Edward, King of Portugal

Edward
King Duarte in Crónica d'El-Rei D. Duarte; Rui de Pina, c. 1497-1504.
King of Portugal and the Algarve
Reign	14 August 1433 – 9 September 1438
Predecessor	John I
Successor	Afonso V
Born	(1391-10-31)31 October 1391 Viseu, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	9 September 1438(1438-09-09) (aged 46) Tomar, Kingdom of Portugal
Burial	Monastery of Batalha
Spouse	Eleanor of Aragon
Issue	Afonso V of Portugal Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu Eleanor, Holy Roman Empress Infanta Catherine Joan, Queen of Castile
House	House of Aviz
Father	John I
Mother	Philippa of Lancaster
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Duarte (31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438), known in English as Edward [duˈaɾt(ɨ)] and called the Philosopher (o Rei-Filósofo) or the Eloquent (o Eloquente), was King of Portugal and the Algarve and Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death. He was born in Viseu, the son of John I of Portugal and his wife, Queen Philippa of Portugal, a daughter of John of Gaunt. Edward was the oldest member of the Ínclita Geração. He was a Knight of the Garter.

Early life

As an infante, Duarte always followed his father in the affairs of the kingdom. He was knighted in 1415, after the Portuguese capture of the city of Ceuta in North Africa, across from Gibraltar. He became king in 1433 when his father died of the plague. He soon showed interest in building internal political consensus. During his short reign of five years, Duarte called the Portuguese Cortes (the national assembly) no less than five times to discuss the political affairs of his kingdom. He also followed the politics of his father concerning the maritime exploration of Africa. He encouraged and financed his famous brother, Henry the Navigator, who initiated many expeditions on the west coast of Africa. That of Gil Eanes in 1434 first rounded Cape Bojador on the northwestern coast of Africa, leading the way for further exploration southward along the African coast.

Colonial Affairs

A Portrait of Edward.

The colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury, and it was realised that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. When Ceuta was captured by the Portuguese, the camel caravans that were part of the overland trade routes began to use Tangier as their new destination. This deprived Ceuta of the materials and goods that made it an attractive market and a vibrant trading locale, and it became an isolated community.

In 1437, Duarte's brothers Henry and Ferdinand persuaded him to launch an attack on the Marinid sultanate of Morocco. The expedition was not unanimously supported, and was undertaken against the advice of the Pope. Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra, and the Infante John were both against the initiative; they preferred to avoid conflict with the king of Morocco. Their instincts proved to be justified. The resulting attack on Tangier, led by Henry, was a debacle. Failing to take the city in a series of assaults, the Portuguese siege camp was soon itself surrounded and starved into submission by a Moroccan relief army. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested. Duarte's youngest brother, Ferdinand, was handed over to the Marinids as a hostage for the final handover of the city.

Late Life

The debacle at Tangier dominated Duarte's final year. Peter and John urged him to fulfill the treaty, yield Ceuta and secure Ferdinand's release, while Henry (who had signed the treaty) urged him to renege on it. Caught in indecision, Duarte assembled the Portuguese Cortes at Leiria in early 1438 for consultation. The Cortes refused to ratify the treaty, preferring to hang on to Ceuta and requesting that Duarte find some other way of obtaining Ferdinand's release.

Duarte died late that summer, in Tomar, of the plague, like his father and mother (and her mother) before him. Popular lore suggested he died of heartbreak over the fate of his hapless brother, Ferdinand would remain in captivity in Fez until his own death in 1443.

Legacy

Duarte's premature death provoked a political crisis in Portugal. Leaving only a young son, Afonso, to inherit the throne, it was generally assumed that Duarte's brothers would take over the regency of the realm. But Duarte's will appointed his unpopular foreign wife, Eleanor of Aragon, as regent. A popular uprising followed, in which the burghers of the realm, assembled by John of Reguengos, acclaimed Peter of Coimbra as regent. But the nobles backed Eleanor's claim, and threatened civil war. The regency crisis was defused by a complicated and tense power-sharing arrangement between Eleanor and Peter.

Another less political side of Duarte's personality is related to culture. A reflective and scholarly infante, he wrote the treatises O Leal Conselheiro (The Loyal Counsellor) and Livro Da Ensinança De Bem Cavalgar Toda Sela ("Book of Teachings on Riding Well on Every Saddle") as well as several poems. He was in the process of revising the Portuguese law code when he died.

Marriages and descendants

Duarte married Eleanor of Aragon, a daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque, in 1428.

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Eleanor of Aragon (c. 1402–19 February 1445); married on 22 September 1428)
Infante John	October 1429	b. 14 August 1433	Prince of Portugal (1429–1433).
Infanta Philippa	27 November 1430	24 March 1439	Died young.
Infante Afonso	15 January 1432	28 August 1481	Who succeeded him as Afonso V, King of Portugal.
Infanta Maria	7 December 1432	8 December 1432	Died in infancy.
Infante Ferdinand	17 November 1433	18 September 1470	Duke of Viseu. He was declared heir to his brother Afonso V for two brief periods, and therefore used the style of Prince instead of Infante. He was the father of future king Manuel I.
Infanta Eleanor	18 September 1434	3 September 1467	Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.
Infante Duarte	12 July 1435	12 July 1435	Died shortly after being born.
Infanta Catherine	26 November 1436	17 June 1463	She was betrothed to Charles IV of Navarre but he died before the marriage could take place. After his death, Catherine entered the Convent of Saint Claire and became a nun.
Infanta Joan	20 March 1439	13 June 1475	Queen of Castile by marriage to King Henry IV of Castile.

Ancestry

Family of Edward, King of Portugal

16. Denis of Portugal 8. Afonso IV of Portugal 17. Elizabeth of Aragon 4. Peter I of Portugal 18. Sancho IV of Castile 9. Beatrice of Castile 19. María de Molina 2. John I of Portugal 20. Martim Lourenço 10. Lourenço Martins 5. Teresa Lourenço 11. Sancha Martins 1. Duarte I of Portugal 24. Edward II of England 12. Edward III of England 25. Isabella of France 6. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 26. William I, Count of Hainaut 13. Philippa of Hainault 27. Joan of Valois 3. Philippa of Lancaster 28. Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster 14. Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster 29. Maud Chaworth 7. Blanche of Lancaster 30. Henry de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Buchan 15. Isabel de Beaumont 31. Alice Comyn