Haplogroup NO1
| Haplogroup NO | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 34.600±4.700 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia or Southern China [1] |
| Ancestor | K2 |
| Descendants | Primary descendant: NO1; secondary descendants: N and O. |
| Defining mutations | F549/M2335/S22380 (subclade NO1: M214/Page39) |
Haplogroup NO (F549/M2335/S22380),[2] also known as K2a is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
The parent of Haplogroup NO is K2, itself a primary descendant of the broader Haplogroup K. NO is a phylogenetic sibling of the macrogroup K2b (the descendants of which include the major haplogroups M, P, Q, R and S). NO is also a sibling of the rare haplogroups K2c (P261), K2d (P402) and K2e (M147).
Its sole descendant subclade is Haplogroup NO1 (M214/Page39),[2] which is the direct ancestor of Haplogroup N and Haplogroup O
Origins
Haplogroup NO (F549) is generally believed to have originated in East Asia. Haplogroups N and O are dominant within most populations of Northern and Eastern Eurasia.
Distribution
No confirmed cases of basal Haplogroup NO* or NO1* have yet been found.
Due to subsequent advances in the definition of Haplogroup N (M231) and its subclades, possible cases of NO* or NO1* – mentioned in research published between 2005 and 2011 – may instead belong to either N*, an unidentified subclade of N1, or the provisional subclade N2 (F3373/M2283/Page56/S323).[3][4] These include:
- 5.7% (2/35) of Bouyei males, in China or Vietnam;[4]
- a pool of four samples of Japanese males at 2.9% (6/210), particularly in Tokushima Prefecture at a rate of 5.7% (4/70),[3] and;
- small proportions of samples from Yizu,[3] Malays,[3] Mongolians,[3] Daurs,[4] Manchurian Evenks,[4] Hezhes,[4] Huis,[4] Yaos,[4] South Koreans,[4] and Sô.[5]
Likewise, cases previously regarded as possible examples of NO* or NO1*, and since ruled out, include:
- two Han Chinese males previously found to be negative for M175 (i.e. Haplogroup O) and LLY22g (an obsolete, possibly inaccurate marker for N1), have subsequently have been found to belong to N* (N-M231),[6] and;
- a clade first identified in South India, defined by the SNP M147 and labelled "pre-NO", among other names, was found to be a sibling of NO (K2a) within Haplogroup K2 (K-M526); the new clade was renamed K2e.
Subclades
Phylogenetic tree
This phylogeny of Haplogroup NO is based on the ISOGG 2016 phylogeny and Karafet 2008 (which was based on the YCC 2008 phylogeny).[7][8]
- NO (F549/M2335/S22380) – also known as Haplogroup K2a
See also
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Footnotes
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References
- ^ a b Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
isogg2016was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e Hammer et al. (2005) "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," The Japan Society of Human Genetics, 2005
- ^ a b c d e f g h Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; et al. (2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expanion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first9=(help) - ^ Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; Li, Shilin; Huang, Xingqiu; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; et al. (2011). "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010.
- ^ a b ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2016 (2 August 2016).
- ^ Karafet; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F.; et al. (2008). "Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.