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Deloitte
Company typeUK private company, limited by guarantee[1]
IndustryProfessional services
Founded1845; 179 years ago (1845)
London, England, United Kingdom
FounderWilliam Welch Deloitte
HeadquartersLondon, UK (legal domicile)[2]
30 Rockefeller Plaza,
New York City, New York, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
David Cruickshank (Chairman)[3]
Punit Renjen (CEO)[4]
ServicesAudit
Tax
Management Consulting
Financial Advisory
Enterprise Risk
Legal
RevenueIncrease US$36.8 billion (2016)[5]
Number of employees
244,400 (2016)[5]
Websitedeloitte.com

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited /dəˈlɔɪt ˈtuːʃ toʊˈmɑːtsuː/, commonly referred to as Deloitte, is a UK-incorporated multinational professional services firm with operational headquarters in New York City in the United States.[6]

Deloitte is one of the "Big Four" accounting firms and the largest professional services network in the world by revenue and number of professionals. Deloitte provides audit, tax, consulting, enterprise risk and financial advisory services with more than 244,400 professionals globally.[7] In FY 2016, the company earned a record $36.8 billion USD in revenues.[5] As of 2016, Deloitte is the 6th-largest privately owned organization in the United States.[8]

As per reports in 2012, Deloitte had the largest number of clients amongst FTSE 250 companies in the UK[9] and in 2015, Deloitte currently has the highest market share in auditing among the top 500 companies in India.[10][11]

Deloitte has been ranked number one by market share in consulting by Gartner,[12] and for the fourth consecutive year, Kennedy Consulting Research and Advisory ranks Deloitte number one in both global consulting and management consulting based on aggregate revenue.[13] In 2016, Fortune magazine ranked Deloitte as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For[14] and Bloomberg Business has consistently named Deloitte as the best place to launch a career.[15]

History

Early history

In 1845, William Welch Deloitte opened an office in Basinghall Street in London. Deloitte was the first person to be appointed an independent auditor of a public company, namely the Great Western Railway.[16] He went on to open an office in New York in 1880.[16]

In 1896, Charles Waldo Haskins and Elijah Watt Sells formed Haskins & Sells in New York.[16] It was later described as "the first major auditing firm to be established in the country by American rather than British accountants."[17]

In 1898, George Touche established an office in London and then, in 1900, joined John Ballantine Niven in establishing the firm of Touche Niven in the Johnston Building at 30 Broad Street in New York.[16] At the time, there were fewer than 500 CPAs practicing in the United States, but the new era of income taxes was soon to generate enormous demand for accounting professionals.

On 1 March 1933, Colonel Arthur Hazelton Carter, President of the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants and Managing Partner of Haskins & Sells, testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking and Currency. Carter helped convince Congress that independent audits should be mandatory for public companies.[16]

William Welch Deloitte, founder of Deloitte

In 1947, Detroit accountant George Bailey, then president of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, launched his own organization. The new entity enjoyed such a positive start that in less than a year, the partners merged with Touche Niven and A. R. Smart to form Touche, Niven, Bailey & Smart.[16] Headed by Bailey, the organization grew rapidly, in part by creating a dedicated management consulting function. It also forged closer links with organizations established by the co-founder of Touche Niven, George Touche: the Canadian organization Ross and the British organization George A. Touche.[16] In 1960, the firm was renamed Touche, Ross, Bailey & Smart, becoming Touche Ross in 1969.[16] In 1968 Nobuzo Tohmatsu formed Tohmatsu Aoki & Co, a firm based in Japan that was to become part of the Touche Ross network in 1975.[16] In 1972 Robert Trueblood, Chairman of Touche Ross, led the committee responsible for recommending the establishment of the Financial Accounting Standards Board.[16] He led the expansion of Touche Ross in that era.

In 1989, Deloitte Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross in the USA to form Deloitte & Touche. The merged firm was led jointly by J. Michael Cook and Edward A. Kangas. Led by the UK partnership, a smaller number of Deloitte Haskins & Sells member firms rejected the merger with Touche Ross and shortly thereafter merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte (later to merge with Price Waterhouse to become PwC).[18] Some member firms of Touche Ross also rejected the merger with Deloitte Haskins & Sells and merged with other firms.[18]

Recent history

At the time of the US-led mergers to form Deloitte & Touche, the name of the international firm was a problem, because there was no worldwide exclusive access to the names "Deloitte" or "Touche Ross" – key member firms such as Deloitte in the UK and Touche Ross in Australia had not joined the merger. The name DRT International was therefore chosen, referring to Deloitte, Ross and Tohmatsu. In 1993, the international firm was renamed Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu to reflect the contribution from the Japanese firm,[16] as well as agreements to use both of the names Deloitte and Touche.

Deloitte Office Building in Downtown Chicago

In 1995, the partners of Deloitte & Touche decided to create Deloitte & Touche Consulting Group (now known as Deloitte Consulting).[19]

In 2000, Deloitte acquired Eclipse to add Internet design-based solutions to its consulting capabilities. Eclipse was later separated into Deloitte Online and Deloitte Digital.[20]

In 2002, Arthur Andersen's UK practice, the firm's largest practice outside the US, agreed to merge with Deloitte's UK practice. Andersen's practices in Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, Mexico, Brazil and Canada also agreed to merge with Deloitte.[21][22] The spinoff of Deloitte France's consulting division led to the creation of Ineum Consulting.[23]

In 2009, Deloitte purchased the North American Public Service practice of BearingPoint (formerly KPMG Consulting) after it filed for bankruptcy protection.[24] The firm also took over the UK property consultants Drivers Jonas in January 2010.[25]

In 2011, Deloitte acquired DOMANI Sustainability Consulting and ClearCarbon Consulting in order to expand its sustainability service offerings.[26]

In January 2012, Deloitte announced the acquisition of Übermind, Inc., an innovative mobile agency.[27] The acquisition marked Deloitte's first entrance into the mobile application field.[28]

In November 2012, Deloitte acquired Recombinant Data Corporation, a company specializing in data warehousing and clinical intelligence solutions, and launched Recombinant by Deloitte.[29] In February 2013 Recombinant by Deloitte merged with an internal informatics unit (Deloitte Health Informatics) and launched ConvergeHEALTH by Deloitte.[30]

On 11 January 2013, Deloitte acquired substantially all of the business of Monitor Group,[31] the strategy consulting firm founded by Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter, after Monitor filed for bankruptcy protection.[32]

In 2015, the Pope of the Roman Catholic church appointed Libero Milone, former Chairman and CEO of Deloitte in Italy as first Auditor-General of Vatican City and Vatican Bank.[33][34][35]

In 2015, Indian Railways mandated Deloitte to formulate its entire manpower policy for its gazetted officers and study the functioning and the role of the departments at the zonal and divisional levels. Deloitte is expected to submit the report by March 31, 2016.[36]

In September 2016, Apple Inc. announced a partnership with Deloitte aimed at boosting sales of its phones and other mobile devices to businesses. As part of the partnership, the two companies will launch a service called Enterprise Next, in which more than 5,000 Deloitte consultants will advise clients on how to make better use of Apple products and services.[37][38][39]

In October 2016, Deloitte announced that they were creating Deloitte North West Europe. The Belgian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish member firms will combine with the UK and Swiss member firms to create Deloitte North West Europe. Deloitte, over the next three years, will invest €200m to enhance its services to its global, national and private market clients and to create the best development opportunities. The firm will come into effect on 1 June 2017 and it is estimated to have 28,000 partners and people generating over €5bn in annual revenue. Deloitte North West Europe will account for approximately 20% of all revenue within their Global Network. [40]

Name and branding

Deloitte New Logo (Short)

While in 1989, in most countries, Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross forming Deloitte & Touche, in the United Kingdom the local firm of Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged instead with Coopers & Lybrand (which today is PwC).[41] For some years after the merger, the merged UK firm was called Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte and the local firm of Touche Ross kept its original name. In the mid-1990s however, both UK firms changed their names to match those of their respective international organizations.

While the full name of the UK private company is Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, in 1989 it initially branded itself DTT International. In 2003, the rebranding campaign was commissioned by William G. Parrett, the then-CEO of DTT, and led by Jerry Leamon, the global Clients and Markets leader.[42]

According to the company website, Deloitte now refers to the brand under which independent firms throughout the world collaborate to provide audit, consulting, financial advisory, risk management, and tax services to selected clients.[43]

In 2008, Deloitte adopted its new "Always One Step Ahead" (AOSA) brand positioning platform to support the existing Deloitte vision: "To be the Standard of Excellence". AOSA represents the global organization's value proposition, and is never used as a tagline. The recent launch of the Green Dot ad campaign also aligns with Deloitte's brand strategy and positioning framework.[44]

In June 2016, Deloitte changed its branding and adopted a new logo with Deloitte written in black color instead of earlier blue.[45]

Global structure

For many years, the organization and its network of member firms were legally organized as a Swiss Verein (the equivalent to an unincorporated association, like the Associated Press in the United States). As of 31 July 2010, members of the Verein became part of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (DTTL), a UK private company, limited by guarantee. Each member firm in its global network remains a separate and independent legal entity, subject to the laws and professional regulations of the particular country or countries in which it operates.[46] Deloitte is registered under the NAIC code of 55112.[47]

30 Rockefeller Center is the location of Deloitte's Global Head Office.

This structure is similar to other professional services networks which seek to limit vicarious liability for acts of other members. As separate and legal entities, member firms and DTTL cannot obligate each other. Professional services continue to be provided by member firms only and not DTTL. With this structure, the members should not be liable for the negligence of other independent members. This structure also allows them to be members of the IFAC Forum of Firms[48] which is a network of accounting firm networks.

Services

Deloitte member firms offer services in the following functions, with country-specific variations on their legal implementation (i. e., all operating within a single company or through separate legal entities operating as subsidiaries of an umbrella legal entity for the country). The 2016 revenue shares are listed in parentheses.[5]

  • Audit (27%): Provides the organization's traditional accounting and audit services, as well as internal auditing and IT control assurance.
  • Consulting (36%): Assists clients by providing services in the areas of enterprise applications, technology integration, strategy & operations, human capital, and short-term outsourcing.
  • Financial Advisory (9%): Provides corporate finance services to clients, including dispute, personal and commercial bankruptcy, forensics, e-discovery, document review, advisory, capital projects consulting and valuation services.
  • Risk Advisory (11%): Provides offerings in enterprise risk management, information security and privacy, data quality and integrity, project risk and business continuity management.
  • Tax & Legal (19%): Helps clients increase their net asset value, undertake the transfer pricing and international tax activities of multinational companies, minimize their tax liabilities, implement tax computer systems, and provides advisory of tax implications of various business decisions.

Staff and offices

Deloitte offers its staff a variety of career models to choose from based on their preferences, strengths, geographic location and business need. These career models also vary for each function and in some cases across different member firms around the world. Traditional titles for Consulting are Analyst, Consultant, Senior Consultant, Manager, Senior Manager, Director and Partner. In some of the more assurance centric functions the titles Consultant and Senior Consultant are substituted for Analyst and Senior Analyst. Many parts of Deloitte also offer an alternate career path for people that choose to pursue deep specialisation in their chosen fields but may not have Partnership aspirations. Titles for these position differ around the world but may include Specialist Senior, Specialist Master and Specialist Leader.

Notable Deloitte office buildings

Criticisms

Disputes involving Deloitte include:

  • ActionAid – In November 2013, the international development charity ActionAid accused Deloitte of advising large businesses on how they could use Mauritius to avoid potentially hundreds of millions of dollars of tax in some of the poorest countries in Africa.[49]
  • Adelphia Communications Corporation – The Securities and Exchange Commission announced on 26 April 2005 that Deloitte had agreed to pay $50 million to settle charges relating to Adelphia's 2000 financial statements.[50]
  • Guangdong Kelon Electrical Holdings Company Limited – Investors have claimed that there was a failure to alert them to the company's poor financial position.[51]
  • Haringey Council Refresh Project – A local government IT project in the UK, in which costs rose from £9 million to £24.6 million. Deloitte were consultants on the project, despite being employed at the same time as the council's auditors.[52]
  • Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) – The firm implemented the SAP HR system for LAUSD for $95 million and because of faults in the system, some teachers were underpaid, overpaid, or not paid at all.[53] As of 31 December 2007, LAUSD had incurred a total of $140 million in payments to Deloitte to get the system working properly.[54] In 2008, there was some evidence that the payroll issues had started to stabilize with errors below 1% according to LAUSD's chief operating officer.[55]
  • State of California Courts System – The firm worked on a statewide case management system which originally had a budget of around $260 million. Almost $500 million had been spent and costs were at one time projected to potentially run as high as $2 billion. No single court became fully operational.[56] California's Judicial Council terminated the project in 2012 citing actual deployment costs associated with the project and California's budget concerns.[57]
  • Australian Tobacco Industry – In 2011, Deloitte was commissioned by the tobacco industry to compile a report on illicit tobacco. The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service officials called the report "potentially misleading" and raised concerns about the "reliability and accuracy" of the data.[58] When a second Deloitte report focusing on counterfeit cigarettes was released, Home Affairs Minister Brendan O'Connor described the second report as "baseless and deceptive" and "bogus".[59] Public health officials criticised Deloitte's decision to conduct the research, as it added credibility to the tobacco industry's effort to undermine the Australian Government's plain cigarette packaging legislation.[60][61]
  • Canadian Bar Association – In September 2003, Deloitte provided a report to the CBA that motor vehicle accident insurance claims for bodily injury had been declining since 1999 when taking inflation into account, which refuted the government's and industry's argument that general damages for soft-tissue injury had to be capped at $4,000. Within hours of release, a member of Deloitte was communicating with Insurance Bureau of Canada without the knowledge of CBA (their client) and providing confidential information. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Alberta found Deloitte guilty of unprofessional conduct and fined the firm $40,000.[62]
  • Standard Chartered Iranian Money Laundering – In August 2012, Deloitte was forced to publicly deny that as the official internal auditors for Standard Chartered, it helped the bank cover up suspected money laundering operations which were earning the bank significant profits by "intentionally omitting critical information".[63]
  • Employment Development Department – Snags in a system implemented by Deloitte resulted in delayed payments to hundreds of thousands of unemployed in the state of California.[64]
  • On 17 June 2014 Booz Allen Hamilton sued Deloitte, claiming the firm stole proprietary information in order to 'lift out' a specialized team of Booz employees.[65] Both firms agreed to dismiss the claims and counterclaims in late 2015.[66]
  • In proceedings arising from the insolvency of the former entertainment company Livent, in April 2014 its special receiver obtained judgment against Deloitte for $84,750,000 in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, in relation to Deloitte's failure to exercise its duty of care with respect to the audit of Livent's financial statements during 1993–1998.[67] The ruling was upheld by the Ontario Court of Appeal in January 2016.[68][69]

Sponsorship

Deloitte serves as the official professional services sponsor of the United States Olympic Committee since year 2009.[70] The UK member firm of Deloitte was a sponsor of the London 2012 Olympics[71] and the Royal Opera House.[72] The Canadian member firm was also the official professional services supplier for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games[73] and 2010 Winter Paralympic Games.[74] In Asia, the Singapore member firm of Deloitte was a sponsor of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.[75]

Moreover, Deloitte sponsors many university sports teams and societies, such as Edinburgh University Hockey Club.[76] It also entered into a 3-year partnership with the Cambridge Union Society in November 2013.[77]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited". Companies House. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  3. ^ "David Cruickshank, Global Chairman, DTTL". Deloitte. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  4. ^ "Deloitte Global CEO". Deloitte. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d "Deloitte 2016 Global Report". Deloitte. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  6. ^ "Contact Us. " Deloitte. Retrieved on 25 November 2014.
  7. ^ Deloitte announces record revenue of US$36.8 billion Deloitte. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.
  8. ^ "America's Largest Private Companies". Forbes. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  9. ^ Rachael Singh (29 May 2012). "Deloitte overtakes PwC as FTSE 250 auditor". Accountancy Age.
  10. ^ "Deloitte biggest audit firm in 2015, charged Rs 225 crore in fees: Prime Databse". Economic Times. 21 January 2016.
  11. ^ Vinod Mahanta; Sachin Dave (9 June 2015). ""Auditor rotation will enhance our footprint", says Deloitte's N Venkatram". Economic Times.
  12. ^ Jacqueline Heng; Dean Blackmore; Julie Short. "Market Share Analysis: Consulting Services, Worldwide, 2014 – Gartner". Gartner.
  13. ^ "Kennedy Sees Global Consulting Markets Normalizing; Growth Rates Increasing Through 2016". Kennedy Consulting Research and Advisory.
  14. ^ "Fortune Magazine 2016 100 Best Companies to Work For". Fortune.
  15. ^ Lindsey Gerdes (3 September 2009). "The Best Places to Launch a Career". Bloomberg Business.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "About Deloitte". Deloitte. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  17. ^ Elijah Watt Sells, "The Accounting Hall of Fame", Fisher College of Business. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  18. ^ a b Deloitte Touche merger done The New York Times
  19. ^ Deloitte Consulting, Page 6
  20. ^ Deloitte buys Eclipse, ARN, 16 February 2000
  21. ^ Suzanne Kapner (11 April 2002). "ENRON'S MANY STRANDS: THE ACCOUNTANTS; British Unit Of Andersen Is Defecting to Deloitte". New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  22. ^ "Canadian Unit to Join Deloitte". New York Times. 13 April 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  23. ^ Ineum Consulting at Oracle.com, August 2008
  24. ^ BearingPoint to sell business units to Deloitte, PwC, Washington Business Journal, 24 March 2009
  25. ^ Deloitte acquires Drivers Jonas, Financial Times, 21 January 2010
  26. ^ Deloitte Expands Sustainability Offerings, Acquires ClearCarbon, DOMANI, Environmental Leader, 13 December 2010
  27. ^ Deloitte Acquires Ubermind; Establishes Lead in the Mobile Revolution at prnewswire.com, 4 January 2012
  28. ^ "Confirmed: Deloitte buys Ubermind, looking to play a bigger role in mobile apps". GeekWire. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  29. ^ Deloitte Buys Recombinant to Expand Healthcare Analytics Mojo InformationWeek, 06 November 2012
  30. ^ Deloitte announces the launch of ConvergeHEALTH Deloitte, 20 February 2013
  31. ^ "Deloitte Completes Acquisition of Monitor's Global Strategy Consulting Business". 11 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  32. ^ "Monitor Company Group LP Files for Bankruptcy in Delaware". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  33. ^ "Pope Hires Ex-Deloitte CEO as Auditor in Vatican Bank Clean-Up". NBC News. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  34. ^ "Vatican anoints ex-Deloitte man as Church auditor general". Accountancy Age. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  35. ^ "Former Deloitte & Touche CEO named Vatican's auditor". Accountancy Age. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  36. ^ "Indian Railways' ₹76,242-crore problem". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  37. ^ "Apple and Deloitte partner on 'Enterprise Next' service". CNET. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  38. ^ "Apple and Deloitte team up to accelerate business transformation on iPhone and iPad". Apple Newsroom. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  39. ^ "Apple just made a huge deal to push the iPhone into big businesses". Business Insider. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  40. ^ "Deloitte targets accelerated growth with additional €200m investment in the creation of North West Europe firm".
  41. ^ PWC: History and milestones
  42. ^ "Ernst & Young launches rebrand plan". Accountancy Age. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  43. ^ "virat Deloitte". Deloitte. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  44. ^ "170,000 brand managers step ahead, as one". Deloitte Perspectives. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  45. ^ "Deloitte's brand gets a makeover". Deloitte. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  46. ^ Andrew Clark (20 September 2010). "Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu quits Swiss system to make UK its new legal home". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  47. ^ "Deloitte LLP". Zoominfo. Zoominfo. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  48. ^ "IFAC Forum of Firms". IFAC. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  49. ^ ActionAid in Africa
  50. ^ "MLS Canada - Canadian Real Estate Property Listing".
  51. ^ "Deloitte faces double trouble in China". China Daily. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  52. ^ "How a London council's visionary IT plan became a project management nightmare". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  53. ^ "Teachers. Start. Boycott-2995901.shtml LAUSD teachers start boycott". Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  54. ^ "Los Angeles school district SAP implementation still broken". ZDNet. 8 October 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  55. ^ "Update: LAUSD payroll problems stabilized". ZDNet. 20 January 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  56. ^ California court officials, judges spar over costly computer system
  57. ^ Chris Kanaracus (28 March 2012). "California Scraps Massive Courts Software Project". PCWorld. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  58. ^ Australian Customs and Border Protection response to Media Watch ABC, 10 June 2011
  59. ^ Joe Hildebrand News.com.au, 12 July 2011
  60. ^ Professor Simon Chapman ABC Online, 6 July 2011
  61. ^ Professor Owen Carter, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 March 2012
  62. ^ "Accountant penalized for info leak". Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  63. ^ Standard Chartered: Deloitte rejects US claims, The Telegraph, 7 August 2012
  64. ^ "As many as 300,000 jobless affected by state software snags", Los Angeles Times, 22 October 2013
  65. ^ "Booz Allen sues Deloitte for stealing proprietary info to 'lift out' an entire team". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  66. ^ "Booz Allen, Deloitte Settle Poaching Suit". LexisNexis. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  67. ^ Drew Hasselback (6 April 2014). "Livent auditor Deloitte ordered to pay $84.8-million for failing detect fraud". Financial Post., discussing Livent Inc v Deloitte & Touche LLP, 2014 ONSC 2176 (4 April 2014)
  68. ^ Perkel, Colin (8 January 2016). "Court upholds $118-million award against negligent Livent auditor Deloitte". The Financial Post., discussing Livent Inc v Deloitte & Touche, 2016 ONCA 11 (8 January 2016)
  69. ^ Joseph, Patricia (19 January 2016). "Livent v Deloitte: Has The Fat Lady Finally Sung?". thecourt.ca. Osgoode Hall Law School.
  70. ^ "Deloitte renews sponsorship of U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Teams". United States Olympic Committee. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  71. ^ "Deloitte becomes first London 2012 tier two sponsor".
  72. ^ Deloitte Ignite
  73. ^ "Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights". 13 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  74. ^ "Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights". 13 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  75. ^ "Deloitte was official partner of inaugural YOG in 2010". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  76. ^ "Deloitte – Official Sponsor of EUMHC". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  77. ^ Martha Elwell (14 November 2013). "The Union by Deloitte". Varsity Online. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
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