatre and then the Shubert Theatre, closing on October 7, 1961, after 607 performances. The show was produced by Edward Padula and directed and choreographed by Gower Champion, with orchestrations by Robert Ginzler, scenic design by Robert Randolph, costumes by Miles White and lighting by Peggy Clark.

The original Broadway cast included Dick Van Dyke, Chita Rivera, Paul Lynde, Dick Gautier, Susan Watson, Kay Medford, Charles Nelson Reilly, and Michael J. Pollard.[6] Reilly understudied as Albert Peterson for Van Dyke,[6] who periodically took time off (including a two-week hiatus to film the pilot episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show) and returned to the leading role. During pre-production, Chita Rivera took the role of Rosie after both Carol Haney and Eydie Gorme turned it down, and the character's last name was changed from "Grant" to "Alvarez".[7] Replacements during the run included Gene Rayburn as Albert and Gretchen Wyler as Rosie, both of whom joined the cast on April 9, 1961.[8]

The musical played in July 1961 at the Los Angeles Philharmonic Auditorium as part of the 1961 season of the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera.[9] After a two-and-a-half-week pre-run tryout at the Opera House, Manchester the show opened in London's West End. [10] In London, the musical opened in the West End at Her Majesty's Theatre in June 1961, with Peter Marshall as Albert, Rivera reprising her role as Rosie, Angela Baddeley as Mae and Marty Wilde as Conrad Birdie. That production ran for 268 performances.[11]

1981 Broadway sequel

In 1981, there was a short-lived Broadway sequel, Bring Back Birdie, starring Donald O'Connor and returning original cast member Chita Rivera. It closed after 31 previews and four performances.[12]

1990 US tour

A U.S. tour from mid-1990 through June 1991 starred Tommy Tune as Albert, Ann Reinking as Rosie, Marc Kudisch as Conrad, Marcia Lewis as Mrs. Peterson, Steve Zahn as Hugo, and Susan Egan as Kim.[13][14]

2004 Encores concert

The New York City Center Encores! staged concert production ran in May 2004, with Karen Ziemba as Rosie, Daniel Jenkins as Albert, Jessica Grové as Kim, and Bob Gaynor as Conrad.[15]

2008 Kennedy Center production

An abridged version of Bye Bye Birdie was presented at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC, October 2–5, 2008, as part of its Broadway: Three Generations production. Laura Osnes played Kim and Leslie Kritzer played Rosie.[16]

2009 Broadway revival

The Roundabout Theatre Company's limited-run Broadway revival began previews at Henry Miller's Theatre on September 10, 2009, opened to unanimously negative reviews on October 15, 2009,[17] and was scheduled to close January 10, 2010 before it was extended until April 25, 2010.[18] Due to poor advance sales after the departures of lead actors John Stamos and Gina Gershon's contracts, the closing date was moved up by three months to January 24, 2010.[19] Robert Longbottom was the director-choreographer, with Stamos and Gershon starring as Albert and Rosie, Bill Irwin as Harry MacAfee, Jayne Houdyshell as Mrs. Mae Peterson, Nolan Gerard Funk as Conrad, Allie Trimm as Kim MacAfee and Matt Doyle as Hugo Peabody.[20]

Although Longbottom spoke extensively about how the show was being revised and refined for the revival,[21] there were no interpolations from the film or TV adaptations of the show barring the title tune written for the film, which was used as a finale.[22]

Film and television adaptations

1963 film

Main article: Bye Bye Birdie (film)

Bye Bye Birdie was first adapted for film in 1963. It starred Dick Van Dyke reprising his stage role as a slightly rewritten Albert Peterson, Maureen Stapleton as Mama Mae Peterson, Janet Leigh as Rosie, Paul Lynde reprising his stage role as Mr. MacAfee, Bobby Rydell as Hugo Peabody, and Ann-Margret as Kim MacAfee. Jesse Pearson played Conrad Birdie.[23] Ed Sullivan makes a guest appearance as himself. The film is credited with making Ann-Margret a superstar during the mid-1960s, leading to her appearing with the real Elvis Presley in Viva Las Vegas (1964). The film ranked number 38 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[24]

Several significant changes were made in the plot and character relationships in the film version. Albert is not Birdie's agent but a talented research chemist who is struggling as a songwriter only to please his mother, who is overbearing and insensitive, but not racist as in the musical. He contributed to Birdie's initial success, and therefore Birdie "owes" him a favor. The film version includes an additional character, a suave English teacher who flirts with Rosie. She plays up to him in several scenes after Albert has made her angry by caving in to his mother. The positioning and context of several songs were changed as well. "An English Teacher", "Normal American Boy", "One Hundred Ways", "What Did I Ever See In Him?", "Baby, Talk To Me", and "Spanish Rose", were omitted from the film. "Kids" was performed in the MacAfee kitchen by Mr. MacAfee, Mama Mae Peterson, Albert, and Randolph. "Put On A Happy Face" is performed by Albert and Rosie in the MacAfees' back yard; "A Lot of Livin' To Do" was performed by Conrad, Kim, and Hugo at a teen dance; and "Rosie" is sung at the end of show by Albert, Rosie, Hugo, and Kim. Kim also opens and closes the film version singing the title song, "Bye Bye, Birdie", a song written for the film. The film version ends on a brighter and lighter note than the stage musical. Conrad is not arrested but Hugo knocks him out with a single punch "live" on The Ed Sullivan Show and wins Kim's heart. Albert's mother shows up after the broadcast with Charles F. Maude (the bartender), informs Albert and Rosie that she has married him, and gives Albert and Rosie her blessing for their long-postponed wedding.

Van Dyke and other members of the Broadway production were unhappy with the film adaptation due to the focus shift to Kim. Van Dyke stated that Birdie was "a romp'" on Broadway, but they "Hollywood-ized" the movie. "They made it a vehicle for Ann-Margret."[25] Paul Lynde, who played Mr. MacAfee on stage and in the film, later quipped "They should have retitled it 'Hello, Ann-Margret!' They cut several of my and the other actors' best scenes and shot new ones for her so she could do her teenage-sex-bombshell act."[26] Susan Watson, who created the role of Kim on Broadway, later said, "Anyone who likes the film didn't see the show."[27] In January 2009, Adam Shankman signed on to develop and produce a remake.[28]

1995 TV movie

A TV-movie adaptation was produced for ABC in 1995 by RHI Entertainment. It starred Jason Alexander in the role of Albert and Vanessa Williams as Rosie. Tyne Daly played Mae Peterson. Marc Kudisch, who played Conrad Birdie on tour opposite Tommy Tune, reprised the role. Chynna Phillips played Kim MacAfee, Sally Mayes played Mrs. MacAfee and George Wendt played Harry MacAfee. While this version remained mostly faithful to the original musical (Michael Stewart remains the only credited author of this version), several songs were added and re-arranged, and dialogue was slightly rewritten to smoothly facilitate the musical changes. The title song "Bye Bye Birdie", written for the 1963 film and sung by Ann-Margret, is re-arranged and rewritten as a quintet for Ursula and the Sweet Apple Birdie fan club girls at the soda shop. The verse of "One Boy" that Rosie sings was replaced with "Let's Settle Down". The "How to Kill a Man" ballet was cut. "What Did I Ever See in Him?" is given a reprise sung by Albert, called "What Did I Ever See in Her?". The song "Baby, Talk to Me" returns to the show. "Spanish Rose" is moved to earlier in the story. "A Mother Doesn't Matter Anymore", sung by Mae Peterson, has always been part of the stage productions but was cut from the 1963 film, possibly because actress Maureen Stapleton was not a singer.[29] Albert tells Rosie how he has finally broken free of his overbearing mother In "A Giant Step". This song was written for the 1990 US tour.[30]

Bye Bye Birdie Live!

On October 27, 2016 it was announced that Jennifer Lopez will star in NBC's Bye Bye Birdie Live as Rose "Rosie" Alvarez[31] and executive produce with her producing partners Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas and Benny Medina alongside film, TV, and live musical executive producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron.[32] The live television musical was initially announced to premiere in December 2017,[33] but on May 25, 2017, it was announced that it would be pushed to sometime in 2018 to accommodate Lopez's busy schedule.[34] On March 2, 2018, it was announced that the production had been pushed back once again, this time to 2019 at the earliest due to Lopez's busy schedule and the producers focusing on Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert.[35] However, in May 2018, NBC announced that it planned to broadcast a live production of Hair in 2019, leaving the fate of Bye Bye Birdie unclear.[36]

Critical reception

The original production of Bye Bye Birdie opened to mostly positive reviews, with several critics marveling at the unexpected success of a musical crafted by an inexperienced production team. John Champman of the New York Daily News called it "the funniest, most captivating, and most expert musical comedy one could hope to see ... the show is pure, plain musical comedy, with jokes, dancing, oddball costumes ... exceptionally catching orchestrations ... and a completely enthusiastic cast." He noted that "one of the best things about it is that practically nobody is connected to it. Who ever heard of Edward Padula ... Charles Strouse and Lee Adams ... Gower Champion?"[37]

Frank Aston of the New York World-Telegram & Sun declared Bye Bye Birdie "the peak of the season" and especially liked Chita Rivera as Rosie: "Chita Rivera ... is triumphant as dancer, comic, and warbler."[37] In the New York Daily Mirror, Robert Coleman wrote that "Edward Padula put over a sleeper in the Broadway sweepstakes, and it's going to pay off in big figures ... Rivera explodes like a bomb over West 45th Street. Michael Stewart has penned a sassy and fresh book, while Lee Adams and Charles Strouse have matched it with tongue-in-cheek lyrics and music."[37]

New York Herald Tribune critic Walter Kerr praised Gower Champion's direction but criticized the libretto and score, stating that "Mr. Champion has been very much responsible for the gayety (sic), the winsomeness, and the exuberant zing of the occasion ... he has not always been given the very best to work with ... every once in a while, Michael Stewart's book starts to break down and cry ... Lee Adams's lyrics lean rather heavily on the new "talk-out-the-plot" technique, and Charles Strouse's tunes, though jaunty, are whisper-thin."[37] Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times conceded that "the audience was beside itself with pleasure" but dryly stated that "this department was able to contain itself. Bye Bye Birdie is neither fish, fowl, nor good musical comedy. It needs work."[37]

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1961 Tony Award Best Musical Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Dick Van Dyke Won
Dick Gautier Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Chita Rivera Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical Gower Champion Won
Best Choreography Won
Best Conductor and Musical Director Elliot Lawrence Nominated
Best Scenic Design Robert Randolph Nominated

Cast and other recordings

References

  1. ^ Conway Twitty website biography Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine retrieved January 11, 2012
  2. ^ TIME magazine, reported in its May 26, 2008 issue, p. 51, that this musical tied (with Oklahoma!) as the eighth most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.
  3. ^ Strouse, Charles (2008). Put on a Happy Face: A Broadway Memoir, Union Square Press; ISBN 1-4027-5889-8, pp. 71-72
  4. ^ Gilliland 1969, show 8, track 2.
  5. ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "The All American Boy: Enter Elvis and the rock-a-billies" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Show 7, track 4.
  6. ^ a b "Bye Bye Birdie original cast at IBDB" Internet Broadway Database, accessed August 22, 2011
  7. ^ Gilvey, John. Before the Parade Passes by: Gower Champion and the Glorious American Musical (2005), Macmillan; ISBN 0-312-33776-0, p. 81
  8. ^ "Bye Bye Birdie cast replacements" Archived 2012-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, Internet Broadway Database; accessed August 22, 2011.
  9. ^ Pasadena Independent newspaper, 10 July 1961 Pg. 13
  10. ^ "Bye Bye Birdie (London Production, 1961) - Ovrtur". ovrtur.com. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  11. ^ Green, Stanley. Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre (1980), Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-80113-2, p. 52
  12. ^ "Bring Back Birdie 1981 stage sequel" Internet Broadway Database, retrieved August 22, 2011
  13. ^ Pollack, Joe. "Happy Days Here Again With 'Birdie'", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 11, 1990, pg. 6E
  14. ^ Berson, Misha. "Bye Bye Birdie - Hello, Fun", The Seattle Times, May 29, 1991, pg. C1
  15. ^ Brantley, Ben."Theater Review; Rock 'n' Roll Just Right for the Milk and Cookies Set" "The New York Times" (requires registration), May 8, 2004.
  16. ^ Gans, Andrew. "Graff, Ashmanskas, Brescia, Osnes, von Essen Explore Broadway: Three Generations Oct. 2-5" Archived 2008-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, playbill.com, October 2, 2008.
  17. ^ "John Stamos - Bye Bye Birdie Loses Its Wings". contactmusic.com. October 16, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  18. ^ "'BYE BYE BIRDIE' Releases New Ticket Block Thru April 25, 2010", broadwayworld.com, October 16, 2009.
  19. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Broadway's Birdie Says "Bye Bye" Jan. 24" Archived 2010-01-27 at the Wayback Machine, playbill.com, January 24, 2010.
  20. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Bye Bye Birdie, With Stamos, Gershon, Irwin, Houdyshell and Trimm, Returns to Broadway" Playbill.com, September 10, 2009.
  21. ^ Fick, David."Bye Bye Birdie: Changes in the Revival". Musical Cyberspace, September 5, 2009
  22. ^ Fick, David."Interpolations for the Bye Bye Birdie Revival", musicalcyberspace.wordpress.com, February 6, 2010.
  23. ^ Jesse Pearson profile,; IMDb.com; accessed August 22, 2011
  24. ^ "Countdown: The 50 best high school movies". Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Bill Keveney, "Dick Van Dyke Dances Through Life", USAToday.com, April 28, 2011; retrieved January 11, 2012.
  26. ^ IMDb quotes, imdb.com; retrieved July 11, 2013.
  27. ^ Buckley, Michael."Interview With Susan Watson" Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, broadwaybeat.com, March 7, 2000.
  28. ^ Staff. "Hairspray Director to Develop Bye Bye Birdie Remake". Popsugar. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  29. ^ "Tyne Daly discusses the TV movie Bye Bye Birdie". TVLEGENDS. August 22, 2011 – via YouTube.
  30. ^ Klein, Alvin (March 8, 1992). "Tommy Tune Stars in 'Bye Bye Birdie'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ Coscarelli, Joe (October 28, 2016). "Jennifer Lopez Will Star in a Live TV Adaptation of 'Bye Bye Birdie'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  32. ^ "'Bye Bye Birdie,' Starring Jennifer Lopez, Set as NBC's 2017 Live Holiday Musical". The Hollywood Reporter. October 27, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  33. ^ "Robert Greenblatt Reveals 2017 Craig Zadan, Neil Meron Helmed Live NBC TV Musical". Broadway World. October 27, 2016.
  34. ^ Stanhope, Kate (May 25, 2017). "NBC Pushes Jennifer Lopez's 'Bye Bye Birdie Live' to 2018". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  35. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (March 2, 2018). "NBC's 'Bye Bye Birdie Live' with Jennifer Lopez Pushed Again". Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  36. ^ "'Hair' Picked as NBC's Next Live Musical". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  37. ^ a b c d e Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway: A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre, pp. 113-15. Schirmer Books, New York, 1990; ISBN 0-02-872625-1
  38. ^ "Original Broadway Cast album listing", castalbumdb.com; accessed August 22, 2011.
  39. ^ "1963 film cast album" Cast Album Database, accessed August 22, 2011
  40. ^ "1995 TV cast album", castalbumdb.com; accessed August 22, 2011
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