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On June 17, 1999, Clinton nominated Kagan to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]], to replace [[James L. Buckley]], who had taken [[senior status]] in 1996. The [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s [[Republican party (United States)|Republican]] Chairman [[Orrin Hatch]] scheduled no hearing, effectively ending her nomination. When Clinton's term ended, her nomination to the D.C. Circuit Court lapsed, as did the nomination of fellow Clinton nominee [[Allen Snyder (lawyer)|Allen Snyder]].<ref>
On June 17, 1999, Clinton nominated Kagan to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]], to replace [[James L. Buckley]], who had taken [[senior status]] in 1996. The [[Senate Judiciary Committee]]'s [[Republican party (United States)|Republican]] Chairman [[Orrin Hatch]] scheduled no hearing, effectively ending her nomination. When Clinton's term ended, her nomination to the D.C. Circuit Court lapsed, as did the nomination of fellow Clinton nominee [[Allen Snyder (lawyer)|Allen Snyder]].<ref>
{{cite news |first=David G. |last=Savage|title=Little Light Shed on Bush Judicial Pick|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/27/nation/na-estrada27|page=A-18|date=September 27, 2002|accessdate=2009-01-05|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|quote=The post Estrada hopes to fill is vacant because Republicans blocked action on two Clinton picks for the court: Washington attorney Allen Snyder and Harvard law professor Elena Kagan.}}</ref>
{{cite news |first=David G. |last=Savage|title=Little Light Shed on Bush Judicial Pick|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/27/nation/na-estrada27|page=A-18|date=September 27, 2002|accessdate=2009-01-05|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|quote=The post Estrada hopes to fill is vacant because Republicans blocked action on two Clinton picks for the court: Washington attorney Allen Snyder and Harvard law professor Elena Kagan.}}</ref>

Kagan was elected president in 2010


==Return to academia==
==Return to academia==

Revision as of 18:38, 13 January 2011

Elena Kagan
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
August 7, 2010
Nominated byBarack Obama
Preceded byJohn Paul Stevens
45th Solicitor General of the United States
In office
March 19, 2009 – May 17, 2010[1]
PresidentBarack Obama
DeputyNeal Katyal
Preceded byEdwin Kneedler (Acting)
Succeeded byNeal Katyal (Acting)
11th Dean of Harvard Law School
In office
July 1, 2003 – March 19, 2009
Preceded byRobert Clark
Succeeded byMartha Minow
Personal details
Born (1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 64)
New York City, United States
Alma materPrinceton University
Worcester College, Oxford
Harvard Law School

Elena Kagan (pronounced /ˈkeɪɡən/; born April 28, 1960)[3] is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving since August 7, 2010. Kagan is the Court's 112th justice, fourth female justice, and eighth Jewish justice.

Kagan was born and raised in New York City. After attending Princeton, Oxford, and Harvard Law School, she completed federal Court of Appeals and Supreme Court clerkships. She began her career as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, leaving to serve as Associate White House Counsel, and later as policy adviser, under President Clinton. After a nomination to the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, which expired without action, she became a professor at Harvard Law School and was later named its first female dean.

President Obama appointed her Solicitor General on January 26, 2009. On May 10, 2010, Obama nominated Kagan to the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy from the impending retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens at the end of the Supreme Court's 2009–2010 term. After Senate confirmation, Kagan was sworn in on August 7, 2010, by Chief Justice John Roberts. Kagan's formal investiture ceremony before a special sitting of the United States Supreme Court took place on October 1, 2010.[4]

Personal life and education

Kagan was born in New York City, the middle of three children, on the city's Upper West Side. Her mother, Gloria Gittelman Kagan, taught fifth and sixth grade at Hunter College Elementary School, and her father, Robert Kagan, was an attorney.[5][6] Kagan's two brothers are public school teachers, as their mother had been before them.[7]

Kagan and her family lived in a third-floor apartment at West End Avenue and 75th Street[8] and attended Lincoln Square Synagogue.[9] Kagan was independent and strong-willed in her youth, according to Bill Lubic, a former law partner, who recalled Kagan clashed with her Orthodox rabbi over aspects of her bat mitzvah.[8] "She had strong opinions about what a bat mitzvah should be like, which didn't parallel the wishes of the rabbi," said Lubic. "But they finally worked it out. She negotiated with the rabbi and came to a conclusion that satisfied everybody." Kagan's rabbi, Shlomo Riskin, had never performed a ritual bat mitzvah before.[9] "Elena Kagan felt very strongly that there should be ritual bat mitzvah in the synagogue, no less important than the ritual bar mitzvah ... This was really the first formal bat mitzvah we had," said Riskin. Kagan asked to read from the Torah on a Saturday morning; ultimately she read on a Friday night, May 18, 1973, from the Book of Ruth.[9] Today, she identifies with Conservative Judaism.[9]

Childhood friend Margaret Raymond recalled that Kagan was a teenage smoker but not a partier; on Saturday nights, she and Kagan "were more apt to sit on the steps of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and talk."[8] Kagan also loved literature and re-read Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice every year.[8] In her Hunter College High School yearbook of 1977, Kagan was pictured in a judge's robe and holding a gavel.[10]

Next to her photo was a quote from former Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter: "Government is itself an art ... one of the subtlest of arts." After graduating from high school, Kagan attended Princeton University, where she earned a B.A. in history from the school, graduating summa cum laude, in 1981. Among the subjects studied was the socialist movement in New York City in the early 20th century. She wrote a senior thesis under historian Sean Wilentz titled "To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City, 1900–1933". In it she wrote, "Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP exhausted itself forever ... The story is a sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than half a century after socialism's decline, still wish to change America."[11] Wilentz insists that she did not mean to defend socialism, noting that, "She was interested in it. To study something is not to endorse it."[12] Wilentz called Kagan "one of the foremost legal minds in the country, she is still the witty, engaging, down-to-earth person I proudly remember from her undergraduate days."[13]

As an undergraduate, Kagan also served as editorial chair of the Daily Princetonian. Along with eight other students (including Eliot Spitzer who was student body president at the time), Kagan penned the Declaration of the Campaign for a Democratic University, which called for "a fundamental restructuring of university governance" and condemned Princeton's administration for making decisions "behind closed doors".[14]

Kagan graduates from Harvard Law School in 1986.

She received Princeton's Daniel M. Sachs Class of 1960 Graduating Scholarship, one of the highest general awards conferred by the university, which enabled her to study at Worcester College, Oxford University. She earned a master of philosophy at Oxford in 1983.[15] She received a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, at Harvard Law School in 1986, where she was supervisory editor of the Harvard Law Review. Friend Jeffrey Toobin recalled Kagan at Harvard Law "stood out from the start as one with a formidable mind." "She's good with people," added Toobin. "At the time, the law school was a politically charged and divided place. She navigated the factions with ease, and won the respect of everyone."[16]

Kagan has never married and has no children.[17]

Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1987 and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1988; Marshall nicknamed the 5 foot 3 inch Kagan "Shorty".[8] She later entered private practice as an associate at the Washington, D.C., law firm of Williams & Connolly.[3]

Kagan joined the faculty of the University of Chicago Law School as an assistant professor in 1991 and became a tenured professor of law in 1995.[18] While at Chicago, she published "Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V.," a law review article on the regulation of First Amendment hate speech in the wake of the Supreme Court's ruling in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul; "Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine," an article discussing the significance of governmental motive in regulating speech; and, "Confirmation Messes, Old and New," a review of a book by Stephen L. Carter discussing the judicial confirmation process.

According to her colleagues, Kagan's students complimented and admired her from the beginning, and she was granted tenure "despite the reservations of some colleagues who thought she had not published enough."[19]

White House and judicial nomination

From 1995 to 1999, Kagan served as President Bill Clinton's Associate White House Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council. While serving in that position, Kagan co-authored a May 13, 1997, memo to the President urging him to support a ban on late-term abortions stating that, "We recommend that you endorse the Daschle amendment in order to sustain your credibility on HR 1122 and prevent Congress from overriding your veto."[20]

In a 1996 White House document, Kagan grouped the National Rifle Association together with the Ku Klux Klan as "bad guy" organizations.[21]

In 1996 she wrote an article in the University of Chicago Law Review entitled, "Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine." Kagan argued that government has the right, even considering the First Amendment, to restrict free speech, when it believes the speech is "harmful", as long as the restriction is done with good intentions.[22][23][failed verification]

On June 17, 1999, Clinton nominated Kagan to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to replace James L. Buckley, who had taken senior status in 1996. The Senate Judiciary Committee's Republican Chairman Orrin Hatch scheduled no hearing, effectively ending her nomination. When Clinton's term ended, her nomination to the D.C. Circuit Court lapsed, as did the nomination of fellow Clinton nominee Allen Snyder.[24]

Kagan was elected president in 2010

Return to academia

After her service in the White House and her lapsed judicial nomination, Kagan returned to academia in 1999. She initially sought to return to the University of Chicago Law School, but having given up her tenured position as a result of her extended stint in the Clinton Administration, she needed to be rehired and the school chose not to do so, reportedly because of doubts as to her commitment to academia.[25] Kagan quickly found a position as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School. While at Harvard, she authored "Presidential Administration," a law review article on administrative law, including the role of aiding the President of the United States in formulating and influencing federal administrative and regulatory law. That 2001 Harvard Law Review article was honored as the year's top scholarly article by the American Bar Association's Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, and is being developed into a book to be published by Harvard University Press. [citation needed]

Kagan as Dean of Harvard Law School

In 2001, she was named a full professor and in 2003 was the first woman to be named Dean of the Law School by Harvard University President Lawrence Summers.[26] She succeeded Robert C. Clark, who had served as dean for over a decade. The focus of her tenure was on improving student satisfaction. Efforts included constructing new facilities and reforming the first-year curriculum, as well as aesthetic changes and creature comforts, such as free morning coffee. She has been credited for employing a consensus-building leadership style, which surmounted the school's previous ideological discord.[27][28] [29]

Kagan's official portrait as Dean of Harvard Law School

In her capacity as dean, Kagan inherited a $400 million capital campaign, "Setting the Standard", in 2003. It ended in 2008 with a record breaking $476 million raised, 19% more than the original goal.[30] Kagan made a number of prominent new hires, increasing the size of the faculty considerably. Her coups included hiring legal scholar Cass Sunstein away from the University of Chicago[31] and Lawrence Lessig away from Stanford.[32] She also broke a logjam on conservative hires by bringing in scholars such as Jack Goldsmith, who had been serving in the Bush administration.[28]

During her deanship, Kagan upheld a policy a few decades old barring military recruiters from the Office of Career Services, because she felt that the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy discriminated against gays and lesbians. According to Campus Progress,

As dean, Kagan supported a lawsuit intended to overturn the Solomon Amendment so military recruiters might be banned from the grounds of schools like Harvard. When a federal appeals court ruled the Pentagon could not withhold funds, she banned the military from Harvard's campus once again. The case was challenged in the Supreme Court, which ruled the military could indeed require schools to allow recruiters if they wanted to receive federal money. Kagan, though she allowed the military back, simultaneously urged students to demonstrate against Don't Ask, Don't Tell.[33][34]

In October 2003, Kagan transmitted an e-mail to students and faculty deploring that military recruiters had shown up on campus in violation of the school's anti-discrimination policy. It read, "This action causes me deep distress. I abhor the military's discriminatory recruitment policy." She also wrote that it was "a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order."[35]

From 2005 through 2008, Kagan was a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute and received a $10,000 stipend for her service in 2008.[36]

Solicitor General

On January 5, 2009, President-elect Barack Obama announced he would nominate Kagan to be Solicitor General.[37][38] Before this appointment she had limited courtroom experience. She had never argued a case at trial,[39] and had not argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. This is not uncommon, however, as at least two previous Solicitors General, Robert Bork and Kenneth Starr, had no previous appellate experience at the Supreme Court, though Starr served as judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit prior to acting as Solicitor General.[40]

Kagan was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 19, 2009, by a vote of 61 to 31,[41] becoming the first woman to hold the position. She made her first appearance in oral argument before the Supreme Court on September 9, 2009, in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.[42]

The First Amendment Center and the Cato Institute later expressed concern over arguments Kagan advanced as a part of her role as solicitor general. For example, during her time as Solicitor General, Kagan prepared a brief defending a law later ruled unconstitutional that would have criminalized depictions of animal cruelty.[43][44] During her solicitor general confirmation hearing, she said that "there is no federal constitutional right to same-sex marriage." Also during her solicitor general confirmation, Kagan was asked about the Defense of Marriage Act, under which states do not have to recognize same-sex marriages from other states. She said she would defend the act if "there was any reasonable basis to do so."[45]

Supreme Court

Obama nominates Kagan.
Main article: Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination

Prior to the election of President Barack Obama, Kagan was the subject of media speculation that she might be nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States if a Democratic president were elected in 2008.[46][47][48][49][50] This speculation increased after the May 1, 2009, resignation letter of Associate Justice David H. Souter, declaring his retirement, effective at the start of the Court's summer 2009 recess.[51] It was speculated that her position as Solicitor General would increase Kagan's chances for nomination, since solicitors general have been considered potential nominees to the Supreme Court in the past. On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that Obama was considering Kagan, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court.[52] On May 26, 2009, however, Obama announced that he was nominating Sonia Sotomayor to be the next United States Supreme Court Justice.[53]

Kagan meets with Obama in Oval Office, April 2010.

On April 9, 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens announced that he would retire at the start of the Court's summer 2010 recess, triggering new speculation about Kagan's potential nomination to the bench.[54] In a Fresh Dialogues interview, Jeffrey Toobin—a Supreme Court analyst and Kagan's friend and law school classmate[55]—speculated that Kagan would likely be President Obama's nominee, describing her as "very much an Obama type person, a moderate Democrat, a consensus builder ..."[56] This possibility has alarmed many liberals and progressives, who worry that "replacing Stevens with Kagan risks moving the Court to the Right, perhaps substantially to the Right."[57]

As Kagan's name was mentioned as a possible replacement for Justice Stevens, the New York Times noted that she "has supported assertions of executive power."[58] This view of vast executive power has caused some commentators to fear that she would reverse the delicate majority in favor of protecting civil liberties on the Supreme Court were she to replace Stevens.[59] On May 9, 2010, it was reported that Obama had chosen Kagan as his nominee to succeed Stevens.

The deans of over one-third of the country's law schools, sixty-nine people in total, endorsed Elena Kagan's nomination in an open letter in early June. It lauded what it considered her coalition-building skills and "understanding of both doctrine and policy" as well as her written record of legal analysis.[60]

Kagan, Obama, and Roberts before her investiture ceremony

The confirmation hearings began June 28. Kagan's testimony and her answers to the Senate Judiciary Committee's questions on July 20 were uneventful, containing no new revelations about her character or background; Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania cited an article Kagan had published in the Chicago Law Review in 1995, criticizing the evasiveness of Supreme Court nominees in their hearings;[61] Kagan, noted Specter, was now practicing that very evasiveness.[62]

Wikinews has related news:

On July 20, 2010, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13–6 to recommend Kagan's confirmation to the full Senate. On August 5 the full Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 63–37.[63] The voting was largely on party lines, with five Republicans (Richard Lugar, Judd Gregg, Lindsey Graham, Susan Collins, and Olympia Snowe) supporting and one Democrat (Ben Nelson) opposing; the Senate's two independents voted in favor of confirmation. She was sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts on Saturday August 7, in a private ceremony.[64][4]

Kagan is the first justice appointed without any prior experience as a judge since William Rehnquist in 1972.[65][66][67] She is the fourth female justice in the Court's history (and, for the first time, part of a Court with three female justices), and the eighth Jewish justice appointed,[68] making three of the nine current justices Jewish.

See also

References

  1. ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (May 19, 2010). "PIO Neal Katyal poised to become US solicitor general". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  2. ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (12 May 2010). "Growing Up, Kagan Tested Boundaries of Her Faith". nytimes.com. Retrieved 13 May 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b Who's Who In America (2008). "Elena Kagan – WhosWhoInAmerica.Com". Marquis. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  4. ^ a b Julie Hirschfeld Davis (Audust 5, 2010). "Senate Kagan sworn in as Supreme Court justice: She won't be formally installed as a justice until Oct. 1". AP. Retrieved August 7, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "Paid Notice: Deaths Kagan, Gloria Gittelman". New York Times, July 13, 2008.
  6. ^ "Robert Kagan, 67, Lawyer for Tenants". New York Times, July 25, 1994.
  7. ^ "Kagan's remarks on her Supreme Court nomination". Associated Press, May 10, 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d e "A Climb Marked by Confidence and Canniness". The New York Times. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2010-05-15. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d "Growing Up, Kagan Tested Boundaries of Her Faith." The New York Times. 12 May 2010. 19 May 2010.
  10. ^ "Pals from student days remember a determined Elena Kagan". CNN. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  11. ^ Brad DeLong (2010-05-17). "Elena Kagan's Undergraduate Thesis – Grasping Reality with Both Hands". Delong.typepad.com. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  12. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q (2010-05-10). "A Climb Marked by Confidence and Canniness". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-10. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Cliatt, Cass (2010-05-10). "Princeton alumna Kagan nominated to Supreme Court". Princeton University. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  14. ^ Romano, Andrew (2010-05-19). "Elena Kagan: Cub Reporter". Newsweek. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  15. ^ "Kagan '81 nominated for U.S. solicitor general", Daily Princetonian, 12 December 2008.
  16. ^ "Elena Kagan's Nomination". The New Yorker. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  17. ^ "Kagan bucks 40-year trend as court pick", Reuters News, 10 May 2010.
  18. ^ Sweet, Lynn (2007-11-20). "Elena Kagan played Chicago-style 16-inch softball at U of Chicago". Chicago Sun Times Blogs. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  19. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q (2010-05-10). "A Climb Marked by Confidence and Canniness". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-10. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Jill Zeman Bleed, Kagan in '97 urged Clinton to ban late abortions, MSNBC (May 10, 2010).
  21. ^ Mears, Bill (2010-06-18). "Kagan notes label KKK and NRA as 'bad guy' organizations". CNN.
  22. ^ "Kagan Argued for Government 'Redistribution of Speech'". CNSNews.com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  23. ^ http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Private-Speech-Public-Purpose.pdf
  24. ^ Savage, David G. (September 27, 2002). "Little Light Shed on Bush Judicial Pick". Los Angeles Times. p. A-18. Retrieved 2009-01-05. The post Estrada hopes to fill is vacant because Republicans blocked action on two Clinton picks for the court: Washington attorney Allen Snyder and Harvard law professor Elena Kagan.
  25. ^ Sweet, Lynn (2010-05-11). "Kagan's Chicago ties :: Chicago Sun-Times :: 44: Barack Obama". Suntimes.com. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  26. ^ Berman, Russell (August 21, 2008). "Summers Manages Low Profile While Advising Senator Obama; Some Women Warn Democrat About Former Harvard President". New York Sun. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  27. ^ Saltzman, Jonathan; Jan, Tracy (2010-04-15). "At Harvard, dean eased faculty strife – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  28. ^ a b Woolhouse, Megan (2009-01-04). "Kagan, possible Obama pick, thawed Harvard Law – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  29. ^ "Elena Kagan and the Miracle at Harvard". Social Science Research Network. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  30. ^ "Harvard Law School Celebrates Record-setting Capital Campaign". Harvard Law School. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-05. Harvard Law School's "Setting the Standard" campaign has raised $476,475,707, making it the most successful fund-raising drive in the history of legal education. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ^ Woolhouse, Megan (2009-01-04). "She's thawed Harvard Law". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  32. ^ "The Harvard Law Record – Lessig rejoining faculty". Hlrecord.org. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  33. ^ Matthews, Dylan (May 5, 2009). "A More Gay Friendly Supreme Court". Campus Progress. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
  34. ^ Totenberg, Nina (22 December 2009). "Solicitor General Kagan Holds Views Close To Her Chest". NPR. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  35. ^ Goldstein, Amy (April 18, 2010). "Foes may target Kagan's stance on military recruitment at Harvard". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  36. ^ Kelley, Matt (2010-04-27). "Possible Supreme Court pick had ties with Goldman Sachs". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  37. ^ "CNN.com: More Obama Justice Dept Picks Announced". Politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com. 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  38. ^ January 6, 2009 (2009-01-06). "Obama names Jewish woman as solicitor general". jta.org. Retrieved 2010-07-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Totenberg, Nina (2010-05-09), Seen As Rising Star, Kagan Has Limited Paper Trail, NPR, retrieved 2010-08-05 {{citation}}: Text "web" ignored (help)
  40. ^ Healey, Jon (2009-03-26). "Elena Kagan and the GOP's perilous partisanship – Los Angeles Times". Latimes.com. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  41. ^ "On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)". United States Senate. 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  42. ^ Mauro, Tony (September 9, 2009). "Supreme Court Majority Critical of Campaign Law Precedents". The Blog of LegalTimes. Retrieved 2009-11-28. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  43. ^ David L. Hudson, Jr. (2010-05-10). "Kagan's First Amendment record causes concern". First Amendment Center.
  44. ^ Ilya Shapiro (2010-05-10). "Initial Kagan Critiques Miss the (First Amendment) Point". Cato Institute.
  45. ^ Lee, Carol E. (May 12, 2010). "Gay rights central to Elena Kagan fight". Politico.
  46. ^ "As Harvard Seeks a President, Dean Kagan's Star Is Rising – March 10, 2006 – The New York Sun". Nysun.com. 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  47. ^ McGough, Michael (2004-08-09). "Campaign 2004: Election likely to alter make-up of Supreme Court". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  48. ^ "The Democratic (Not So) Short List". SCOTUSblog. 2007-07-12. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  49. ^ "Follow-Up to the Democratic (Not So) Short List". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  50. ^ "Dems sketch Obama staff, Cabinet – Mike Allen". Politico.com. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  51. ^ Souter, David H. (May 1, 2009). "David H. Souter Letter to President Obama, May 1, 2009" (PDF). New York Times.
  52. ^ "AP source: Obama has more than 6 people for court". Retrieved 2009-05-13. [dead link‍]
  53. ^ Totenberg, Nina (April 30, 2009). "Supreme Court Justice Souter to Retire". NPR. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  54. ^ "Justice Stevens Says He Is Retiring This Summer". The New York Times. April 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-09. [dead link‍]
  55. ^ Rothstein, Betsy (2010-05-10) NBC Breaks Kagan News When Toobin Could Have Called, Mediabistro.com
  56. ^ Fresh Dialogues Interview Series with Alison van Diggelen on YouTube, April 9, 2010.
  57. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (2010-04-13) The case against Elena Kagan, Salon.com
  58. ^ Possible Candidates, New York Times (April 9, 2010)
  59. ^ Glenn Greenwald, Justice Stevens' retirement and Elena Kagan, Salon.com (April 9, 2010)
  60. ^ Goldstein, Amy (2010-06-15). "69 law school deans endorse Kagan in letter to Senate". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  61. ^ http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2010/jun/29/elena-kagan/elena-kagan-law-review-article-said-supreme-court
  62. ^ Time. 2010-06-30 http://swampland.blogs.time.com/2010/06/30/kagens-haven/. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  63. ^ Arce, Dwyer (August 5, 2010). "Senate votes to confirm Kagan to Supreme Court". JURIST. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
  64. ^ Mark Arsenault (Audust 5, 2010). "Senate confirms Kagan as 112th justice to Supreme Court". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 5, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  65. ^ Baker, Peter (2010-05-02). "Obama Is Said to Choose Elena Kagan for the Supreme Court". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  66. ^ "Obama picks Kagan for Supreme Court – Supreme Court". MSNBC. Associated Press. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  67. ^ "Supreme Court: Justices Without Prior Judicial Experience". FindLaw.com. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  68. ^ Scherer, Michael (2010-05-10). "Court Nominee Elena Kagan: Let the Scrutiny Start". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-03.

Further reading

Academic offices
Preceded by Dean of Harvard Law School
2003–2009 		Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by Solicitor General of the United States
2009–2010 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
2010–present 		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Associate Justice of the Supreme Court United States order of precedence
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 		Succeeded by
Retired Chief Justices of the Supreme Court
None living
Succeeded byas Retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

Template:Start U.S. Supreme Court composition Template:U.S. Supreme Court composition court lifespan Template:U.S. Supreme Court composition 2010-present Template:End U.S. Supreme Court composition

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