Ghazni
Ghazni
غزني | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Country |  Afghanistan |
| Province | Ghazni Province |
| District | Ghazni District |
| Elevation | 2,219 m (7,280 ft) |
| Population (2015)[1] | |
| • City | 143,379 |
| • Urban | 143,379 |
| Time zone | UTC+4:30 (AST) |
Ghaznī (Template:Lang-ps, Template:Lang-fa) or Ghaznai (غزنی), also historically known as Ghaznīn (غزنين) or Ghazna (غزنه), is a city in Afghanistan with a population of nearly 150,000 people. It is located in the central-east part of the country. Situated on a plateau at 7,280 feet (2,219 m) above sea level, the city serves as the capital of Ghazni Province. It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the southwest, Kabul to the northeast, and Gardez and Khost to the east. The foundation stone of Ghazni Airport was laid in April 2012 which now serves Ghazni and other nearby eastern Afghan provinces.[2]
Like other cities in Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has witnessed many military invasions. During the pre-Islamic period, the area was inhabited by various tribes who practiced different religions including Buddhism and Hinduism.[citation needed] Arab Muslims introduced Islam to Ghazni in the 7th century; they were followed by the 9th century Islamic conquest of the Saffarids from Zarang in the west. Sabuktigin made Ghazni the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century. The city was destroyed by one of the Ghurid rulers, but later rebuilt. It fell to a number of regional powers, including the Timurids and the Delhi Sultanate, until it became part of the Hotaki dynasty, which was followed by the Durrani Empire or modern Afghanistan.
During the First Anglo-Afghan War in the 19th century, Ghazni was partially destroyed by British-Indian forces. The city is currently being rebuilt by the Government of Afghanistan in remembrance of the Ghaznavid and Timurid era when it served as a major center of Islamic civilisation.[3] The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) have established bases and check-points to deal with the Taliban insurgency.
Ghazni is a trading and transit hub in central Afghanistan. Agriculture is the dominant land use at 28%.[4] In terms of built-up land area, vacant plots (33%) slightly outweigh residential area (31%).[5] Districts 3 and 4 also have large institutional areas.
The city of Ghazni has a population of 143,379 (2015)[6] with 4 Police districts (nahia) and total land area of 3,330 Hectares.[7] There are 15,931 total number of dwellings in Ghazni city.[8]
History
| History of Afghanistan |
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 |
| Timeline |
Ghazni was founded some time in antiquity as a small market town and is mentioned by Ptolemy.[9] In the 6th century BC, the city was conquered by the Achaemenid king Cyrus II and incorporated into the Persian empire. The city was subsequently incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great in 329 BC, and called Alexandria in Opiana.
Ghazni was a thriving Buddhist centre up until the 7th century. In 683 AD, Arab armies brought Islam to the region, but many refused to accept the new religion. Yaqub Saffari from Zaranj conquered the city in the late 9th century. It later became the dazzling capital of the Ghaznavid Empire, which encompassed much of northern India, Persia and Central Asia. Many iconoclastic campaigns were launched from Ghazni into India, resulting in the destruction of ancient temples, libraries and palaces. The Ghaznavids took Islam to India and returned with fabulous riches taken from Indian princes and temples. Although the city was sacked in 1151 by the Ghorid Ala'uddin, it soon became their secondary capital in 1173, and subsequently flourished once again. Between 1215 and 1221, Ghazni was ruled by the Khwarezmid Empire, during which time it was destroyed by the Mongol armies of Genghis Khan's son Ögedei Khan.[10]
In the first decades of the 11th century, Ghazni was the most important centre of Persian literature. This was the result of the cultural policy of the Sultan Mahmud (reigned 998–1030), who assembled a circle of scholars, philosophers, and poets around his throne in support of his claim to royal status in Iran.[11]
The noted Moroccan travelling scholar, Ibn Battuta, visiting Ghazni in 1333 wrote:
"We travelled thence to Parwan, where I met the amir Buruntayh. He treated me well and wrote to his representatives at Ghazna enjoining them to show me honour. We went on to the village of Charkh [Charikar], it being now summer, and from there to the town of Ghazna. This is the town of the famous warrior-sultan Mahmud ibn Sabuktagin, one of the greatest of rulers, who made frequent raids into India and captured cities and fortresses there. His grave is in this city and is surmounted by a hospice. The greater part of the town is in ruins and nothing but a fraction of it remains, though it was once a large city. It has an exceedingly cold climate, and the inhabitants move from it in the cold season to Qandahar, a large and prosperous town three nights journey from Ghazna, but I did not visit it."[12]
Ghazni City is famous for its minarets built on a stellar plan. They date from the middle of the twelfth century and are the surviving elements of the mosque of Bahramshah. Their sides are decorated with intricate geometric patterns. Some of the upper sections of the minarets have been damaged or destroyed. The most important mausoleum located in Ghazni City is that of Sultan Mahmud. Others include the Tombs of poets and scientists, such as the Tomb of Al Biruni. The only ruins in Old Ghazni retaining a semblance of architectural form are two towers, about 43 m (140 ft) high and 365 m (1,200 ft) apart. According to inscriptions, the towers were constructed by Mahmud of Ghazni and his son. For more than eight centuries the “Towers of Victory” monuments to Afghanistan’s greatest empire have survived wars and invasions, the two toffee-colored minarets, adorned with terra-cotta tiles were raised in the early 12th century as monuments to the victories of the Afghan armies that built the empire. By the time the Ghurids had finalized the Ghaznavid removal from Ghazni, the city was a cultural center of the eastern Islamic world.[13]
The Buddhist site at Ghazni is known as Tapar Sardar and consists of a stupa on a hilltop, surrounded by a row of smaller stupas.[14] Nearby, an 18-metre (59 ft) long Parinirvana (reclining) Buddha was excavated in the late 'sixties and early 'seventies. It is believed to have been built in the 8th Century AD as part of a monastery complex.[15] In the 1980s, a mud brick shelter was created to protect the sculpture, but the wood supports were stolen for firewood and the shelter partially collapsed. In 2001, the Taliban blew the Buddha up, believing it to be idolatrous.[16]
During the First Anglo-Afghan War, the city was stormed and taken over by the British forces on July 23, 1839 in the Battle of Ghazni. The Civil war in Afghanistan and the continued conflict between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance during the 1990s put the relics of Ghazni in jeopardy. Ghazni's strategic position, both economically and militarily, assured its revival, albeit without its dazzling former grandeur. Through the centuries the city has figured prominently as the all-important key to the possession of Kabul.
After the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the United States armed forces built a base in Ghazni. They have been involved in rebuilding projects and protecting the local population against Taliban insurgents. In the meantime, they are also training the Afghan Local Police (ALP) Afghan National Police (ANP) and Afghan National Army (ANA). In 2010, the United States established the Lincoln Learning Center in Ghazni.[17] The Lincoln learning centers in Afghanistan serve as programming platforms offering English language classes, library facilities, programming venues, Internet connectivity, educational and other counseling services. A goal of the program is to reach at least 4,000 Afghan citizens per month per location.[18]
Climate
Ghazni's climate is transitional between cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) and warm-summer humid continental climate (Dsa). It has cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Precipitation is low and mostly falls in winter (when it mostly falls as snow) and spring.
| Climate data for Ghazni | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29.9 (85.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
2.3 (36.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
3.8 (38.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.6 (12.9) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
2.8 (37.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.5 (−28.3) |
−29.2 (−20.6) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−33.2 (−27.8) |
−33.5 (−28.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40.2 (1.58) |
53.9 (2.12) |
70.9 (2.79) |
49.9 (1.96) |
19.7 (0.78) |
1.9 (0.07) |
14.1 (0.56) |
4.7 (0.19) |
0.5 (0.02) |
4.1 (0.16) |
11.3 (0.44) |
25.8 (1.02) |
297 (11.69) |
| Average rainy days | 1 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 35 |
| Average snowy days | 6 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 24 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 72 | 64 | 55 | 43 | 36 | 43 | 39 | 35 | 42 | 52 | 60 | 51 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 175.3 | 174.8 | 227.6 | 258.6 | 314.3 | 346.2 | 353.2 | 341.8 | 324.5 | 293.9 | 256.4 | 194.6 | 3,261.2 |
| Source: NOAA (1958–1983)[19] | |||||||||||||
Demography
The city of Ghazni has a population of 143,379 (2015)[20] with 4 Police districts (nahia) and total land area of 3,330 Hectares.[21] There are 15,931 total number of dwellings in Ghazni city.[22]
The population of Ghazni is around 157,600.[23] It is a multi-ethnic society, with approximately 50% being Tajik, 25% Pashtun, and 20% Hazara. There may also be small number of Sikhs and Hindus.[24][25]
Infrastructure
Transportation
In April 2012, Ghazni Governor Musa Khan Akbarzada laid the foundation stone of the Ghazni Airport.[2]
The city sits next to Afghanistan's main highway that runs between Kabul and Kandahar in the south. There are roads leading to Gardez and in the east and other nearby villages as well as to towns in Hazarajat in the northwest.
Education
The city has a number of public schools. Jahan Maleeka School is an all-girls school with over 5,000 students and 150 teachers. Naswan Shaher Kohna School is another all-girls school and has over 3000 students. In May 2010, the U.S. government established the Lincoln Learning Center which, like U.S. public libraries, which provides free access to information about the United States via multimedia, book collections, the Internet and programming for the general public.
Resources
Ghazni City is in an area of extreme drought.
In 2007, one of the gates on a 50-year-old dam on the Jikhai River broke, bringing up concerns among the inhabitants of Ghazni city about the water supply. The dam serves as a good source of irrigation water to Ghazni City and the surrounding agricultural areas.[26][27] Nearby rivers have a history of flooding and causing severe damage and death,[28] though efforts have begun to remedy this.[29]
Notables from Ghazni
- Hajweri Ghaznawi
- Hassan Ghaznavi
- Mahmud of Ghazni
- Mullah Faiz Muhammad Katib
- Farrukhi Sistani, Manuchehri Damaghani, Abul-fazl Bayhaqi (royal poets and writers who lived during the Ghaznavids period)
- Hakim Sanai, poet, theologian and Sufi mystic
Points of interest
- Citadel
- Minarets of Ghazni
- Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
- Tomb of Sebuktigin
- Mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud.
- Mausoleum of Sanai
- Museum of Islamic Art
- Tapa Sardar Excavations
Twin towns – Sister cities
See also
References and footnotes
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ a b Mirwais Himmat, ed. (April 11, 2012). "Ghazni to have first-ever international airport". Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN). Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ Saifullah Mafto, ed. (June 13, 2012). "Work on Ghazni Islamic Culture Centre starts". Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN). Retrieved 2012-06-13.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ Guinta, Roberta. "GAZNÈ (or GÚazna, GÚazn^n)". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University. Retrieved January 2008.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Ghazni". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Persian literature, retrieved
- ^ Ibn Battuta (2004). Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 (reprint, illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 9780415344739. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, (Columbia University Press, 1977), 115.
- ^ Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda (1996) International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania v.5, P.279, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1-884964-04-4
- ^ A note on the Parinirvana Buddha at Tapar Sardar M. Taddei (1974) South Asian archaeology 1973: papers from the second International Conference of the Association for the Promotion of South Asian Archaeology in Western Europe, Brill Archive, ISBN 90-04-04189-3
- ^ Afghan Buddha destruction revealed 15/03/01 BBC News Site
- ^ Ghazni governor signs memorandum for Lincoln Learning Center - War On Terror News
- ^ http://photos.state.gov/libraries/afghanistan/231771/PDFs/RFP-Lincoln-Learning-Centers.pdf
- ^ "Ghazni Climate Normals 1958-1983". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities Report 2015". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ "Settled Population of Ghazni province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region, District Profile" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-07-15.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "2003 National Geographic Population Map" (PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. 2003. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ "Ghazni's Zanakhan Dam damaged". Retrieved 2007-07-15.
- ^ Heavy water flow damages Ghazni's Zanakhan Dam Mar 15 2007, Pajhwok Afghan News
- ^ River "Dam burst swamps Ghazni city of Afghanistan". Pakistan Times. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) [dead link] - ^ "Ghazni". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
- ^ Sister Cities International
- ^ Co Giżycko łączy z Ghazni?
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
Further reading
- Published in the 19th century
- G. T. Vigne (1843). "Ghuzni". A Personal Narrative of a Visit to Ghuzni, Kabul and Afghanistan (2nd ed.). London: G. Routledge. OCLC 6388460.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Edward Balfour (1885). "Ghazni". Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.). London: B. Quaritch.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
- Published in the 21st century
- C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Ghazna". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
- "Ghazna". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
- Map of Ghazni district
- Ghazni.org
- 1911 encyclopedia entry
- The City Of Ghazni at the Wayback Machine (archived March 13, 2008)
- "Ghazni". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ArchNet.org. "Ghazni". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning.