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Canadarm

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For the robotic arm on the International Space Station, see Canadarm2.
Canadarm (right) during Space Shuttle mission STS-72

The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), also known as Canadarm (Canadarm 1), is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, maneuver and capture payloads. After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the Canadarm was always paired with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which was used to inspect the exterior of the Shuttle for damage to the thermal protection system.

Development

In 1969, Canada was invited by the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to participate in the Space Shuttle program.[1] At the time what that participation would entail had not yet been decided but a manipulator system was identified as an important component.[1] Canadian company, DSMA Atcon, had developed a robot to load fuel into CANDU nuclear reactors; this robot attracted NASA's attention.[1] In 1975, NASA and the Canadian National Research Council (NRC) signed a memorandum of understanding that Canada would develop and construct the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System.[2]

NRC awarded the manipulator contract to Spar Aerospace.[3] Three systems were constructed within this design, development, test and evaluation contract: an engineering model to assist in the design and testing of the Canadarm, a qualification model that was subjected to environmental testing to "qualify" the design for flight, and a flight unit. Frank Mee is credited as the inventor of the Canadarm End Effector. Its design was inspired by the opening and closing of a camera's iris.[1] His design won over the claw-like mechanisms that were being considered.[1]

The main controls algorithms were developed by SPAR and by subcontractor Dynacon Inc. of Toronto. CAE Electronics Ltd. in Montreal provided the display and control panel and the hand controllers located in the Shuttle aft flight deck. Other electronic interfaces, servoamplifiers and power conditioners located on the Canadarm were designed and built by SPAR at its Montreal factory. The graphite composite boom that provides the structural connection between the shoulder and the elbow joint and the similar boom that connects the elbow to the wrist were produced by General Dynamics in the United States. Dilworth, Secord, Meagher and Associates, Ltd. in Toronto was contracted to produce the engineering model end effector then SPAR evolved the design and produced the qualification and flight units.The shuttle flight software that monitors and controls the Canadarm was developed in Houston, Texas, by the Federal Systems Division of IBM. Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division designed, developed, tested and built the systems used to attach the Canadarm to the payload bay of the orbiter.

An acceptance ceremony for NASA was held at Spar's RMS Division in Toronto on the 11th of February 1981.[1] Here Larkin Kerwin, then the head of the NRC, gave the SRMS the informal name, Canadarm.[1]

The first remote manipulator system was delivered to NASA in April 1981.[4] In all, five arms (arm 201, 202, 301, 302, and 303) were built and delivered to NASA. Arm 302 was lost in the Challenger accident.[5]

Design and capabilities

F. Story Musgrave, anchored on the end of the Canadarm, prepares to be elevated to the top of the Hubble Space Telescope during STS-61.

The original Canadarm was capable of deploying and retrieving payloads weighing up to 332.5 kg (733 lb) in space. In the mid-1990s the arm control system was redesigned to increase the payload capability to 3,293 kg (7,260 lb) in order to support space station assembly operations. While able to maneuver payloads with the mass of a loaded bus in space, the arm motors cannot lift the arm's own weight when on the ground.[3] NASA therefore developed a model of the arm for use at its training facility within the Johnson Space Center located in Houston, Texas. The Canadarm can also retrieve, repair and deploy satellites, provide a mobile extension ladder for extravehicular activity crew members for work stations or foot restraints, and be used as an inspection aid to allow the flight crew members to view the orbiter's or payload's surfaces through a television camera on the Canadarm.

The basic Canadarm configuration consists of a manipulator arm, a Canadarm display and control panel, including rotational and translational hand controllers at the orbiter aft flight deck flight crew station, and a manipulator controller interface unit that interfaces with the orbiter computer. Most of the time, the arm operators see what they are doing by looking at the Advanced Space Vision System screen next to the controllers.

The Canadarm 1 End Effector

One crew member operates the Canadarm from the aft flight deck control station, and a second crew member usually assists with television camera operations. This allows the Canadarm operator to view Canadarm operations through the aft flight deck payload and overhead windows and through the closed-circuit television monitors at the aft flight deck station.

The Canadarm is outfitted with an explosive-based mechanism to allow the arm to be jettisoned. This safety system allows the Orbiter's payload bay doors to be closed in the event that the arm fails in an extended position and is not able to be retracted.[3]

The Canadarm is 15.2 m (50 ft) long and 38 cm (15 in) diameter with six degrees of freedom. It weighs 410 kg (900 lb) by itself, and 450 kg (990 lb) as part of the total system. The Canadarm has six joints that correspond roughly to the joints of the human arm, with shoulder yaw and pitch joints, an elbow pitch joint, and wrist pitch, yaw, and roll joints. The end effector is the unit at the end of the wrist that grapples the payload's grapple fixture. The two lightweight boom segments are called the upper and lower arms. The upper boom connects the shoulder and elbow joints, and the lower boom connects the elbow and wrist joints.

Service History

The Canadarm2 moves toward a P5 truss section, being held by Discovery's Canadarm, in preparation for a hand-off during STS-116

A simulated Canadarm installed on the Space Shuttle Enterprise was seen when the prototype orbiter's payload bay doors were open to test hangar facilities early in the shuttle program.[6] The Canadarm was first tested in orbit in 1981, on Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-2 mission. Its first operational use was on STS-3 to deploy and maneuver the Plasma Diagnostics Package.[7] Canadarm has since flown on more than 90 missions with all five orbiters.

Since the installation of the Canadarm2 on the International Space Station, the two arms have been used to hand over segments of the station for assembly from the Canadarm to the Canadarm2; the use of both elements in tandem has earned the nickname of 'Canadian Handshake' in the media.

Retirement

The Canadarm's 90th and final shuttle mission was in July 2011 on STS-135, delivering the Raffaello MPLM to the ISS and back. Discovery's Canadarm is displayed next to her in the National Air and Space Museum.[8] Endeavour left its OBSS at the International Space Station as part of its final mission, while its Canadarm was originally going to be displayed in the headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency.[8][9] However, Endeavour's Canadarm is now on permanent display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa.[10][11][12] The last of the Canadarms to fly in space, the SRMS flown aboard Atlantis on the final space shuttle mission, STS-135 in July 2011, was shipped to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston for engineering study and possible reuse on a future mission.[13]

  • On November 13, 2012, Google Canada displayed a doodle on its home search page to celebrate the 31st anniversary of the Canadarm's first use in space.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Dotto, Lydia (1992). A Heritage of Excellence: 25 years at Spar Aerospace Limited. David Steel. Canada: Spar Aerospace Limited. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-9696618-0-0. [Frank] Mee is the inventor of the Canadarm hand, technically known as the "end effector".
  2. ^ Wilks, Brian (2004). "Browsing Science Research at the Federal Level in Canada: History, Research Activities and Publications". University of Toronto Press. p. 117. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Garry Lindberg. "Canadarm and its U of A Connections". U of A Engineer Magazine. University of Alberta. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  4. ^ "The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System -- The Canadarm". IEEE Canada. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  5. ^ "Flight History of Canadarm". Canada Space Agency. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  6. ^ Justin Ray (5 January 2011). "Vandenberg's space shuttle hangar". Space Flight Now. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  7. ^ http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/canadarm/flight.asp
  8. ^ a b Chris Gebhardt (17 November 2010). "Discovery's retirement plans provide insight into the fate of the robotic arm". NASA. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  9. ^ Roland Kiehne (27 July 2012). "Letter: Canadarm should be easy to visit". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  10. ^ Andy Johnson (2 May 2013). "Unveiling exhibit, Hadfield sends first Canadarm 'last command' from space". CTV News. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  11. ^ Elizabeth Howell (2 May 2013). "Space Shuttle's Robotic Arm Goes on Display at Canadian Museum". Space.com. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  12. ^ Canadian Space Agency (2 May 2013). "Minister Moore Unveils Exhibit for Canada's National Space Icon: the Canadarm". Canadian Space Agency. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  13. ^ "Canadarm on display: Space shuttle robot arm unveiled at Canadian museum". 2 May 2013.
  14. ^ "Google doodle honours Canadarm at 31". CBC News. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
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