Chief of Staff of the French Army

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Chief of Staff of the French Army
Chef d'État-Major de l'Armée de Terre (fr)
Marque of the Chief[1]
Incumbent
Général Thierry Burkhard
since 31 July 2019
Ministry of the Armed Forces
StyleMonsieur le Chef d'État-Major de l'Armée de Terre
AbbreviationC.E.M.A.T.
Member ofChiefs of Staff Committee
Reports toChief of the Defence Staff
SeatHexagone Balard, Paris
AppointerPresident of the Republic
Requires the Prime Minister's countersignature
Term lengthNo fixed term
Formation8 June 1871[2]
First holderFrançois Hartung
DeputyMajor General of the Army
Websitewww.defense.gouv.fr

The Chief of Staff of the French Army (French: Chef d'État-Major de l'Armée de Terre, acronym: C.E.M.A.T. lit. 'Chief of Staff of the Land Army') is the head of the French Army and is responsible to the Minister of the Armed Forces in relation to preparation and deployment. They are a subordinate of the Chief of the Defense Staff and their deputy is the Major General of the Army. Since the 50's, the office has been held only by five stars generals (OF-9). The current Chief is Général Thierry Burkhard since 31 July 2019.

History

Creation

The office was originally created on 8 June 1871 as Chief of the General Staff of the Army. Following the fall of the Second French Empire, the central administration of the Ministry of War was reorganized. The Chief of Staff had full control of the operations of the army, military engineering services, military justice, and general ressources such as the historic and geographic departments. The Chief reported directly to the Minister of War.

However, under some governments, the position was given a lesser importance and was attributed to a Général de brigade, the lowest of the two flag officer ranks existing at the time in the French Army. In normal circumstances, it was filled by a Général de division.

First World War

In times of war, the Chief of Staff of the French Army took charge of general headquarters (Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919) (GQG)). During the First World War, the leader of the French Armies was variously referred to as generalissimo or commander-in-chief. In the closing years of the First World War I, the establishment of the Supreme War Council in 1917 led to overall command being held by General Ferdinand Foch, and by mid-1918 French Army Chief Philippe Pétain was subordinate to Foch. Although the war ended with the armistice in November 1918, the war-time organisation persisted until 1920.

Interwar period

During the interwar period, command of the French Army was divided between the Vice President of the Superior War Council and the Chief of the general staff of the Armies. Marshal Philippe Pétain was Vice President from 1920 to 1931, when he was replaced by General Weygand. After Weygand retired in 1935 he was succeeded by Gamelin who held the two positions simultaneously.

After the Second World War

The modern-day office of Chief of Staff of the Army was created in 1951.[3] The Chief is placed under the authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff and is member of the Chiefs of Staff committee. The position is traditionally held by a Général d'armée.

Name of the office

The office took various names during its history:

  • Chief of the General Staff of the Army (1871 – 1915)
  • Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies[a][4] (1915 – 1917)
  • Chief of the General Staff of the Army[b] (1917 – 1940)
  • Office disbanded[5] (1940 – 1945)
  • Chief of the General Staff of the Army (1945 – 1948)[6]
  • Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces - War (1948 – 1950)
  • Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces - War (1950 – 1951)[7]
  • Chief of Staff of the Army (1951 – )

List of chiefs

The following is a list of chiefs that served under the Third Republic, the Fourth Republic and the Fifth Republic:

Third Republic

No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Minister[c] Commander-in-Chief Ref.[d]
Took office Left office Duration
Office established
1 Général de brigade
François Hartung 		9 June 1871 2 June 1873 1 year, 358 days Ernest de Cissey
François du Barail 		Adolphe Thiers
Patrice de Mac Mahon 		[8]
-
2 Général de division
Jean-Louis Borel 		2 June 1873 2 June 1874 1 year, 0 days François du Barail
Ernest de Cissey 		Patrice de Mac Mahon [9]
-
3 Général de division[e]
Henri Gresley 		2 June 1874 29 November 1877 3 years, 180 days Ernest de Cissey
Jean Berthaut
Gaëtan de Rochebouët 		Patrice de Mac Mahon [10]
-
4 Général de division
Joseph de Miribel 		29 November 1877 25 January 1879 1 year, 57 days Gaëtan de Rochebouët
Jean-Louis Borel
Henri Gresley 		Patrice de Mac Mahon [11]
-
5 File:Léopold Davout (1829-1904).jpg Général de division
Léopold Davout 		25 January 1879 11 January 1880 351 days Henri Gresley
Jean-Joseph Farre 		Patrice de Mac Mahon
Jules Grévy 		[12]
-
6 Général de division
Omer Blot 		11 January 1880 16 November 1881 1 year, 309 days Jean-Joseph Farre
Jean-Baptiste Campenon 		Jules Grévy [13]
-
7 Général de division
Joseph de Miribel 		16 November 1881 18 February 1882 94 days Jean-Baptiste Campenon
Jean-Baptiste Billot 		Jules Grévy [14]
-
8 Général de division
Achile Vuillemot 		18 February 1882 5 January 1885 2 years, 322 days Jean-Baptiste Billot
Jean Thibaudin
Jean-Baptiste Campenon
Jules Lewal 		Jules Grévy [15]
-
9 Général de division[e]
Charles Warnet 		5 January 1885 9 April 1885 94 days Jules Lewal
Jean-Baptiste Campenon 		Jules Grévy [16]
-
10 Général de division
Amédée de Cools 		9 April 1885 10 January 1886 276 days Jean-Baptiste Campenon
Georges Boulanger 		Jules Grévy [17]
-
11 Général de division
Eugène Galland 		10 January 1886 14 January 1886 4 days Georges Boulanger Jules Grévy [18]
-
12 Général de division[e]
Savin de Larclause 		14 January 1886 6 July 1887 1 year, 173 days Georges Boulanger
Théophile Ferron 		Jules Grévy [19]
-
13 Général de division[e]
Charles Haillot 		6 July 1887 7 May 1890 2 years, 305 days Théophile Ferron
François Logerot
Charles de Freycinet 		Jules Grévy
Sadi Carnot 		[20]
-
14 Général de division
Joseph de Miribel 		7 May 1890 29 September 1893 3 years, 145 days Charles de Freycinet
Julien Léon Loizillon 		Sadi Carnot [21]
[22]
15 Général de division
Raoul de Boisdeffre 		29 September 1893 3 September 1898 4 years, 339 days Julien Loizillon
Auguste Mercier
[...]
Jean-Baptiste Billot
Jacques Cavaignac 		Sadi Carnot
Jean Casimir-Perier
Félix Faure 		[23]
[22]
16 Général de division
Jean Renouard 		3 September 1898 5 November 1898 63 days Jacques Cavaignac
Charles Chanoine
Édouard Locroy
Charles de Freycinet 		Félix Faure [24]
-
17 Général de division
Paul Brault 		5 November 1898 27 September 1899† 326 days Charles de Freycinet
Camille Krantz
Gaston de Galliffet 		Félix Faure
Émile Loubet 		[25]
[22]
18 Général de brigade[f]
Alfred Delanne 		27 September 1899 5 July 1900 281 days Gaston de Galliffet
Louis André 		Émile Loubet [26]
-
19 Général de brigade[e][f]
Jean Pendézec 		5 July 1900 2 August 1905 5 years, 28 days Louis André
Maurice Berteaux 		Émile Loubet [27]
[22]
20 Général de division
Jean Brun 		2 August 1905 5 August 1909 4 years, 3 days Maurice Berteaux
Eugène Étienne
Georges Picquart
Jean Brun 		Émile Loubet
Armand Fallières 		[28]
[22]
21 Général de division
Édouard de Ladébat 		5 August 1909 31 May 1911 1 year, 299 days Jean Brun
Aristide Briand
Maurice Berteaux
François Goiran 		Armand Fallières [29]
[22]
22 Général de division
Augustin Dubail 		31 May 1911 29 July 1911 59 days François Goiran
Adolphe Messimy 		Armand Fallières [30]
[22]
23 Général de division
Joseph Joffre 		29 July 1911 14 December 1916 5 years, 138 days Adolphe Messimy
Alexandre Millerand
[...]
Pierre Roques
Hubert Lyautey 		Armand Fallières
Raymond Poincaré 		[31]
[32]
24 Général de division
Robert Nivelle 		14 December 1916 30 April 1917 137 days Hubert Lyautey
Lucien Lacaze
Paul Painlevé 		Raymond Poincaré [33]
-
25 Général de division
Philippe Pétain 		30 April 1917 16 May 1917 16 days Paul Painlevé Raymond Poincaré [34]
-
26 Général de division[g]
Ferdinand Foch 		16 May 1917 29 December 1918 1 year, 227 days Paul Painlevé
Georges Clemenceau 		Raymond Poincaré [35]
-
27 Général de division
Henri Alby 		29 December 1918 25 January 1920 1 year, 27 days Georges Clemenceau
André Lefèvre 		Raymond Poincaré [36]
-
28 Général de division
Edmond Buat 		25 January 1920 30 December 1923† 3 years, 339 days André Lefèvre
Flaminius Raiberti
Louis Barthou
André Maginot 		Raymond Poincaré
Paul Deschanel
Alexandre Millerand 		[37]
[38]
29 Général de division
Eugène Debeney 		9 January 1924 3 January 1930 5 years, 359 days André Maginot
Charles Nollet
[...]
Paul Painlevé
André Maginot 		Alexandre Millerand
Gaston Doumergue 		[39]
-
30 Général de division
Maxime Weygand 		3 January 1930 10 February 1931 1 year, 38 days André Maginot
Louis Barthou
André Maginot 		Gaston Doumergue [40]
-
31 Général de division
Maurice Gamelin 		10 February 1931 20 May 1940 9 years, 100 days André Maginot
André Tardieu
[...]
Louis Maurin
Édouard Daladier 		Gaston Doumergue
Paul Doumer
Albert Lebrun 		[41]
[42]
Office disestablished (1940 – 1945)

Fourth Republic

No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Minister[c] Commander-in-Chief Ref.[d]
Took office Left office Duration
Office reestablished
32 Général d'armée
Jean de Lattre 		30 November 1945 12 March 1947 1 year, 102 days Edmond Michelet
Félix Gouin
Georges Bidault
François Billoux 		Charles de Gaulle
Félix Gouin
Georges Bidault
Vincent Auriol 		[43]
-
33 Général de corps d'armée
Georges Revers 		12 March 1947 15 December 1949 2 years, 278 days François Billoux
Yvon Delbos
[...]
Paul Ramadier
René Pleven 		Vincent Auriol [44]
[45]
34 Général de corps d'armée
Clément Blanc 		15 December 1949 16 June 1955 5 years, 183 days René Pleven
Jules Moch
[...]
Jacques Chevallier
Marie-Pierre Kœnig 		Vincent Auriol
René Coty 		[46]
-
35 Général d'armée
André Zeller 		16 June 1955 2 March 1956 260 days Marie-Pierre Kœnig
Pierre Billotte
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury 		René Coty [47]
-
36 Général de corps d'armée
Jean Piatte 		2 March 1956 11 November 1956 254 days Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury René Coty [48]
-
37 Général de corps d'armée
Henri Lorillot 		11 November 1956 1 July 1958 1 year, 232 days Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury
André Morice
Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Pierre de Chevigné
Charles de Gaulle 		René Coty [49]
-

Fifth Republic

No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Minister Commander-in-Chief Ref.[d]
Took office Left office Duration
38 Général d'armée
André Zeller 		1 July 1958 1 October 1959 1 year, 92 days Charles de Gaulle
Pierre Guillaumat 		René Coty
Charles de Gaulle 		-
-
39 Général d'armée
André Demetz 		1 October 1959 18 July 1962 2 years, 290 days Pierre Guillaumat
Pierre Messmer 		Charles de Gaulle [50]
-
40 Général d'armée
Louis Le Puloch 		18 July 1962 3 April 1965 2 years, 260 days Pierre Messmer Charles de Gaulle -
[51]
41 Général d'armée
Émile Cantarel 		3 April 1965 1 May 1971 6 years, 28 days Pierre Messmer
Michel Debré 		Charles de Gaulle
Georges Pompidou 		-
[52]
42 Général d'armée
Alain de Boissieu 		1 May 1971 1 April 1975 3 years, 335 days Michel Debré
Robert Galley
Jacques Soufflet
Yvon Bourges 		Georges Pompidou
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 		[53]
[54]
43 Général d'armée
Jean Lagarde 		1 April 1975 1 October 1980 5 years, 183 days Yvon Bourges
Joël Le Theule 		Valéry Giscard d'Estaing [55]
-
44 Général d'armée
Jean Delaunay 		1 October 1980 10 March 1983 2 years, 160 days Robert Galley
Charles Hernu 		Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
François Mitterrand 		[56]
[57]
45 Général d'armée
René Imbot 		10 March 1983 25 September 1985 2 years, 199 days Charles Hernu François Mitterrand [58]
[59]
46 Général d'armée
Maurice Schmitt 		25 September 1985 16 November 1987 2 years, 52 days Paul Quilès
André Giraud 		François Mitterrand [60]
[61]
47 Général d'armée
Gilbert Forray 		16 November 1987 17 April 1991 3 years, 152 days André Giraud
Jean-Pierre Chevènement
Pierre Joxe 		François Mitterrand [62]
[63]
48 Général d'armée
Amédée Monchal 		17 April 1991 28 August 1996 5 years, 133 days Pierre Bérégovoy
François Léotard
Charles Millon 		François Mitterrand
Jacques Chirac 		[64]
[65]
49 Général d'armée
Philippe Mercier 		28 August 1996 21 January 1999 2 years, 146 days Charles Millon
Alain Richard 		Jacques Chirac [66]
-
50 Général d'armée
Yves Crène 		21 January 1999 1 September 2002 3 years, 223 days Alain Richard
Michèle Alliot-Marie 		Jacques Chirac [67]
[68]
51 Général d'armée
Bernard Thorette 		1 September 2002 16 July 2006 3 years, 318 days Michèle Alliot-Marie Jacques Chirac [69]
[70]
52 Général d'armée
Bruno Cuche 		16 July 2006 3 July 2008 1 year, 353 days Michèle Alliot-Marie
Hervé Morin 		Jacques Chirac
Nicolas Sarkozy 		[71]
[72]
53 Général d'armée
Elrick Irastorza 		3 July 2008 1 September 2011 3 years, 60 days Hervé Morin
Alain Juppé
Gérard Longuet 		Nicolas Sarkozy [73]
[74]
54 Général d'armée
Bertrand Ract-Madoux 		1 September 2011 1 September 2014 3 years, 0 days Gérard Longuet
Jean-Yves Le Drian 		Nicolas Sarkozy
François Hollande 		[75]
-
55 Général d'armée
Jean-Pierre Bosser 		1 September 2014 31 July 2019 4 years, 333 days Jean-Yves Le Drian
Sylvie Goulard
Florence Parly 		François Hollande
Emmanuel Macron 		[76]
-
56 Général d'armée
Thierry Burkhard 		31 July 2019 Incumbent 4 years, 272 days Florence Parly Emmanuel Macron [77]
[78]

See also

References

  1. ^ This official title (sometimes referred to as Généralissime) gave the Chief of Staff full authority over all French armies.
  2. ^ The title was officially reverted with the nomination of Pétain.
  3. ^ a b Before 1947, the Minister of War was responsible. After 1947, it is the Minister of the Armed Forces.
  4. ^ a b c Upper references are the official decree of nomination in French. Lower references are press articles in English.
  5. ^ a b c d e Général de brigade at the time of his appointment, promoted to Général de division while in office.
  6. ^ a b Appointed "Chef d'état-major général avec le titre faisant fonction"; faisant fonction is a locution indicating that an officer is holding an office usually attached to a higher rank.
  7. ^ Subsequently named Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces (1918 – 1920).
  1. ^ "Marques, honneurs, saluts et visites dans les forces navales et à bord des bâtiments de la marine militaire". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). 10 August 1939. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  2. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1871). "Décret portant organisation de l'administration centrale du ministère de la guerre". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  3. ^ Zeller, André (1974). Dialogues avec un général. Presses de la Cité. p. 14.
  4. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 December 1915). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  5. ^ Government of the French Republic (19 May 1940). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  6. ^ Government of the French Republic (28 April 1948). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  7. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 April 1950). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  8. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1871). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  9. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1873). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  10. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1874). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  11. ^ Government of the French Republic (28 November 1877). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  12. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1879). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  13. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 January 1880). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  14. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 November 1881). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  15. ^ Government of the French Republic (17 February 1882). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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  22. ^ a b c d e f g "L'armée française (1871–1914): Les chef de l'Etat major général". Military photos.com. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  24. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 September 1898). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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  32. ^ Tucker, Spencer; Mary Roberts, Priscilla (2005). World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 616–617. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  38. ^ "French Members of Arms Parley Are Now on Scene". The Atlanta Constitution. 8 November 1921. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
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