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Emperor Ninkō

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Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign7 May 1817 – 21 February 1846
Enthronement31 October 1817
PredecessorKōkaku
SuccessorKōmei
Shōguns
See list
BornAyahito (恵仁)
(1800-03-16)16 March 1800
Tokugawa Shogunate
Died21 February 1846(1846-02-21) (aged 45)
Kyoto, Tokugawa Shogunate
Burial
Tsuki no wa no misasagi (後月輪陵), Kyoto
Spouse
Issue
more...
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Ninkō (仁孝天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōkaku
MotherKajyūji Tadako [ja]
ReligionShinto
Signature

Ayahito (Japanese: 恵仁, 16 March 1800 – 21 February 1846), posthumously honored as Emperor Ninkō (仁孝天皇, Ninkō-tennō), was the 120th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[1][2] Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846, and saw further deterioration of the power of the ruling Shōgun.[3] Disasters, which included famine, combined with corruption and increasing Western interference, helped to erode public trust in the bakufu government. Emperor Ninkō revived certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father. However, it is unknown what role, if any, the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign.

His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito became the next Emperor upon Ninkō's death in 1846. While political power at the time still resided with the Shōgun, the beginnings of the Bakumatsu (end of military government) were at hand.

Events of Ninkō's life

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Early life

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Before Ninkō's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Ayahito (恵仁).[4] He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku. He was the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife Imperial Princess Yoshiko (欣子内親王), also known as Shin-Seiwa-in (新清和院). His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named Kajyūji Tadako (勧修寺婧子).

Reign

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Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817, after his father retired from the throne. Following his father the Retired Emperor's wishes, he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices. These included, among other things, restoring the title tennō, which identified the Emperor. Among Ninkō's innovations was the establishment of the Gakushūsho (the predecessor of the Gakushūin) for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace. One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837. The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather.[5] Ninkō's reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun's power. The Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters hit hard, and shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun. In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city. That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery. While order was eventually restored, long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government. It is unclear though what role, if any, the Emperor played during this period of unrest.

Emperor Ninkō died on 21 February 1846 and was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, Nochi no Tsukinowa no Higashiyama no misasagi (後月輪東山陵), which is at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-MizunooMeishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi, Go-Momozono and Kōkaku. The shrine complex also encompasses the misasagi of Ninkō's immediate successor – Kōmei.[6] Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex.[7]

Eras and Kugyō

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The years of Ninkō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[3] While Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

The following eras occurred during Ninkō's reign:

During Ninkō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Genealogy

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Emperor Ninkō's family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines, but only the future Emperor Komei (Komei-tennō), Princess Sumiko (Sumiko-naishinnō) and Princess Chikako (Chikako-naishinnō) survived beyond childhood.[8]

Spouse

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Position Name Birth Death Father Issue
Kōgō Takatsukasa Tsunako (鷹司繋子)
later Shinkokamon'in (新皇嘉門院)
1798 1823 Takatsukasa Masahiro  • First Son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (b. 1820)
 • First daughter: Princess Jihishin’in (b. 1823)
Nyōgo Takatsukasa Yasuko (鷹司祺子)
later Shinsakuheimon'in (新朔平門院)
1811 1847 Takatsukasa Masahiro  • Fourth Daughter: Princess Maninshu’in (b. 1829)

Concubines

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Name Birth Death Father Issue
Ogimachi Naoko (正親町雅子)
later Shintaikemon'in (新待賢門院)
1803 1856 Ogimachi Sanemitsu  • Second Son: Prince Yo (b. 1825)
 • Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Osahito (later Emperor Komei) (b. 1831)
 • Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito (b. 1833)
 • Seventh Daughter: Princess Kyo (b. 1837)
Kanroji Kiyoko (甘露寺妍子) 1806 1861 Kanroji Kuninaga  • Second Daughter: Princess Nori (b. 1823)
 • Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko (b. 1829)
 • Third Son: San-no-miya (b. 1830)
 • Fifth Daughter: Princess So (b. 1832)
 • Sixth Daughter: Princess Tsune (b. 1836)
Hashimoto Tsuneko (橋本経子)
later Kangyou'in (観行院)
1826 1865 Hashimoto Sanehisa  • Seventh Prince: Prince Tane (b. 1844)

 • Eighth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako (b. 1846)

Nakayama Isako (中山績子) 1795 1875 Nakayama Naruchika None
Imaki Haruko (今城媋子) 1809 1875 Imaki Sadanori  • Fifth son: Prince Jōjakkō-in (b. 1832)

Issue

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Status Name Birth Death Mother Marriage Issue
01 First Son Imperial Prince Yasuhito (安仁親王) 1820 1821 Takatsukasa Tsunako
01 First Daughter Princess Jihishin’in (慈悲心院宮)
(Stillbirth)
1823 1823 Takatsukasa Tsunako
02 Second Son Prince Yo (鎔宮) 1825 1826 Ogimachi Naoko
02 Second Daughter Princess Nori (成宮) 1825 1826 Kanroji Kiyoko
03 Third Daughter Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko (桂宮淑子内親王) 1829 1881 Kanroji Kiyoko
04 Fourth Daughter Princess Maninshu’in (摩尼珠院宮) 1829 1831 Takatsukasa Yasuko
03 Third Son San-no-miya (三宮) 1830 1831 Kanroji Kiyoko
04 Fourth Son Imperial Prince Osahito (統仁親王)
(Emperor Komei)
1831 1867 Ogimachi Naoko Asako Kujō Mutsuhito
05 Fifth son Prince Jōjakkō-in (常寂光院宮)
(Stillbirth)
1832 1832 Imaki Haruko
05 Fifth Daughter Princess So (総宮) 1832 1833 Kanroji Kiyoko
06 Sixth Son Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito (桂宮節仁親王) 1833 1836 Ogimachi Naoko
06 Sixth Daughter Princess Tsune (経宮)
(Stillbirth)
1836 1836 Kanroji Kiyoko
07 Seventh Daughter Princess Kyo (恭宮) 1837 1838 Ogimachi Naoko
07 Seventh Son Prince Tane (胤宮) 1844 1845 Hashimoto Tsuneko
08 Eighth Daughter Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako (和宮親子内親王) 1846 1877 Hashimoto Tsuneko Tokugawa Iemochi Tokugawa Iesato

Ancestry

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[9]

Notes

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Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 仁孝天皇 (120)
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 122–123.
  3. ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 421.
  4. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10; Titsingh, p. 421.
  5. ^ Bolitho, Harold (1989). "Chapter 2: The Tempō Crisis". In Jansen, Marius (ed.). The Nineteenth Century: Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-521-22356-3.
  6. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 423.
  7. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 333–334.
  8. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 123.
  9. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

See also

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References

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Ninkō

1817–1846
Succeeded by